Rapid detection of colored and colorless macro- and micro-plastics in complex environment via near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning.

To better understand the migration behavior of plastic fragments in the environment, development of rapid non-destructive methods for in-situ identification and characterization of plastic fragments is necessary. However, most of the studies had focused only on colored plastic fragments, ignoring colorless plastic fragments and the effects of different environmental media (backgrounds), thus underestimating their abundance. To address this issue, the present study used near-infrared spectroscopy to compare the identification of colored and colorless plastic fragments based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), extreme gradient boost, support vector machine and random forest classifier. The effects of polymer color, type, thickness, and background on the plastic fragments classification were evaluated. PLS-DA presented the best and most stable outcome, with higher robustness and lower misclassification rate. All models frequently misinterpreted colorless plastic fragments and its background when the fragment thickness was less than 0.1mm. A two-stage modeling method, which first distinguishes the plastic types and then identifies colorless plastic fragments that had been misclassified as background, was proposed. The method presented an accuracy higher than 99% in different backgrounds. In summary, this study developed a novel method for rapid and synchronous identification of colored and colorless plastic fragments under complex environmental backgrounds.

Phytic acid inhibits Cr(VI) reduction on Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals: Changing reduction sites and electron transfer pathways.

The presence of organic phosphorus may influence the characteristics of Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization on Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals under anoxic conditions, as the organic phosphorus tends to bind strongly to clay minerals in soil. Herein, reduced nontronite (rNAu-2) was used to reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of phytic acid (IHP) at neutral pH. With IHP concentration from 0 to 500 µM, Cr(VI) reduction decreased obviously (17.8%) within first 5 min, and then preferred to stagnate during 4 - 12 h (>= 50 µM). After that, Cr(VI) was reduced continuously at a slightly faster rate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that IHP primarily absorbed at the edge sites of rNAu-2 to form Fe-IHP complexes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated that IHP hindered the ingress of CrO42- into the interlayer space of rNAu-2 and impeded their reduction by trioctahedral Fe(II) and Al-Fe(II) at basal plane sites in the initial stage. Additionally, Fe(II) extraction results showed that IHP promoted the electron from interior transfer to near-edge, but hindered it further transfer to surface, resulting in the inhibition on Cr(VI) reduction at edge sites during the later stage. Consequently, IHP inhibits the reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) by rNAu-2. Our study offers novel insights into electron transfer pathways during the Cr(VI) reduction by rNAu-2 with coexisting IHP, thereby improve the understanding of the geochemical processes of chromium within the iron cycle in soil.

Enhancing Oxygen Activation Ability by Composite Interface Construction over a 2D Co3O4-Based Monolithic Catalyst for Toluene Oxidation.

Developing robust metal-based monolithic catalysts with efficient oxygen activation capacity is crucial for thermal catalytic treatment of volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution. Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides are alternative thermal catalysts, but their traditional loading strategies on carriers still face challenges in practical applications. Herein, we propose a novel in situ molten salt-loading strategy that synchronously enables the construction of 2D Co3O4 and its growth on Fe foam for the first time to yield a unique monolithic catalyst named Co3O4/Fe-S. Compared to the Co3O4 nanocube-loaded Fe foam, Co3O4/Fe-S exhibits a significantly improved catalytic performance with a temperature reduction of 44 °C at 90% toluene conversion. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and theoretical calculation suggest that Co3O4/Fe-S possesses abundant 2D Co3O4/Fe3O4 composite interfaces, which promote the construction of active sites (oxygen vacancy and Co3+) to boost oxygen activation and toluene chemisorption, thereby accelerating the transformation of reaction intermediates through Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) and Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanisms. Moreover, the growth mechanism reveals that 2D Co3O4/Fe3O4 composite interfaces are generated in situ in molten salt, inducing the growth of 2D Co3O4 onto the surface lattice of 2D Fe3O4. This study provides new insights into enhancing oxygen activation and opens an unprecedented avenue in preparing efficient monolithic catalysts for VOC oxidation.

