Bioconjugate based on cisplatin and bacterial exopolysaccharide with reduced side effects: A novel proposal for cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: In the search for alternatives that attenuate the toxicity associated to oncologic treatment with cisplatin (CDDP) and considering the potential health-beneficial properties of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria, it was aimed on this study to evaluate the cytotoxic, toxicologic and antitumoral efficacy of a bioconjugate based on CDDP and EPS, on the experimental tumor of sarcoma 180. METHODS: After the synthesis of the cis-[Pt(NH3)2(Cl)2] complex and of the conjugate containing Lactobacillus fermentum exopolysaccharide was tested both in vitro and in vivo for evaluating the acute toxicity. RESULTS: The antitumoral study was performed using mice transplanted with sarcoma 180. The bioconjugate showed low to medium cytotoxicity for the cell lines tested, as well moderated acute toxicity. After determining the LD50, the following experimental groups were established for the antitumor assay: Control (NaCl 0,9%), CDDP (1 mg/kg), EPS and bioconjugate composition (200 mg/kg). The bioconjugate promoted a 38% regression in tumor mass when compared to the control, and a regression of 41% when compared to CDDP. Liver histopathological analysis revealed discrete alterations in animals treated with (CDDP + EPS) when compared to control. The bioconjugate also minimized changes in the renal parenchyma resulting from the tumor. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that when CDDP is associated with EPS, this composition was more biocompatible, showing itself as a potent chemotherapeutic agent and lower tissue toxicity.

Role of synthetical amynoquinone ethyl 2-(1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-ylamino) acetate in inhibition of Ehrlich's tumor.

Quinones are naturally or synthetically occurring secondary metabolites that have various bio-dynamics, highlighting their antitumor potential. This has been explored through their selective cytotoxicity, and studies in medicinal chemistry about the relation between biological activity versus chemical structure may lead to the solution of the toxicity problems associated with quinones. In this context, the antitumor effect of a synthetic naphthoquinone, named Ethyl 2-(1,4-Dioxo-1,4-Dihydronaphthalen-2-Ylamino) Acetate, was tested using mice transplanted with Ehrlich ascitic tumor as an experimental model. The acute toxicity test was performed using 30 mice that received the aminoquinone at doses of 100, 200, 300, and 600 mg/kg. After evaluation of the clinical findings in the spontaneous activity tests, the LD50 calculation for the test substance showed low levels of toxicity at doses lower than 244.11 ± 23.29 mg/kg. Thus, three experimental groups were established, where animals transplanted with tumor cells received NaCl vehicle solution (control, n = 6), and the others were treated with 71.7 mg/kg of Methotrexate (n = 6) or 20 mg/kg of Aminoquinone (n = 6). All administrations were intraperitoneal, in a single dose. Three days after the implantation of the tumor cells the animals were weighed daily and evaluated for tumor biometry and development. The treatments occurred five days after the implantation of the tumor cells and were extended for 7 more days. At the end of the 12-day experimental period, all animals were euthanized for biochemical and histopathological analyses of the tumors and vital organs. The spontaneous activity test showed that the amount of responses associated with the nervous system tends to increase with the increase in dosage, highlighting the excitatory effect on the central nervous system in almost all dosages employed, followed by depressant activities on this system. There was a significant tumor reduction, both in animals treated with methotrexate (71.7 %) and in those treated with aminoquinone (91.6 %) in the control group. There was no significant difference in tumor volume between the animals treated with aminoquinone or methotrexate. The histopathological analysis revealed that in both treatments there were fewer mitoses in the tumor mass compared to the control group. However, there was apparent toxicity to the liver, heart, and left kidney in the treatment with methotrexate compared to aminoquinone. The significant capacity for tumor reduction presented by aminoquinone allows pointing it as a promising alternative for the development of a more efficient drug to control tumor development, being necessary for the development of new studies to deepen the knowledge about its mechanisms of action.

