Distribution of NADPH-d and nNOS-IR in the thoracolumbar and sacrococcygeal spinal cord of the guinea pig.

The distribution of NADPH-d staining and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the guinea pig was studied to evaluate the potential role of nitric oxide in lumbosacral afferent and spinal autonomic pathways and to compare the distribution of these two markers to that observed in other species. NADPH-d staining and nNOS-immunoreactivity were present in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn, dorsal commissure and in neurons around the central canal in all levels of the spinal cord examined. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and rostral lumbar segments identified by choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity exhibited prominent NADPH-d staining and nNOS-immunoreactivity; whereas the ChAT-immunoreactive parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the sacral segments were not stained. The most prominent NADPH-d staining in the sacral segments occurred in fibers extending from Lissauer's tract through laminae I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer). These fibers were prominent in the S1-S3 segments but not in adjacent (L5-L7 and Cx1) or thoracolumbar segments. These NADPH-d fibers were, for the most part, not nNOS-immunoreactive, but did overlap with a prominent fiber bundle containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the sacral spinal cord. These results indicate that nitric oxide may function as a transmitter in thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons, but not in sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Although the functional significance of the NADPH-d positive, nNOS-negative fiber bundle on the lateral edge of the sacral dorsal horn remains to be determined, this fiber tract may represent, in part, visceral afferent projections to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.

Distribution of NADPH-d and nNOS-IR in the thoracolumbar and sacrococcygeal spinal cord of the guinea pig.

The distribution of NADPH-d staining and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the guinea pig was studied to evaluate the potential role of nitric oxide in lumbosacral afferent and spinal autonomic pathways and to compare the distribution of these two markers to that observed in other species. NADPH-d staining and nNOS-immunoreactivity were present in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn, dorsal commissure and in neurons around the central canal in all levels of the spinal cord examined. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and rostral lumbar segments identified by choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity exhibited prominent NADPH-d staining and nNOS-immunoreactivity; whereas the ChAT-immunoreactive parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the sacral segments were not stained. The most prominent NADPH-d staining in the sacral segments occurred in fibers extending from Lissauer's tract through laminae I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer). These fibers were prominent in the S1-S3 segments but not in adjacent (L5-L7 and Cx1) or thoracolumbar segments. These NADPH-d fibers were, for the most part, not nNOS-immunoreactive, but did overlap with a prominent fiber bundle containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the sacral spinal cord. These results indicate that nitric oxide may function as a transmitter in thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons, but not in sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Although the functional significance of the NADPH-d positive, nNOS-negative fiber bundle on the lateral edge of the sacral dorsal horn remains to be determined, this fiber tract may represent, in part, visceral afferent projections to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.

Computerized billing as a tool for drug utilization.

This article demonstrates a method of compiling and disseminating information on patterns of antibiotics usage. It is particularly appropriate for those institutions that use a computerized charge system. The author describes one method that has been effective in bringing trends in antibiotics usage to the attention of interested persons at his hospital. The information can then be used to assist in the selection of specific antibiotics for drug utilization review.