Glucocorticoid therapy in pancreatic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune pancreatitis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a chronic form of pancreatitis characterized by diffused enlargement of the pancreas and irregular stenosis of the main pancreatic duct. Some studies have reported that AIP can cause hemorrhage of gastric varices (GV) related to portal hypertension (PH). However, such cases are rare. In addition, the association of PH with AIP is unclear. At the same time, the efficacy and duration of glucocorticoid therapy is also controversial. CASE SUMMARY: In this case, we reported a case of GV in pancreatic PH associated with AIP. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) suggested splenic vein (SV) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thromboses. The patient received a long-term glucocorticoid therapy, that the initial dose of 40 mg is reduced weekly by 5 mg, and then reduced to 5 mg for long-term maintenance. CT and gastroscopic examination after 8 mo of treatment indicated that SV and SMV were recanalized, pancreatic stiffness and swelling were ameliorated, and the GV almost completely disappeared. CONCLUSION: Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can alleviate the development of GV in patients with AIP and has potential reversibility.

scPriorGraph: constructing biosemantic cell-cell graphs with prior gene set selection for cell type identification from scRNA-seq data.

Cell type identification is an indispensable analytical step in single-cell data analyses. To address the high noise stemming from gene expression data, existing computational methods often overlook the biologically meaningful relationships between genes, opting to reduce all genes to a unified data space. We assume that such relationships can aid in characterizing cell type features and improving cell type recognition accuracy. To this end, we introduce scPriorGraph, a dual-channel graph neural network that integrates multi-level gene biosemantics. Experimental results demonstrate that scPriorGraph effectively aggregates feature values of similar cells using high-quality graphs, achieving state-of-the-art performance in cell type identification.

Single-bundle ACL combined with ALL reconstruction yields comparable outcomes in patients with varied anatomical risk factors for ACL graft failure.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft failure is influenced by factors such as meniscal tears and tibial plateau slope. Combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction has reduced failure rates; however, its efficacy in high-risk patients remains unclear. This study hypothesized that combined ACL and ALL reconstruction would yield similar clinical outcomes in patients with varying risks of ACL failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 76 patients who underwent primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction combined with ALL reconstruction between June 2018 and June 2021 were included. The medial tibial slope (MTS), lateral tibial slope (LTS), and anterior tibial translation (ATT) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging and plain radiography of the knee joint. The meniscal lesions were assessed during surgery. Preoperative clinical assessments and final follow-up were conducted using patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs), including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) evaluation, Lysholm knee scoring scale, and Tegner Activity scale. PROMs were collected at least two years postoperatively. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 32.5 ± 7.4 months. There were no significant differences in postoperative IKDC score, Lysholm score, or Tegner activity score between patients with or without medial meniscus injury (p = 0.155, 0.914, and 0.042, respectively), with or without lateral meniscus injury (p = 0.737, 0.569, and 0.942, respectively), medial tibial slope > 12° or ≤ 12° (p = 0.290, 0.496, and 0.988, respectively), or lateral tibial slope > 7.4° or ≤ 7.4° (p = 0.213, 0.625, and 0.922, respectively). No significant correlations were found between anterior tibial translation and postoperative IKDC (R = -0.058, p = 0.365), Lysholm (R = -0.017, p = 0.459), or Tegner activity scores (R = -0.147, p = 0.189). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that single-bundle ACL reconstruction combined with ALL reconstruction provides reliable and comparable clinical outcomes in patients with high-risk factors for ACL graft failure, such as increased tibial slope or meniscal injury. Our results suggest that the indications for ALL reconstruction may be expanded to include patients with a high tibial slope or meniscal injury, because these factors have been shown to contribute to increased rotational instability and high rates of ACL graft failure. Future prospective randomized controlled trials with large patient cohorts and long follow-up periods are needed to validate these findings and establish clear guidelines for patient selection and surgical decision-making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

METTL1/FOXM1 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression and gefitinib resistance by inhibiting PTPN13 expression.

INTRODUCTION: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common malignant tumor in respiratory system. Methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1) is a driver of m7G modification in mRNA. This study aimed to demonstrate the role of METTL1 in the proliferation, invasion and Gefitinib-resistance of LUAD. METHODS: Public datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and GSE31210 datasets. Malignant tumor phenotypes were tested in vitro and in vivo through biological function assays and nude mouse with xenograft tumors. RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to determine the interaction between METTL1 protein and FOXM1 mRNA. Public transcriptional database, Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase report assays were conducted to detect the downstream target of a transcriptional factor FOXM1. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated to evaluate the sensitivity to Gefitinib in LUAD cells. RESULTS: The results showed that METTL1 was upregulated in LUAD, and the high expression of METTL1 was associated with unfavorable prognosis. Through the m7G-dependent manner, METTL1 improved the RNA stability of FOXM1, leading to the up-regulation of FOXM1. FOXM1 transcriptionally suppressed PTPN13 expression. The METTL1/FOXM1/PTPN13 axis reduced the sensitivity of LUAD cells to Gefitinib. Taken together, our data suggested that METTL1 plays oncogenic role in LUAD through inducing the m7G modification of FOXM1, therefore METTL1 probably is a new potential therapeutic target to counteract Gefitinib resistance in LUAD.