Plasmocitoma extramedular de terceira pálpebra em gato / Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the third eyelid in a cat

Background: Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a neoplasm originating from plasmacytes with benign behavior, althoughit can present malignant characteristics such as local invasion and metastases in some cases. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma in the third eyelid is rare in humans and animals and has not yet been described in cats. Thus, the goal of thepresent study is to describe the cytological and histopathological findings of an extramedullary plasmacytoma in a catsthird eyelid.Case: A 5-year-old female feline patient with a history of ocular alteration for approximately 30 days was referred tothe ophthalmology service. Upon ophthalmic examination of the left eye, an increase in volume with tissue proliferationwas identified in the third eyelids conjunctiva. A collection of material for cytopathological examination was performed.Numerous plasmocytes and atypical lymphocytes with anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were observed, with a possible neoplastic injury being suggested and referred to the patient for surgical removal of the third eyelid. In the histopathologicalanalysis, it was possible to observe several plasma cells and vascular neoformation along the entire conjunctive marginbelow the epithelium. The glands, serous and mucous, present in the fragment, revealed areas of intervening plasmacyticinfiltrate and a large area close to the hyaline cartilage containing intense plasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate with rareneutrophils and macrophages. There was also a structural breakdown of glandular components and lymphocyte cells withmitosis figures and discrete cellular pleomorphism.Discussion: Plasmacytoma is a rare neoplasm in both dogs and cats. The anatomical regions most frequently affected arethe digits, lips, and pinna. Concerning the 3rd eyelid tumor involvement, numerous...(AU)

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the diseases clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...(AU)

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...(AU)

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the disease’s clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...

Plasmocitoma extramedular de terceira pálpebra em gato / Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the third eyelid in a cat

Background: Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a neoplasm originating from plasmacytes with benign behavior, althoughit can present malignant characteristics such as local invasion and metastases in some cases. Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma in the third eyelid is rare in humans and animals and has not yet been described in cats. Thus, the goal of thepresent study is to describe the cytological and histopathological findings of an extramedullary plasmacytoma in a cat’sthird eyelid.Case: A 5-year-old female feline patient with a history of ocular alteration for approximately 30 days was referred tothe ophthalmology service. Upon ophthalmic examination of the left eye, an increase in volume with tissue proliferationwas identified in the third eyelid’s conjunctiva. A collection of material for cytopathological examination was performed.Numerous plasmocytes and atypical lymphocytes with anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were observed, with a possible neoplastic injury being suggested and referred to the patient for surgical removal of the third eyelid. In the histopathologicalanalysis, it was possible to observe several plasma cells and vascular neoformation along the entire conjunctive marginbelow the epithelium. The glands, serous and mucous, present in the fragment, revealed areas of intervening plasmacyticinfiltrate and a large area close to the hyaline cartilage containing intense plasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate with rareneutrophils and macrophages. There was also a structural breakdown of glandular components and lymphocyte cells withmitosis figures and discrete cellular pleomorphism.Discussion: Plasmacytoma is a rare neoplasm in both dogs and cats. The anatomical regions most frequently affected arethe digits, lips, and pinna. Concerning the 3rd eyelid tumor involvement, numerous...

Sarcoma estromal esplênico em canino da raça labrador / Splenic stromal sarcoma in a labrador dog

Background: Splenic stromal neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors that shares the morphology of spindle cells, and are considered a primary mesenchymal neoplasm of the spleen. Among these neoplasms, some are as yet unclassified. Although stromal neoplasms represent 25 a 50% of dog splenic neoplasms in dogs, subtypes rarely occur alone. As these neoplasms are difficult to diagnose in the routine veterinary medical examination, the objective of this article was to report a case of splenic stromal sarcoma in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Case: An 8-year-old male labrador dog was treated at a veterinary hospital for an initial clinical suspicion of gastroenteritis. Clinical examinations showed anemic ocular mucosa and a distended abdomen. Considering the animal's condition, blood count, serum biochemistry, and abdominal ultrasonography (US) were requested. The laboratory tests revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and changes in the indices of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), among other findings. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatomegaly, diffuse splenomegaly, a neoformation in the spleen suggestive of splenic neoplasia, and mild cystic prostatic hyperplasia. The dog underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy. During the procedure, a nodule was found attached to the spleen. It was removed, fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, and sent for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (vimentin, S100, desmin, MyoD1, HHF35, CD31, and alpha smooth muscle actin). The histopathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated spindle cell splenic sarcoma, compatible with splenic stromal sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry showed neoplastic cells immunoreactive for vimentin and S100, and it was not reactive for other markers. Based on the immunohistochemical and morphological profile, the diagnosis of splenic stromal sarcoma was confirmed. Discussion: Dogs affected by splenic neoplasms are generally aged between three and 17 years, and clinically present with anorexia, emesis, lethargy, weight loss, and abdomen distension, which were observed in the present case. However, a purelyclinical diagnosis is disputable, since other diseases can present the same signs. Thus, complementary exams are essential for a correct diagnosis. Laboratory changes in blood count and serum biochemistry are considered nonspecific for splenic neoplasms, with neutrophilic leukocytosis and anemia being consistent with paraneoplastic syndromes frequently diagnosed in small animals. Microscopically, splenic stromal sarcomas are characterized by focal splenic nodules composed of cohesive polygonal to spindle-shaped cell layers. The cells usually exhibit anisokaryosis and often have large oval to round vesicular nuclei and, occasionally, multinucleated cells. They have large areas of necrosis, diffuse or nodular lymphoid aggregates, and foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis, consistent with the histopathological examination reported in the present case. The immunohistochemical analysis included evaluation of seven markers to elucidate the histogenesis of the neoplasm, with the anti-vimentin and anti-S100 markers demonstrating positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, revealing the mesenchymal origin of the neoplasm. Thus, the definitive diagnosis was splenic stromal sarcoma, a rare and aggressive neoplasm.

