"I Am from the Ghetto, I Am Black, I Live in the Slum and They Think: Why Bother with Her?" - Racism in Seeking Help Experiences for Domestic Violence in Brazil.

Despite the majority of Brazilians identifying as black, racial disparities are significant. Black women encounter disproportionate difficulties, with greater rates of homicide, unemployment, and poverty. After the Maria da Penha Law (2006), which is regarded as one of the most comprehensive laws to address domestic violence, there has been a notable increase in femicide among black women and a decrease in cases among white women. This paper aims to analyze the differences between white and black survivors of domestic violence in terms of the access and support they received from the violence against women multi agency network in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. To this end, in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted with nine white and nine black women who were seeking help in the justice system in June of 2018. The IDI were analyzed under critical path and structural racism theories, in order to understand how inequality markers such as race might affect the institutional response to the survivor's help seeking. The results indicated that black women received less information and support while seeking institutional help, as they faced more obstacles compared to white women. Among the interviewees critical paths, the access to the services was denied by providers 13 times for black women in contrast with 1 access denial for white women-also considering cases that discontinued the needed assistance due to institutional violence. The observed obstacles lived by black women in the multiagency network not only resulted in the path for these women toward support being longer but in many cases being repeated unsuccessfully multiple times. This study concludes that thus all women face obstacles while seeking help in formal institutions, black women may face greater barriers in this path due to how structural racism is reproduced in the services that should guarantee rights.

Comparing health systems readiness for integrating domestic violence services in Brazil, occupied Palestinian Territories, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

Domestic violence (DV) is a global prevalent health problem leading to adverse health consequences, yet health systems are often unprepared to address it. This article presents a comparative synthesis of the health system's pre-conditions necessary to enable integration of DV in health services in Brazil, Nepal, Sri Lanka and occupied Palestinian Territories (oPT). A cross-country, comparative analysis was conducted using a health systems readiness framework. Data collection involved multiple data sources, including qualitative interviews with various stakeholders; focus-group discussions with women; structured facility observations; and a survey with providers. Our findings highlight deficiencies in policy and practice that need to be addressed for an effective DV response. Common readiness gaps include unclear and limited guidance on DV, unsupportive leadership coupled with limited training and resources. Most providers felt unprepared, lacked guidance and felt unsupported and unprotected by managers and their health system. While in Brazil most providers felt they should respond to DV cases, many in Sri Lanka preferred not to. Such organizational and service delivery challenges, in turn, also affected how health providers responded to DV cases leaving them not confident, uncertain about their knowledge and unsure about their role. Furthermore, providers' personal beliefs and values on DV and gender norms also impacted their motivation and ability to respond, prompting some to become 'activists' while others were reluctant to intervene and prone to blame women. Our synthesis also pointed to a gap in women's use of health services for DV as they had low trust in providers. Our conceptual framework demonstrates the importance of having clear policies and highlights the need to engage leadership across every level of the system to reframe challenges and strengthen routine practices. Future research should also determine the ways in which women's understanding and needs related to DV help-seeking are addressed.

Avaliação de intervenção para aprimorar a resposta da Atenção Primária à Saúde ao cuidado de casos de violência doméstica contra a mulher - São Paulo, Brasil / Evaluation of an intervention to improve Primary Health Care's response to cases of domestic violence against women - São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar e aprimorar a resposta da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) ao cuidado dos casos de violência doméstica contra a mulher (VDCM), desenvolvendo, implementando e avaliando uma intervenção. Pesquisa piloto de avaliação do antes e depois da implementação de uma intervenção, utilizando métodos mistos e realizada em três fases - linha de base, intervenção e avaliação - entre agosto/2017 e março/2019 em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Município de São Paulo. Apresentamos neste artigo o detalhamento e a avaliação da intervenção, realizada 6-12 meses após implementação. A intervenção foi desenvolvida com base nos achados da primeira fase e em consonância com a política de saúde que estabelece os Núcleos de Prevenção à Violência (NPV), consistindo em: elaboração de fluxo assistencial; capacitação geral para todos os trabalhadores e específica para o NPV; elaboração de material educativo e discussões mensais de caso durante 6 meses. A avaliação mostrou aceitabilidade entre os trabalhadores, aumentou a identificação e repertório para o cuidado dos casos de VDCM, fortalecendo o encaminhamento interno e à rede intersetorial. Identificamos obstáculos para plena implementação e sustentabilidade da intervenção.