Survival outcome and prognostic factors of remnant gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis.

Background: Studies on survival and prognostic factors in individuals with remnant gastric cancer (RGC) after gastric cancer (GC) are rare. It is debatable whether prognosis of RGC after GC is worse than that of only primary GC (OPGC). The objective of this study is to compare the survival outcomes between post-GC RGC and OPGC undergoing surgical resection and to identify the prognostic factors of disease-specific survival (DSS) for RGC. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database among patients who underwent GC surgery in 1988-2020. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to balance baseline characteristics. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis was performed to compare their overall survival (OS) and DSS. Multivariable Cox analyses were performed to identify the independent prognostic factors of DSS for post-GC RGC by estimating hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: There were 76 patients with RGC and 32,763 patients with OPGC included and analyzed. After balancing the baseline characteristics by PSM, no significant difference existed between OPGC and RGC groups in both OS (P=0.65) and DSS (P=0.28). Fixed-time analyses also showed no difference between the two groups for the 5-year (60.0%, RGC vs. 53.3%, OPGC, P=0.38) and 10-year DSS (56.7%, RGC vs. 48.3%, OPGC, P=0.34). Multivariable analysis revealed that area of lower income ($75,000+ vs. <$55,000, HR =0.21, 95% CI: 0.05-0.89, P=0.03), cardiac tumor [middle vs. cardia, HR =0.16, 95% CI: 0.03-0.77, P=0.02; distal vs. cardia, HR =0.10, 95% CI: 0.02-0.58, P=0.01; not otherwise specified (NOS) vs. cardia, HR =0.11, 95% CI: 0.03-0.51, P=0.004], deeper invasion (T3-4 vs. Tis-2, HR =5.19, 95% CI: 1.21-22.15, P=0.03), higher grade (G3 vs. G1-2, HR =7.35, 95% CI: 1.41-38.48, P=0.02) and not receiving chemotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown, HR =0.16, 95% CI: 0.04-0.60, P=0.007) were independent risk factors for postsurgical DSS in patients with post-GC RGC. Conclusions: The prognosis of post-GC RGC was comparable to that of OPGC following surgical resection. The independent prognostic factors for RGC are similar to those established for OPGC. Our findings suggest that RGC following first GC might be the same entity to OPGC and curative resection should be considered in selected patients.

Long-Term High-Fat Diet Impairs AQP4-Mediated Glymphatic Clearance of Amyloid Beta.

As a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), studies have demonstrated that long-term high-fat diet (HFD) could accelerate the deposition of amyloid beta (Aß) in the brain. The glymphatic system plays a critical role in Aß clearance from the brain. However, studies investigating the effects of long-term HFD on glymphatic function have reported paradoxical outcomes, and whether glymphatic dysfunction is involved in the disturbance of Aß clearance in long-term HFD-fed mice has not been determined. In the present study, we injected fluorescently labeled Aß into the hippocampus and found that Aß clearance was decreased in HFD-fed mice. We found that long-term HFD-fed mice had decreased glymphatic function by injecting fluorescent tracers into the cisterna magna and corpus striatum. In long-term HFD-fed mice, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) polarization in the cortex was disrupted, and glymphatic clearance activity was positively correlated with the AQP4 polarization index. In HFD-fed mice, the disturbance of Aß clearance from the hippocampus was exacerbated by TGN-020, a specific inhibitor of AQP4, whereas TGN-073, an enhancer of AQP4, ameliorated it. These findings suggest that long-term HFD disrupts Aß clearance by inhibiting AQP4-mediated glymphatic function. The underlying mechanism may involve the disruption of AQP4 polarization.