Carcinoma mamário com metástase pulmonar em tatu-peba (Eupharactus sexcinctus) / Breast carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis in armadillo (Eupharactus sexcinctus)

Background: Breast neoplasms are among the most common neoplastic conditions affecting domestic animals and are considered the most common type of cancer affecting women, bitches, and cats. However, there are few reports on breast neoplasms in wild animals, and there is no record of their occurrence in armadillos worldwide. Breast neoplasms are hormone-dependent neoplasms that often cause lymph node and pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis is based on the patients history, complete physical examination, and complementary tests. Here we report a case of mammary neoplasia with pulmonary metastasis in an armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus).Case: A senile female armadillo was referred to us for treatment with a history of hyporexia and nodules in both breasts. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hypoechogenic nodular lesion with a cross-section of approximately 1.3 × 1.4 cm and well-defined borders. The lesion had a circumscribed aspect in the left mammary gland. In the right mammary gland, there was a heterogeneous lesion with cystic formations and anechoic content. Cytopathological examination of the nodules was performed by fine needle aspiration cytology and revealed the presence of epithelial cells with ovoid and aberrant nuclei, anisocariasis, binucleation, coarse chromatin, and a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio suggestive of carcinoma. The animal had a lean body score due to hyporexia that had evolved to anorexia and was undergoing supportive treatment. Nevertheless, the animal died two months after the cytologic diagnosis. A necropsy was performed. Cutting of the breast nodules revealed a hardened pale yellow material. The animal had pronounced pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and numerous pale yellow nodules of various sizes with firm consistency throughout the lung parenchyma. It also had hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.[...](AU)

Criptococose sistêmica em um canino da raça Miniatura Schnauzer / Systemic cryptococcosis in a Miniature Schnauzer dog

Background: Cryptococcosis is an important zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide. The disease is caused by a soilborne opportunistic fungus of the genus Cryptococcus, which can also be found in the feces of birds, especially pigeons. In Brazil, the geographical distribution of the agent is fairly defined, with the species C. gattii predominantly found in the north-eastern states. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, physical examination findings, and results of complementary testing, such as cytopathological and histopathological examinations. This report aims to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings in a case of systemic cryptococcosis in a dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Miniature Schnauzer was referred for necropsy. For 3 months prior to death, the dog had displayed generalized alopecia, pruritus, and severe weight loss, Initially, a private veterinarian had suspected leishmaniasis. Gross examination was performed and samples for cytopathology, histopathology, and fungal culture were obtained. The macroscopic examination revealed generalized alopecia, congested mucosa, cachexia, hyperemia of the brain, and multiple white nodules measuring 0.5 cm to 4 cm in the lungs and the kidneys. None of the other organs showed significant lesions. Cytopathological examination of the nodules revealed a highly cellular sample, with a severe chronic inflammatory response, characterized by multinucleated giant cells and round-to-elliptical, yeast-shaped structures (5-10 µm), suggestive of Cryptococcus organisms. Histopathological examination of the lungs, kidneys, and brain revealed a severe diffuse chronic inflammatory process, with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cells; countless yeast-shaped, round-to-ovoid structures (similar in appearance to “soap bubbles”) that were negative in hematoxylin-eosin stain were also present.[...]