Abstract The aim was to analyse and improve the Primary Health Care (PHC) response to domestic violence against women (DVAW) by developing, implementing and evaluating an intervention. A pilot study evaluating the before and after of intervention implementation, using mixed methods and carried out in three phases - formative, intervention and evaluation - between August 2017 and March 2019 in two Basic Health Units (UBS) in the city of São Paulo. In this paper, we present the details and evaluation of the intervention, carried out six to twelve months after its implementation. The intervention was developed based on the findings of the formative phase and in line with the health policy that establishes the Violence Prevention Nucleus (NPV) and consisted of stablishing a care pathway; general training for all workers and specific training for the NPV; drawing up educational material and monthly case discussions over 6 months. The evaluation showed acceptability among the workers, increased identification and repertoire for caring for cases of DVAW, strengthening internal referral and the intersectoral network. We identified obstacles to the full implementation and sustainability of the intervention.

An evidence-based primary health care intervention to address domestic violence against women in Brazil: a mixed method evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Health systems have a critical role in a multi-sectoral response to domestic violence against women (DVAW). However, the evidence on interventions is skewed towards high income countries, and evidence based interventions are not easily transferred to low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) where significant social, cultural and economic differences exist. We evaluated feasibility and acceptability of implementation of an intervention (HERA-Healthcare Responding to Violence and Abuse) to improve the response to DVAW in two primary health care clinics (PHC) in Brazil. METHODS: The study design is a mixed method process and outcome evaluation, based on training attendance records, semi-structured interviews (with 13 Primary Health Care (PHC) providers, two clinic directors and two women who disclosed domestic violence), and identification and referral data from the Brazilian Epidemiological Surveillance System (SINAN). RESULTS: HERA was feasible and acceptable to women and PHC providers, increased providers' readiness to identify DVAW and diversified referrals outside the health system. The training enhanced the confidence and skills of PHC providers to ask directly about violence and respond to women's disclosures using a women centred, gender and human rights perspective. PHC providers felt safe and supported when dealing with DVAW because HERA emphasised clear roles and collective action within the clinical team. A number of challenges affected implementation including: differential managerial support for the Núcleo de Prevenção da Violência (Violence Prevention Nucleus-NPV) relating to the allocation of resources, monitoring progress and giving feedback; a lack of higher level institutional endorsement prioritising DVAW work; staff turnover; a lack of feedback from external support services to PHC clinics regarding DVAW cases; and inconsistent practices regarding documentation of DVAW. CONCLUSION: Training should be accompanied by system-wide institutional change including active (as opposed to passive) management support, allocation of resources to support roles within the NPV, locally adapted protocols and guidelines, monitoring progress and feedback. Communication and coordination with external support services and documentation systems are crucial and need improvement. DVAW should be prioritised within leadership and governance structures, for example, by including DVAW work as a specific commissioning goal.