Identification of immune-inflammation targets for intracranial aneurysms: A multiomics and epigenome-wide study integrating summary-data-based mendelian randomization, single-cell-type expression analysis, and DNA methylation regulation.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of the immune system and inflammation plays a vital role in developing intracranial aneurysms (IAs). However, the progress of genetic pathophysiology is complicated and not entirely elaborated. This study aimed to explore the genetic associations of immune- and inflammation-related genes (IIRGs) with IAs and their subtypes using Mendelian randomization, colocalization test, and integrated multiomics functional analysis. METHODS: We conducted a summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis using data from several genome-wide association studies of gene expression (31,684 European individuals) and protein quantitative trait loci (35,559 Icelanders), as well as information on IAs and their subtypes from The International Stroke Genetics Consortium (IGSC) for discovery phase and the FinnGen study for replication. This analysis aimed to determine the causal relationship between IIRGs and the risk of IAs and their subtypes. Further functional analyses, including DNA methylation regulation (1980, European individuals), single-cell-type expression analysis, and protein-protein interaction, were conducted to detect the specific cell type with enriched expression and discover potential drug targets. RESULTS: After integrating multi-omics evidence from expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)and protein quantitative trait loci(pQTL), we found that tier 1: RELT [odds ratio (OR): 0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04-0.50], TNFSF12 (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.24-1.43), tier 3:ICAM5 (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96), and ERAP2 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12) were associated with the risk of IAs; tier 3: RELT (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.54), ERAP2 (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.13), and TNFSF12 (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.47) were associated with the risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); and tier 1:RELT (OR: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.30) was associated with the risk of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (uIAs). Further functional analyses showed that RELT was regulated by cg06382664 and cg18850434 and ICAM5 was regulated by cg04295144 in IAs; RELT was regulated by cg06382664, cg08770935, cg16533363, and cg18850434 in aSAH; and RELT was regulated by cg06382664 and cg21810604 in uIAs. In addition, we found that H6PD (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.28), NT5M (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.21-3.01), and NPTXR (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.26) were associated with IAs; NT5M (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.23-3.66) was associated aSAH; and AP4M1 (OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.42) and STX7 (OR: 3.97, 95% CI: 1.41-11.18) were related to uIAs. STX7 and TNFSF12 were mainly enriched in microglial cells, whereas H6PD, STX7, and TNFSF12 were mainly enriched in astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: After integrating multi-omics evidence, we eventually identified IIRGs: RELT, TNFSF12, ICAM5 and ERAP2 were the novel therapy targets for IAs. These new results confirmed a vital role of immune and inflammation in the etiology of IAs, contributing to enhance our understanding of the immune and inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IAs and revealing the complex genetic causality of IAs.

Development and optimization of the Glabridin-loaded dissolving microneedle for enhanced treatment of keloid.

Glabridin (Gla) has been reported to have significant effects in scar treatment, and however, the water insolubility of Gla leads to its poor transdermal absorption ability, which affects its bioactivities. Therefore, we attempted to prepare the Gla dissolving microneedles (Gla-MN) to improve the absorbtion of Gla. After investigation of the 3 factors including the needle tip matrix concentration, the prescription concentration of backing material, and the dissolution method of Gla, we finally determined the process parameters of 10% hyaluronic acid (HA) as the needle tip and 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the backing, according to which the Gla-MN was prepared with the good characteristics of high hardness, complete appearance and good in vitro dissolution ability. We then loaded Gla onto the microneedles and measured that the average drug loading of Gla-MN was 2.26 ± 0.11 µg/mg and the cumulative transdermal release of Gla-MN was up to 76.9% after 24 h. In addition, Gla-MN had good skin penetration properties, with Gla-MN penetrating at least 4 to 5 layers of parafilm. And the skin basically could return to normal after 4 h of piercing. Importantly, our results showed that Gla-MN had higher transdermal delivery and therapeutic effects against keloid than that of Gla at the same dosage.

Navigating persuasive strategies in online health misinformation: An interview study with older adults on misinformation management.