Carcinoma mamário com metástase pulmonar em tatu-peba (Eupharactus sexcinctus) / Breast carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis in armadillo (Eupharactus sexcinctus)

Background: Breast neoplasms are among the most common neoplastic conditions affecting domestic animals and are considered the most common type of cancer affecting women, bitches, and cats. However, there are few reports on breast neoplasms in wild animals, and there is no record of their occurrence in armadillos worldwide. Breast neoplasms are hormone-dependent neoplasms that often cause lymph node and pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis is based on the patient’s history, complete physical examination, and complementary tests. Here we report a case of mammary neoplasia with pulmonary metastasis in an armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus).Case: A senile female armadillo was referred to us for treatment with a history of hyporexia and nodules in both breasts. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hypoechogenic nodular lesion with a cross-section of approximately 1.3 × 1.4 cm and well-defined borders. The lesion had a circumscribed aspect in the left mammary gland. In the right mammary gland, there was a heterogeneous lesion with cystic formations and anechoic content. Cytopathological examination of the nodules was performed by fine needle aspiration cytology and revealed the presence of epithelial cells with ovoid and aberrant nuclei, anisocariasis, binucleation, coarse chromatin, and a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio suggestive of carcinoma. The animal had a lean body score due to hyporexia that had evolved to anorexia and was undergoing supportive treatment. Nevertheless, the animal died two months after the cytologic diagnosis. A necropsy was performed. Cutting of the breast nodules revealed a hardened pale yellow material. The animal had pronounced pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and numerous pale yellow nodules of various sizes with firm consistency throughout the lung parenchyma. It also had hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.[...]

Criptococose sistêmica em um canino da raça Miniatura Schnauzer / Systemic cryptococcosis in a Miniature Schnauzer dog

Background: Cryptococcosis is an important zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide. The disease is caused by a soilborne opportunistic fungus of the genus Cryptococcus, which can also be found in the feces of birds, especially pigeons. In Brazil, the geographical distribution of the agent is fairly defined, with the species C. gattii predominantly found in the north-eastern states. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, physical examination findings, and results of complementary testing, such as cytopathological and histopathological examinations. This report aims to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings in a case of systemic cryptococcosis in a dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Miniature Schnauzer was referred for necropsy. For 3 months prior to death, the dog had displayed generalized alopecia, pruritus, and severe weight loss, Initially, a private veterinarian had suspected leishmaniasis. Gross examination was performed and samples for cytopathology, histopathology, and fungal culture were obtained. The macroscopic examination revealed generalized alopecia, congested mucosa, cachexia, hyperemia of the brain, and multiple white nodules measuring 0.5 cm to 4 cm in the lungs and the kidneys. None of the other organs showed significant lesions. Cytopathological examination of the nodules revealed a highly cellular sample, with a severe chronic inflammatory response, characterized by multinucleated giant cells and round-to-elliptical, yeast-shaped structures (5-10 µm), suggestive of Cryptococcus organisms. Histopathological examination of the lungs, kidneys, and brain revealed a severe diffuse chronic inflammatory process, with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cells; countless yeast-shaped, round-to-ovoid structures (similar in appearance to “soap bubbles”) that were negative in hematoxylin-eosin stain were also present.[...](AU)

Clinical and histopathological aspects of bitches with breast cancer that underwent mastectomy / Aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à mastectomia