Atenção primária à saúde e os serviços especializados de atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência: expectativas e desencontros na voz dos profissionais / Primary health care and the specialized care services to women in situation of violence: expectations and mismatches in the voice of professionals

Resumo O trabalho em rede tem papel central na assistência a mulheres em situação de violência. Este estudo analisa as diferentes perspectivas desse trabalho para profissionais da Atenção Primária e profissionais de serviços especializados nas áreas de assistência social, assistência jurídica e segurança pública, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 16 profissionais dos serviços especializados e 46 da saúde. Os eixos para a análise temática foram: o que os profissionais sabem e pensam sobre os demais serviços; sua atuação a partir disso; e suas expectativas. Os dados revelaram conhecimento insuficiente sobre os distintos serviços, resultando em dificuldades comunicativas, bem como em encaminhamentos equivocados pautados em idealizações sobre como deveria atuar o outro serviço. Concluímos que cada setor é bastante autônomo e seus serviços partem de seu próprio campo de atuação para definir aquilo que seria melhor para a mulher. O conjunto funciona mais como uma trama de serviços do que como uma rede.

Abstract Networking plays a central role in assisting women in situations of violence. This study analyzes how different the work perspectives are for Primary Care professionals and specialized services professionals in the areas of social and law assistance, and public security in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 16 professionals from specialized services and 46 from the health sector. The axes for a thematic analysis were: what professionals know and think about services other than their own; their performance based on that; and their expectations. The findings revealed insufficient knowledge of the different services, resulting in communication difficulties as well as wrong referrals to other services, based on how other services would ideally work. We concluded that each sector is autonomous and its services start from its own field of action to define what would be best for women. The set works more like a mesh of services than a network.

Violência sexual contra mulheres por parceiro íntimo e desigualdade de gênero na voz dos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Violencia sexual contra las mujeres por parte de la pareja íntima y desigualdad de género en la voz de los profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Sexual violence against women by intimate partner and gender inequality in the voice of Primary Health Care professionals

É difícil reconhecer o sexo forçado vivido nas relações sexuais no âmbito doméstico como violência. Há também uma imprecisão entre a violência, tal como no sexo forçado, e a desigualdade de gênero, como na aceitação do dever marital. Buscou-se compreender o que profissionais da Atenção Primária pensam sobre essas duas experiências, como interpretam relatos das mulheres e o que fazem sobre isso. Entrevistados, os profissionais dizem que sexo forçado ou sexo sem consentimento explícito são ambos violência, e assim devem ser nomeados. Agindo desse modo, eles pensam esclarecer suas pacientes acerca dos direitos das mulheres. No entanto, no dia a dia, nem todos o fazem e ninguém reconheceu ou nomeou a aceitação do dever marital como desigualdade de gênero. Conclui-se que, se a violência está presente como questão, sua distinção quanto à desigualdade de gênero ainda é um desafio.(AU)

Es difícil reconocer el sexo forzado vivido en las relaciones sexuales en el ámbito doméstico como violencia. Hay también una imprecisión entre la violencia, tal como en el sexo forzado, y la desigualdad de género, como en la aceptación del deber conyugal. Se buscó entender lo que los profesionales de la atención primaria piensan sobre esas dos experiencias, cómo interpretan los relatos de las mujeres y qué hacen sobre eso. Al ser entrevistados, los profesionales decían que el sexo forzado o el sexo sin consentimiento explícito son violencia y deben ser denominados como tal. Actuando así, ellos piensan aclarar a sus pacientes los derechos de las mujeres. Sin embargo, en el cotidiano no todos lo hacen y ninguno reconoció o nombró la aceptación del deber conyugal como desigualdad de género. Se concluyó que la violencia está presente como cuestión y que su distinción con relación a la igualdad de género todavía es un desafío.(AU)

Studies show how difficult it is to recognize what is experienced in sexual relationships within households. There is an inaccuracy between violence as in the forced sex, and gender inequality as in the acceptance of the marital duty. We aimed to understand what health care providers think about these two experiences, how they interpret women's reports and what they do about it. Interviewed, the professionals say that both forced sex and sex with no explicit consent are violence and so they should be named. By doing so, professionals intend to enlighten their patients about women's rights. However, in everyday life not everyone does and no one recognized or named marital duty as gender inequality. We conclude that if violence is present as an issue, its distinction in relation to gender inequality is still a challenge.(AU)

Curcumin-Added Whey Protein Positively Modulates Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Oxidative Damage after Exhaustive Exercise.

