Anthropometrical and Physical Fitness Predictors of Operational Military Test Performance in Air Force Personnel.

The objective of this study was to verify the relationships between the anthropometrical and physical fitness parameters (measured by the Physical Conditioning Assessment (PCA) of the Aeronautics Command), with the operational performance in the simulated military task performance (SMTP) performed by the infantry military of a Brazilian Air Force (BAF) unit. These evaluations were performed on two distinct days, interspersed by 48h, with PCA on the first day and the SMTP in the second. The distribution of the dependent variable was not normal (Shapiro-Wilk test, p = 0.001). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation, median and interquartile, for variables normally and non-normally distributed, respectively. The correlation between variables was determined using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. A regression model to predict performance in the SMTP, based on the anthropometrical, physiological and performance variables, was performed. The significance level was set at 5%. Based on the results, there was an association between all the PCA and SMTP variables: weight, lean body mass, trunk flexion, and estimated VO2max based on the distance covered in the 12-minute test. The following equation was generated: SMTP (s) = 350.611 - 1.556 (fat-free mass, in kg) - 0.34 (12-min running distance, in m) - 0.632 (sit-up, in repetitions). The explained variance of the SMTP was 72.3% with an estimated standard error of 3.6s. It was observed that, although the association was diagnosed in some variables, there is a need to analyze possibilities for improvement in the selection of physical fitness tests that are closer to operationality in BAF Infantry military personnel.

Relative Age Effect in the Girls' Volleyball U18 World Championship.

The relative age effect (RAE), within the sporting scope, refers to the possible advantages of participation and performance of athletes born in the first months of the year of selection in relation to others within the same age category. The aim of the present study was to investigate the RAE in girls' volleyball players participating in the U-18 World Championship, analysing the differences between the medal teams and other teams in the tournament, and considering this phenomenon in relation to the continents. Data collection was obtained from the website of the International Volleyball Federation with a sample made of 1654 youth players in the last six world championships (2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017). A greater representation of athletes born in the first months of the year of all the world championships was observed. In the comparison among the continents, it was observed that in Africa, there was a more equal distribution of quartiles compared to America, Asia and Europe. It should be noted that there was a higher percentage of medalist athletes born at the beginning of the year in comparison to the countries that placed in the last three positions of the championship. Therefore, in U-18 female volleyball, there is an advantage to have the closest birth age at the beginning of the competitive biennium.

Effect of linear and undulating training periodization models on the repeated sprint ability and strength of soccer players

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of linear and undulating strength-power training scheme on the repeated sprint ability (RSA) and lower body strength of soccer players. Method: Twenty soccer players (under-20 category) were split into 2 groups: the linear load (LL, n=10) and the undulating load (UL, n=10). In the commencement and at the end of the 6-week pre-season period, the RSA test (6 x 35m) and the 1RM parallel squat test (1RMsquat) were conducted. The LL and UL performed the same type and number of sessions. The training stimulus in the strength training was different between LL (Weeks 1 and 2 = Muscular Endurance; Weeks 3 and 4 = Strength; Weeks 5 and 6 = Power) and UL (daily load variation in the same week). Results: A improvement in RSAmean and 1RMsquat was detected in LL and in UL. No significant difference was noted between LL vs UL for all variables. Conclusion: Both groups improved maximal muscle strength in parallel back squat and RSA. UL induced a greater gain in RSA.(AU)

Development and validation of an automated step ergometer.

Laboratory ergometers have high costs, becoming inaccessible for most of the population, hence, it is imperative to develop affordable devices making evaluations like cardiorespiratory fitness feasible and easier. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an Automated Step Ergometer (ASE), adjusted according to the height of the subject, for predicting VO2max through a progressive test. The development process was comprised by three steps, the theoretical part, the prototype assembly and further validation. The ASE consists in an elevating platform that makes the step at a higher or lower level as required for testing. The ASE validation was obtained by comparing the values of predicted VO2max (equation) and direct gas analysis on the prototype and on a, treadmill. For the validation process 167 subjects with average age of 31.24 ± 14.38 years, of both genders and different degrees of cardiorespiratory fitness, were randomized and divided by gender and training condition, into untrained (n=106), active (n=24) and trained (n=37) subjects. Each participant performed a progressive test on which the ASE started at the same height (20 cm) for all. Then, according to the subject's height, it varied to a maximum of 45 cm. Time in each stage and rhythm was chosen in accordance with training condition from lowest to highest (60-180 s; 116-160 bpm, respectively). Data was compared with the student's t test and ANOVA; correlations were tested with Pearson's r. The value of α was set at 0.05. No differences were found between the predicted VO2max and the direct gas analysis VO2max, nor between the ASE and treadmill VO2max (p= 0.365) with high correlation between ergometers (r= 0.974). The values for repeatability, reproducibility, and reliability of male and female groups measures were, respectively, 4.08 and 5.02; 0.50 and 1.11; 4.11 and 5.15. The values of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) among measures were all >0.90. It was verified that the ASE prototype was appropriate for a step test, provided valid measures of VO2max and could therefore, be used as an ergometer to measure cardiorespiratory fitness.