This study aimed to analyze the clinical and histopathological aspects of bitches with breast cancer that underwent mastectomy. 36 bitches were studied there was without predilection for race, age, and size, to medical history, physical examination for clinical classification of cancer (TNMc), routine tests before surgery and histopathology samples collected after mastectomy for characterization of tumor type. All animals underwent mastectomy as treatment. Analysis of the sample showed a predominance of subjects with ages 6-10 years (55,5%), normal score (83,3%) with a mixed diet intake (55,5%). The majority (55,5%) of the bitches were nulliparous, with pseudocyesis (25,0%), tumors in inguinal glands (75,0%), in both sides of the midline, with multicentric nodules (77,8%), with a prevalence of nodules (27,0%) larger than 2cm in diameter, while on histopathology there was a higher prevalence of complex carcinomas (30,5%), with severe anaplasia, anisokaryosis and anisocytosis. It is concluded that pseudopregnancy, nulliparity, age, location, size and classification of mammary tumors are important prognostics factors that can subsidize the veterinary practitioner a systematic approach to these animals. With this practice there is the possibility of holding early diagnosis increases the treatment and healing alternatives.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à mastectomia. Foram avaliadas 36 cadelas, sem predileção de raça, idade, e porte, submetidas à anamnese, exame físico para a classificação clínica do câncer (TNMc), exames de rotina no pré-operatório e amostra histopatológica coletada após a cirurgia para caracterização do tipo de tumor. Todos os animais tiveram como tratamento a mastectomia. A amostra foi analisada com predominância de idade 6-10 anos (55,5%), e a obesidade estava presente em apenas 16,7% delas e 83,3% de escore normal. A maioria das cadelas eram nulíparas (55,5%), apresentando pseudogestação (25,0%), tumoração das mamas inguinais (75,0%), em ambas as cadeias, com nódulos multicêntricos (77,8%), prevalecendo nódulos (27,0%) de tamanho superior a 2cm de diâmetro, e no histopatológico prevaleceu o carcinoma complexo (30,5%), com intensa anaplasia, anisocariose e anisocitose. Conclui-se que pseudogestação, nuliparidade, idade, localização, tamanho e classificação das neoplasias mamárias são importantes fatores prognósticos que podem subsidiar o clínico veterinário para uma abordagem sistematizada desses animais. Com esta prática há a possibilidade da realização do diagnóstico precoce aumentando às alternativas do tratamento e cura.(AU)

Clinical and histopathological aspects of bitches with breast cancer that underwent mastectomy / Aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à mastectomia

This study aimed to analyze the clinical and histopathological aspects of bitches with breast cancer that underwent mastectomy. 36 bitches were studied there was without predilection for race, age, and size, to medical history, physical examination for clinical classification of cancer (TNMc), routine tests before surgery and histopathology samples collected after mastectomy for characterization of tumor type. All animals underwent mastectomy as treatment. Analysis of the sample showed a predominance of subjects with ages 6-10 years (55,5%), normal score (83,3%) with a mixed diet intake (55,5%). The majority (55,5%) of the bitches were nulliparous, with pseudocyesis (25,0%), tumors in inguinal glands (75,0%), in both sides of the midline, with multicentric nodules (77,8%), with a prevalence of nodules (27,0%) larger than 2cm in diameter, while on histopathology there was a higher prevalence of complex carcinomas (30,5%), with severe anaplasia, anisokaryosis and anisocytosis. It is concluded that pseudopregnancy, nulliparity, age, location, size and classification of mammary tumors are important prognostics factors that can subsidize the veterinary practitioner a systematic approach to these animals. With this practice there is the possibility of holding early diagnosis increases the treatment and healing alternatives.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à mastectomia. Foram avaliadas 36 cadelas, sem predileção de raça, idade, e porte, submetidas à anamnese, exame físico para a classificação clínica do câncer (TNMc), exames de rotina no pré-operatório e amostra histopatológica coletada após a cirurgia para caracterização do tipo de tumor. Todos os animais tiveram como tratamento a mastectomia. A amostra foi analisada com predominância de idade 6-10 anos (55,5%), e a obesidade estava presente em apenas 16,7% delas e 83,3% de escore normal. A maioria das cadelas eram nulíparas (55,5%), apresentando pseudogestação (25,0%), tumoração das mamas inguinais (75,0%), em ambas as cadeias, com nódulos multicêntricos (77,8%), prevalecendo nódulos (27,0%) de tamanho superior a 2cm de diâmetro, e no histopatológico prevaleceu o carcinoma complexo (30,5%), com intensa anaplasia, anisocariose e anisocitose. Conclui-se que pseudogestação, nuliparidade, idade, localização, tamanho e classificação das neoplasias mamárias são importantes fatores prognósticos que podem subsidiar o clínico veterinário para uma abordagem sistematizada desses animais. Com esta prática há a possibilidade da realização do diagnóstico precoce aumentando às alternativas do tratamento e cura.

Spongy film of cellulosic polysaccharide as a dressing for aphthous stomatitis treatment in rabbits

To develop an experimental model of acute inflammation, like aphthous ulcers, in oral cavity of rabbits, and also, to evaluate the results of the application of a polysaccharide spongy film of molasses from sugar cane as assist treatment in the healing process. Twenty adult rabbits weighting between 2.5 kg and 3.9 kg were divided into two groups: experimental and control infected ulcers were induced on the jugal mucosa by surgical excision. They were treated at the experimental group by curettage and dressing with spongy film of cellulosic polysaccharide film, whereas saline solution was used in the control group. Temporal evolution of the healing area, histopathology and bacteriological analysis were used to evaluate the healing process on the 3rd (D3), 7th (D7) and 11th days (D11). The healing time and bacteriological study showed no statistical differences on the group means. Analyzing the histopathology of the experimental group we verified epithelial hyperplasia from D3 to D11, instead in the control group there was a greater clutter of the epithelial cells from the D3 to D11. The experimental model used caused aphthous ulcers and the polysaccharide sponge film can be used as an aid in the symptomatic treatment and healing of the ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa.

