Effects of temperature cycles on human thermal comfort in built environment under summer conditions.

Dynamic temperature control strategies are feasible for enhancing energy flexibility and reducing energy consumption in buildings. However, guidelines for designing such dynamic thermal environments are lacking. In this study, 30 participants were recruited to undergo four experimental cycles formed by combining two temperature ranges (25-28 °C and 26-29 °C) and two temperature change rates (3 °C/h and 6 °C/h). Variations in the subjective perception and physiological responses with time were recorded throughout the experiments. The participants reported cooler thermal sensation and better thermal comfort for the same temperature during the ramp-down phase than during the ramp-up phase, which was more pronounced at faster temperature changes. The limits on temperature variations in the current standards underestimate the thermal acceptability of people. Although the temperature cycles exceeded the limits in the standards, sustained thermal comfort and high thermal acceptability were achieved when the temperature changed within 25-28 °C. At a rapid 6 °C/h change rate, the thermal sensation briefly deviated from the comfort zone when Top changed within 26-29 °C, suggesting that the limits should be set relative to the temperature change span. The comfortable temperature ranges for change rates of 3 °C/h and 6 °C/h in summer conditions were 22.8-28.7 °C and 22.8-28.4 °C, respectively, which are broader than the recommended indoor temperature range for summer in the Chinese standard. These findings indicate the potential of temperature variations to extend the thermal comfort zones while consuming less energy without requiring additional cooling devices.

Toxicological characteristics of drinking water in two large-scale municipal water supply systems of a metropolitan city in Central China.

Drinking water safety is threatened by numerous toxic organic pollutants difficult to chemically monitor. This study aimed to determine the toxicological profiles of organic extracts (OEs) of water samples from source to tap in two drinking water supply systems in a metropolitan city, Central China, during different hydrological periods. Mortality, DNA damage, growth, and development of Caenorhabditis elegans were evaluated following exposure to OEs. The median lethal doses of OEs of drinking water samples (n = 48) ranged from 266 REF (relative enrichment factor) to > 1563 REF. When tested at a dose of 100 REF, 56.25% (27/48) of OEs induced genotoxicity, 4.17% (2/48) inhibited the growth, and 45.83% (22/48) decreased the offspring number in C. elegans. No clear temporal-spatial variation patterns of the OEs toxicity indicators were observed. The correlations among the toxicity indicators were generally poor. The observed toxicities were not closely related to the level of dissolved organic carbon in drinking water. These findings support using multiple endpoint bioassays, such as C. elegans-based approaches, as complementary tools to conventional chemical analysis for drinking water quality monitoring.