Online health misinformation commonly includes persuasive strategies that can easily deceive lay people. Yet, it is not well understood how individuals respond to misinformation with persuasive strategies at the moment of exposure. This study aims to address the research gap by exploring how and why older adults fall into the persuasive trap of online health misinformation and how they manage their encounters of online health misinformation. Using a think-aloud protocol, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-nine older adults who were exposed to articles employing twelve groups of common persuasive strategies in online health misinformation. Thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed that some participants fell for the persuasive strategies, yet the same strategies were detected by others as cues to pin down misinformation. Based on the participants' own words, informational and individual factors as well as the interplay of these factors were identified as contributors to susceptibility to misinformation. Participants' strategies to manage misinformation for themselves and others were categorized. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression versus anterior cervical decompression and fusion for unilateral cervical radiculopathy or coexisting cervical myelopathy: a prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Cervical spondylosis (CS), including myelopathy and radiculopathy, is the most common degenerative cervical spine disease. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) compared to those of conventional anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) for treating unilateral cervical radiculopathy or coexisting cervical myelopathy induced by unilateral cervical herniated discs. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted. The sample consisted of 131 patients who underwent UBE or ACDF was conducted between September 2021 and September 2022. Patients with cervical nerve roots or coexisting spinal cord compression symptoms and imaging-defined unilateral cervical radiculopathy or coexisting cervical myelopathy induced by unilateral cervical herniated discs were randomized into two groups: a UBE group (n = 63) and an ACDF group (n = 68). The operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay after surgery, and perioperative complications were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale scores, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, neck disability index (NDI) scores, and recovery rate (RR) of the mJOA were utilized to evaluate clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The hospital stay after surgery was significantly shorter in patients treated with UBE than in those treated with ACDF (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the neck or arm VAS score, NDI score, mJOA score, or mean RR of the mJOA between the two groups (p < 0.05). Only mild complications were observed in both groups, with no significant difference (p = 0.30). CONCLUSION: UBE can significantly relieve pain and disability without severe complications, and most patients are satisfied with this technique. Consequently, this procedure can be used safely and effectively as an alternative to ACDF for treating unilateral cervical radiculopathy or coexisting cervical myelopathy induced by unilateral cervical herniated discs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 02/08/2023 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn , #ChiCTR2300074273).

Neoadjuvant therapy of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib for single huge hepatocellular carcinoma (NEO-START): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The high recurrence rate after liver resection emphasizes the urgent need for neoadjuvant therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to enhance the overall prognosis for patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, camrelizumab combined with an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) apatinib, have emerged as a first-line treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC, yet its neoadjuvant application in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant therapy for single, huge HCC. METHODS: This multi-center, open-label randomized phase 3 trial will be conducted at 7 tertiary hospitals. Patients with single huge (≥ 10 cm in diameter), resectable HCC will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to arm of surgery alone or arm of neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. In the neoadjuvant therapy group, patients will receive TACE within 1 week after randomization, followed by camrelizumab (200 mg q2w, 4 cycles), along with apatinib (250 mg qd, 2 months). Patients will receive liver resection after neoadjuvant therapy unless the disease is assessed as progressive. The primary outcome is recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 1 year. The planned sample size of 60 patients will be calculated to permit the accumulation of sufficient RFS events in 1 year to achieve 80% power for the RFS primary endpoint. DISCUSSION: Synergistic effects provided by multimodality therapy of locoregional treatment, TKI, and anti-programmed cell death 1 inhibitor significantly improved overall survival for patients with unresectable HCC. Our trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of the triple combination of TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant strategy for huge, resectable HCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chitr.org.cn ChiCTR2300078086. Registered on November 28, 2023. Start recruitment: 1st January 2024. Expected completion of recruitment: 15th June 2025.

Metal-doped biochar for selective recovery and reuse of phosphate from water: Modification design, removal mechanism, and reutilization strategy.

Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in plant growth, which can provide nutrients for plants. Nonetheless, excessive phosphate can cause eutrophication of water, deterioration of aquatic environment, and even harm for human health. Therefore, adopting feasible adsorption technology to remove phosphate from water is necessary. Biochar (BC) has received wide attention for its low cost and environment-friendly properties. However, undeveloped pore structure and limited surface groups of primary BC result in poor uptake performance. Consequently, this work introduced the synthesis of pristine BC, parameters influencing phosphate removal, and corresponding mechanisms. Moreover, multifarious metal-doped BCs were summarized with related design principles. Meanwhile, mechanisms of selective phosphate adsorption by metal-doped BC were investigated deeply, and the recovery of phosphate from water, and the utilization of phosphate-loaded adsorbents in soil were critically presented. Finally, challenges and prospects for widespread applications of selective phosphate adsorption were proposed in the future.

An analytical review on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in diagnosis, prediction, and risk factor analysis of multiple sclerosis.