(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when mixed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). This study was developed to evaluate the effect of CCM-added WPC on inflammatory and oxidative process control and histopathological consequences in muscle tissue submitted to an exhaustive swimming test (ET). (2) Methods: 48 animals were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8). An ET was performed 4 weeks after the start of the diet and animals were euthanized 24 h post ET. (3) Results: WPC + CCM and CCM groups reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression in muscle tissue. CCM reduced carbonyl protein after ET compared to standard AIN-93M ET and WPC + CCM ET diets. Higher nitric oxide concentrations were observed in animals that consumed WPC + CCM and CCM. Consumption of WPC + CCM or isolated CCM reduced areas of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrotic tissue in the muscle. (4) Conclusions: WPC + CCM and isolated CCM contribute to the reduction in inflammation and oxidative damage caused by the exhaustive swimming test.

Protective effects of whey protein concentrate admixtured of curcumin on metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats submitted to exhaustive exercise.

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) admixtured of curcumin on metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. A total of forty-eight male rats were divided into six experimental groups (n 8): standard diet group (AIN-93M), standard diet submitted to exhaustion test group (AIN-93M ET), WPC admixtured of curcumin group (WPC + CCM), WPC + CCM submitted to exhaustion test group (WPC + CCM ET), CCM group and CCM subjected to exhaustion test group (CCM ET). The swimming exhaustion test was performed after 4 weeks of experiment. The consumption of WPC + CCM as well as isolated CCM did not alter the biometric measurements, the animals' food consumption and the hepatic and kidney function, as well as the protein balance of the animals (P > 0·05), but reduced the glycaemia and the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 and increased the expression of IL-10 (P < 0·05). The animals that were submitted to the exhaustion test (AIN-93M ET) showed higher aspartate aminotransferase values when compared to the animals that did not perform the exercise (AIN-93 M) (P < 0·05). WPC + CCM reduced the concentration of nitric oxide, carbonylated protein and increased the concentration of catalase (P < 0·05). Both (WPC + CCM and CCM) were able to increase the concentrations of superoxide dismutase (P < 0·05). We concluded that the WPC admixtured of CCM represents a strategy capable of decreasing blood glucose and oxidative and inflammatory damage caused by exhaustive physical exercise in swimming.

Are We Asking Too Much of the Health Sector? Exploring the Readiness of Brazilian Primary Healthcare to Respond to Domestic Violence Against Women.

BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of the health sector's potential role in addressing domestic violence (DV) against women. Although Brazil has a comprehensive policy framework on violence against women (VAW), implementation has been slow and incomplete in primary healthcare (PHC), and little is known about the implementation challenges. This paper aims to assess the readiness of two PHC clinics in urban Brazil to integrate an intervention to strengthen their DV response. METHODS: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with health managers and health providers; a document analysis of VAW and DV policies from São Paulo and Brazil; and 2 structured facility observations. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Findings from our readiness assessment revealed gaps in both current policy and practice needing to be addressed, particularly with regards to governance and leadership, health service organisation and health workforce. DV received less political recognition, being perceived as a lower priority compared to other health issues. Lack of clear guidance from the central and municipal levels emerged as a crucial factor that weakened DV policy implementation both by providers and managers. Furthermore, responses to DV lost visibility, as they were diluted within generic violence responses. The organizational structure of the PHC system in São Paulo, which prioritised the number of consultations and household visits as the main performance indicators, was an additional difficulty in legitimising healthcare providers' time to address DV. Individual-level challenges reported by providers included lack of time and knowledge of how to respond, as well as fears of dealing with DV. CONCLUSION: Assessing readiness is critical because it helps to evaluate what services and infrastructure are already in place, also identifying obstacles that may hinder adaptation and integration of an intervention to strengthen the response to DV before implementation.

Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers, Muscle Damage, and Sports Performance during Acute Physical Exercise in Sedentary Individuals.