Ciclo de Krebs como fator limitante na utilizaçäo de ácidos graxos durante o exercício aeróbico / The Krebs cycle as limiting factor for fatty acids utilization during aerobic exercise

Os ácidos graxos (AG) representam uma fonte importante de energia durante exercícios de intensidade leve ou moderada, e principalmente naqueles de duraçäo prolongada. A utilizaçäo dos AG pelos músculos esqueléticos depende de passos importantes como a mobilizaçäo, transporte via corrente sangüínea, passagem pelas membranas plasmática e mitocôndrial, beta-oxidaçäo e, finalmente, a oxidaçäo no ciclo de Krebs e atividade da cadeia respiratória. O exercício agudo e o treinamento induzem adaptaçöes que possibilitam maior aproveitamento dos AG como fonte de energia, ao mesmo tempo em que o glicogênio muscular é preservado. Contudo, as tentativas de manipulaçäo da dieta e suplementaçäo com agentes ativos para aumentar a mobilizaçäo e utilizaçäo dos AG durante o exercício näo apresentam resultados conclusivos. Nesse trabalho, a hipótese de que o ciclo de Krebs é o fator limitante da utilizaçäo de ácidos graxos pelo tecido muscular no exercício prolongado é apresentada

Uma etapa limitante para a oxidação de ácidos graxos durante o exercício aeróbio: o ciclo de Krebs / A limiting step for fatty acids oxidation during aerobic exercise: the krebs cycle

Os ácidos graxos (AG) representam uma fonte importante de energia durante exercícios de intensidade leve, moderada e, principalmente, naqueles de duração prolongada. A utilização dos AG pelos músculos esqueléticos depende de passos importantes como a mobilização, transporte via corrente sangüínea, passagem pelas membranas plasmática e mitocondrial, -oxidação e, finalmente, a oxidação no ciclo de Krebs (CK) e atividade da cadeia respiratória. O treinamento ao exercício aeróbio induz a adaptações que possibilitam maior aproveitamento dos AG como fonte de energia, ao mesmo tempo que o glicogênio muscular é preservado. Propomos a idéia de que o CK é uma etapa limitante para a utilização de AG pelo músculo esquelético. No tecido muscular, este ciclo apresenta perda contínua de carbonos com a formação de glutamina e citrato. Desta maneira, um passo chave para a manutenção do fluxo de metabólitos pelo CK é a formação de oxalacetato a partir do piruvato pela piruvato carboxilase. Quando o glicogênio muscular está depletado, o que ocorre após período prolongado de esforço físico, forma-se pouco piruvato. Assim, o aumento no suplemento de AG para o músculo esquelético pelo uso de drogas lipolíticas ou dietas não resulta necessariamente em aumento na oxidação de AG e produção de ATP.

Fatty acids (FA) represent an important source of energy during exercises of light and moderate intensity, and mainly in those of a prolonged duration. The utilization of FA by skeletal muscles depends on important steps such as mobilization, transport through bloodstream, passage through plasma and mitochondrial membranes, -oxidation, and finally oxidation in the Krebs’ cycle (KC) and respiratory chain activity. Aerobic exercise training induces adaptations which make possible a higher improvement of FA as a source of energy, while muscle glycogen is preserved. The authors postulate that the KC is a limiting step for the utilization of FA by the skeletal muscle. In the muscular tissue, this cycle presents continuous loss of carbons by generation of glutamine and citrate. Thus, oxalacetate formation from pyruvate through pyruvate carboxylase is a key step to keep the flux of metabolites through the KC. Pyruvate formation is low when muscle glycogen is depleted, which occurs after a prolonged period of physical strain. Therefore, the increased supply of FA for skeletal muscles by the use of lipolytic drugs and diets does not necessarily result in the increase of fatty oxidation and ATP production.