Spongy film of cellulosic polysaccharide as a dressing for aphthous stomatitis treatment in rabbits

To develop an experimental model of acute inflammation, like aphthous ulcers, in oral cavity of rabbits, and also, to evaluate the results of the application of a polysaccharide spongy film of molasses from sugar cane as assist treatment in the healing process. Twenty adult rabbits weighting between 2.5 kg and 3.9 kg were divided into two groups: experimental and control infected ulcers were induced on the jugal mucosa by surgical excision. They were treated at the experimental group by curettage and dressing with spongy film of cellulosic polysaccharide film, whereas saline solution was used in the control group. Temporal evolution of the healing area, histopathology and bacteriological analysis were used to evaluate the healing process on the 3rd (D3), 7th (D7) and 11th days (D11). The healing time and bacteriological study showed no statistical differences on the group means. Analyzing the histopathology of the experimental group we verified epithelial hyperplasia from D3 to D11, instead in the control group there was a greater clutter of the epithelial cells from the D3 to D11. The experimental model used caused aphthous ulcers and the polysaccharide sponge film can be used as an aid in the symptomatic treatment and healing of the ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa.(AU)

Estudo de casos de aborto em caprinos e ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Abortion in sheep and goats in Pernambuco State, Brazil - case study

Foram estudadas causas infecciosas de aborto em fetos caprinos e ovinos, em especial Aborto Enzoótico Ovino, Toxoplasma gondii e brucelose, no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Utilizou-se 23 amostras de fetos, natimortos e neonatos procedentes de criatórios, a partir de 8 semanas de gestação, incluindo um neonato. Os fetos apresentavam-se em estado de autólise variável e 4 estavam em processo de mumificação. Os achados mais comuns foram: líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade torácica (17 - 73,91%), edema subcutâneo (10 - 43,48%), líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade abdominal (7 - 30,43%), no saco pericárdico (9 - 39,13%) e hemorragia subcutânea (8 - 34,78%). O achado histopatológico mais freqüente foi a reação do endotélio vascular, observada no pulmão (9/39,13%), além de coração, fígado, rim, baço e cérebro. Somente um feto (4,35%) apresentou lesões características de toxoplasmose. As amostras submetidas ao PCR foram negativas para Chlamydophila spp. No exame microbiológico das secreções vaginais foram identificadas Streptococcus spp. e Escherichia coli em uma matriz caprina e Staphylococcus spp. em outra. Não se isolou Brucella sp em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. A ausência da placenta na maior parte dos fetos examinados e o avançado estado de autólise dos fetos dificultaram o diagnóstico das causas de abortamento.(AU)

Infectious causes of abortion associated to reproductive disorders in goat and sheep foetus were studied, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples of 23 foetus, stillborn and newborn were procedent from goat and sheep raising flocks, from 8 of gestation, including a two weeks old newborn. Most foetus were autolized, and 4 (17.39%) were in mummifying process. The most frequent findings were the presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the thoracic cavity (17/73.91%), subcutaneous oedema (10/43.48%), presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the abdominal cavity (7/30.43%), in the pericardic sac (9/39.13%) and subcutaneous hemorrhageae (8/34.78%). Histopathologic findings included endotelium vascular reaction in the lungs (9/39.13%), but also in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Only one embryo (4.35%) presented characteristic injuries of toxoplasmosis. All samples sent for PCR were negative for Chlamydophila spp. Microbiological examination of vaginal secretions identified Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in a goat matrix. In another one, the isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was possible. Brucella sp was not isolated in any sample. Absence of placenta and advanced autolysis in most foetus made difficult diagnosing the causes of abortion.(AU)

Estudo de casos de aborto em caprinos e ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Abortion in sheep and goats in Pernambuco State, Brazil - case study

