RESUMO
Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions of different droplet size were filtered on membranes of various pore sizes to investigate the growth and behaviour of o/w filter cakes. The cake desorptivity S and the filter membrane resistance R were measured at various filtration pressures P. The variation of S with P shows that filter cake oil droplets of radius a are effectively rigid for P << gamma/a and fully deformable for P >> gamma/a, where gamma is the oil-water interfacial tension. For the largest P, when S became P-independent, the filter cake remained water-permeable as expected from theory.
RESUMO
X-ray and neutron diffraction have been used to investigate the formation of solid crystalline monolayers of all of the linear carboxylic acids from C(6) to C(14) at submonolayer coverage and from C(8) to C(14) at multilayer coverages, and to characterize their structures. X-rays and neutrons highlight different aspects of the monolayer structures, and their combination is therefore important in structural determination. For all of the acids with an odd number of carbon atoms, the unit cell is rectangular of plane group pgg containing four molecules. The members of the homologous series with an even number of carbon atoms have an oblique unit cell with two molecules per unit cell and plane group p2. This odd-even variation in crystal structure provides an explanation for the odd-even variation observed in monolayer melting points and mixing behavior. In all cases, the molecules are arranged in strongly hydrogen-bonded dimers with their extended axes parallel to the surface and the plane of the carbon skeleton essentially parallel to the graphite surface. The monolayer crystal structures have unit cell dimensions similar to certain close-packed planes of the bulk crystals, but the molecular arrangements are different. There is a 1-3% compression on increasing the coverage over a monolayer.
RESUMO
In this brief contribution we demonstrate that 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopy can be an effective method of investigating adsorption from liquids at the solid-liquid interface. The method is illustrated here with the adsorption of a simple alkane adsorbed on graphite, in particular the system n-dodecane and graphite at coverages of 1 and 5 monolayers. Static single-pulse proton nuclear magnetic resonance and static quadrupolar echo deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded for both coverages. The experimental NMR results presented here show features clearly consistent with earlier calorimetric and neutron scattering work and demonstrate the formation of solid adsorbed layers that coexist with the bulk adsorbate with both isotopes. This ability to probe both deuterated and protonated materials simultaneously illustrates that this experimental approach can be readily extended to investigate the adsorption behaviour of multicomponent mixtures.