Medical research offers potential for disease prediction, like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This neurological disorder damages nerve cell sheaths, with treatments focusing on symptom relief. Manual MS detection is time-consuming and error prone. Though MS lesion detection has been studied, limited attention has been paid to clinical analysis and computational risk factor prediction. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and Machine Learning (ML) methods offer accurate and effective alternatives to mapping MS progression. However, there are challenges in accessing clinical data and interdisciplinary collaboration. By analyzing 103 papers, we recognize the trends, strengths and weaknesses of AI, ML, and statistical methods applied to MS diagnosis. AI/ML-based approaches are suggested to identify MS risk factors, select significant MS features, and improve the diagnostic accuracy, such as Rule-based Fuzzy Logic (RBFL), Adaptive Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Network methods (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Bayesian Networks (BNs). Meanwhile, applications of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can enhance MS diagnostic accuracy. By examining established risk factors like obesity, smoking, and education, some research tackled the issue of disease progression. The performance metrics varied across different aspects of MS studies: Diagnosis: Sensitivity ranged from 60 % to 98 %, specificity from 60 % to 98 %, and accuracy from 61 % to 97 %. Prediction: Sensitivity ranged from 76 % to 98 %, specificity from 65 % to 98 %, and accuracy from 62 % to 99 %. Segmentation: Accuracy ranged up to 96.7 %. Classification: Sensitivity ranged from 78 % to 97.34 %, specificity from 65 % to 99.32 %, and accuracy from 71 % to 97.94 %. Furthermore, the literature shows that combining techniques can improve efficiency, exploiting their strengths for better overall performance.

Electrochemically Enabled Hydroxyphosphorylation of 1,3-Enynes to Access Phosphinyl-Substituted Propargyl Alcohols.

Catalytic difunctionalization with the direct activation of (O)P-H bonds has been recently established as a potentially robust platform to generate valuable organophosphorus compounds. In terms of 1,3-enynes, despite of the various catalytic methods developed for hydrophosphorylation, the radical-mediated hetero-functionalization of two different atoms has been less explored. In this study, we disclosed an electrochemically induced hydroxyphosphorylation of 1,3-enynes for the construction of phosphinyl-substituted propargyl alcohols. The system involves the direct activation of both arylphosphine oxides and oxygen in ambient air with no external metal or additive needed. The use of electrochemistry ensures the regioselective, atom-economic and eco-friendly for the difunctionalization process. This strategy highlights the advantages of mild reaction conditions, readily available starting materials and broad substrate scope, showing its practical synthetic value in organic synthesis.

Luminescent fiber UV detection.

Herein, a luminescent fiber device for detecting ultraviolet (UV) intensity, which comprises a UV probe and a photoelectric converter, is proposed. The UV probe consists of a glass tube filled with luminescent material, which can be used for the efficient radiation conversion of UV radiation to the visible spectral region. The luminescent material, Y2O2S:Eu3+, is mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to form the core of the UV probe. Subsequently, the UV radiation response of the luminescent fiber device is investigated; the experimental results demonstrate that the direction-independent UV detection can be realized by using this luminescent fiber UV detection device while UV light is radiated radially along the UV probe. In addition, since partial discharge (PD) is accompanied by UV radiation, we hope to develop a spectral PD detection scheme based on optical fiber technology, which can broaden the role of optical technology and optical fiber technology in the field of PD detection.

Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.: A review.

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization.

Mechanism and use strategy of uric acid-lowering drugs on coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a serious cardiovascular illness, for which an elevated uric acid (UA) level presents as a considerable risk factor. This can be treated with UA-lowering drugs such as allopurinol and benzbromarone, which can reduce UA levels by the inhibition of UA production or by promoting its excretion. Such drugs can also be beneficial to CHD in other ways, such as reducing the degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, improving myocardial blood supply and alleviating ventricular remodeling. Different UA-lowering drugs are used in different ways: allopurinol is preferred as a single agent in clinical application, but in absence of the desired response, a combination of drugs such as benzbromarone with ACE inhibitors may be used. Patients must be monitored regularly to adjust the medication regimen. Appropriate use of UA-lowering drugs has great significance for the prevention and treatment of CHD. However, the specific mechanisms of the drugs and individualized drug use need further research. This review article expounds the mechanisms of UA-lowering drugs on CHD and their clinical application strategy, thereby providing a reference for further optimization of treatment.