Foram estudadas causas infecciosas de aborto em fetos caprinos e ovinos, em especial Aborto Enzoótico Ovino, Toxoplasma gondii e brucelose, no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Utilizou-se 23 amostras de fetos, natimortos e neonatos procedentes de criatórios, a partir de 8 semanas de gestação, incluindo um neonato. Os fetos apresentavam-se em estado de autólise variável e 4 estavam em processo de mumificação. Os achados mais comuns foram: líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade torácica (17 - 73,91%), edema subcutâneo (10 - 43,48%), líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade abdominal (7 - 30,43%), no saco pericárdico (9 - 39,13%) e hemorragia subcutânea (8 - 34,78%). O achado histopatológico mais freqüente foi a reação do endotélio vascular, observada no pulmão (9/39,13%), além de coração, fígado, rim, baço e cérebro. Somente um feto (4,35%) apresentou lesões características de toxoplasmose. As amostras submetidas ao PCR foram negativas para Chlamydophila spp. No exame microbiológico das secreções vaginais foram identificadas Streptococcus spp. e Escherichia coli em uma matriz caprina e Staphylococcus spp. em outra. Não se isolou Brucella sp em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. A ausência da placenta na maior parte dos fetos examinados e o avançado estado de autólise dos fetos dificultaram o diagnóstico das causas de abortamento.

Infectious causes of abortion associated to reproductive disorders in goat and sheep foetus were studied, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples of 23 foetus, stillborn and newborn were procedent from goat and sheep raising flocks, from 8 of gestation, including a two weeks old newborn. Most foetus were autolized, and 4 (17.39%) were in mummifying process. The most frequent findings were the presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the thoracic cavity (17/73.91%), subcutaneous oedema (10/43.48%), presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the abdominal cavity (7/30.43%), in the pericardic sac (9/39.13%) and subcutaneous hemorrhageae (8/34.78%). Histopathologic findings included endotelium vascular reaction in the lungs (9/39.13%), but also in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Only one embryo (4.35%) presented characteristic injuries of toxoplasmosis. All samples sent for PCR were negative for Chlamydophila spp. Microbiological examination of vaginal secretions identified Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in a goat matrix. In another one, the isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was possible. Brucella sp was not isolated in any sample. Absence of placenta and advanced autolysis in most foetus made difficult diagnosing the causes of abortion.

Fatores de risco associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em ovinos e caprinos no estado de Pernambuco / Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats in Pernambuco, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a participação de Toxoplasma gondii em falhas reprodutivas em pequenos ruminantes de criatórios situados na Zona da Mata e no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco e que apresentavam histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos. Foram selecionadas 12 propriedades das quais se coletaram amostras de 262 animais, sendo 167 caprinos e 95 ovinos. Realizou-se a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, utilizando-se a técnica da Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Foram aplicados questionários investigativos nas propriedades visitadas para identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção. Em 100% das propriedades foram encontrados animais soropositivos. Para T. gondii, das 167 amostras de soro caprino analisadas, 31,7% foram positivas, enquanto que na espécie ovina, das 95 amostras, 16,9% foram positivas. Para a espécie ovina, não foram observadas associações significativas. Para os caprinos, houve associação significativa (p<0,05) para as variáveis: manejo intensivo (OR=2,40), exploração leiteira (OR=2,10), animais procedentes de outros estados (OR=7,89) e monta natural (OR=5,69). Conclui-se que a infecção pelo T. gondii encontra-se disseminada nos rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos estudados e que medidas sanitárias devem ser adotadas para controlar os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo.

This study was conducted to investigate the participation of Toxoplasma gondii in reproductive failure in small ruminants raised in the Litoral/ Zona da Mata and Agreste of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Twelve flocks were selected from which 262 samples were collected, 167 from goats and 95 from sheep. Indirect Imunofluorescent Antibody Reaction (IFA) technique was used to detect antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii. A questionnaire was applied in flocks to identify risk factors associated with infection. Positive animals were found in 100% of the farms. Among 167 samples of goat serum analyzed, 31.7% were positive, whereas from 95 samples of sheep, 16.9% were positive. Results of brucellosis tests were negative for 100% of analyzed samples. For sheep, no significant association was found; however, for goats, there was a significant association (p<0.05) for intensive handling (OR=2.40), milk exploration (OR=2.10), animals originating from other states (OR=7.89) and natural breeding (OR=5.69). It was concluded that infection for T. gondii is spread in studied goat and sheep flocks and that sanitary measures must be adopted to control risk factors for infection.