Exhaustive and acute unusual physical exercise leads to muscle damage. Curcumin has been widely studied due to the variety of its biological activities, attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, it has shown positive effects on physical exercise practitioners. However, there is no literature consensus on the beneficial effects of curcumin in acute physical activities performed by sedentary individuals. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from clinical trials on the main effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory markers, sports performance, and muscle damage during acute physical exercises in these individuals. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases, and only original studies were analyzed according to the PRISMA guidelines. The included studies were limited to supplementation of curcumin during acute exercise. A total of 5 studies were selected. Methodological quality assessments were examined using the SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool. Most studies have shown positive effects of curcumin supplementation in sedentary individuals undergoing acute physical exercise. Overall, participants supplemented with curcumin showed less muscle damage, reduced inflammation, and better muscle performance. The studies showed heterogeneous data and exhibited methodological limitations; therefore, further research is necessary to ensure curcumin supplementation benefits during acute and high-intensity physical exercises. Additionally, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of the evidence and to elucidate other possible mechanisms. This study is registered with Prospero number CRD42021262718.

Comparison of bioactive compounds and nutrient contents in whey protein concentrate admixture of turmeric extract produced by spray drying and foam mat drying.

We developed a whey protein admixture of turmeric extract by spray drying (TWPC-SD) and by foam mat drying (TWPC-FMD) and compared its bioactive compounds and nutrients contents. TWPC samples were evaluated for preference and acceptability. Vitamins and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total phenolics, curcumin and antioxidant capacity were determined by spectrophotometry. Centesimal composition was performed according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Chemical elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. TWPC containing 3.6 mg of curcumin showed good acceptability. Carotenoids and riboflavin were not detected in either TWPC. Vitamin C content was maintained, and antioxidant capacity was increased in both products (p < 0.05). TWPC-SD showed higher total phenolic and curcumin contents compared to TWPC-FMD (p < 0.05). Thus, the TWPC-SD is a good alternative for human consumption since it showed good sensory acceptability and its nutrients and bioactive compounds can contribute to human health.

Obstáculos e facilitadores para o cuidado de mulheres em situação de violência doméstica na atenção primária em saúde: uma revisão sistemática / Obstáculos y facilitadores para el cuidado de mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica en la atención primaria de la salud: una revisión sistemática / Obstacles and facilitators to primary health care offered to women experiencing domestic violence: a systematic review

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da produção bibliográfica sobre obstáculos e facilitadores para o cuidado de mulheres em situação de violência doméstica na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no Brasil. O levantamento bibliográfico encontrou 1.048 referências. Analisamos 39 artigos, conforme critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A produção centrou-se em representações e crenças dos profissionais. Os principais obstáculos foram a constituição da violência doméstica contra a mulher (VDM) como questão do escopo da saúde, traduzida em dificuldades na identificação do problema e manejo no encontro assistencial, ausência de treinamento, trabalho em equipe, rede intersetorial, medo e falta de tempo. Os facilitadores focaram-se na introdução da perspectiva de gênero e direitos humanos, vínculo, acolhimento e trabalho em equipe e multisetorial. Apesar da potencialidade da APS para trabalhar com VDM, houve raros estudos que consideraram a perspectiva da gestão e financiamento, fundamental para a superação dos problemas apontados.(AU)

Revisión sistemática de la producción bibliográfica sobre obstáculos y facilitadores para el cuidado de mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica (VDM) en la atención primaria de la salud (APS) en Brasil. La revisión bibliográfica encontró 1.048 referencias. Analizamos 39 artículos, conforme criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La producción se concentró en representaciones y creencias de los profesionales. Los principales artículos fueron la constitución de la VDM como cuestión del alcance de la salud, traducida en dificultades en la identificación del problema y el manejo en el encuentro asistencial, ausencia de capacitación, trabajo en equipo, red intersectorial, miedo y falta de tiempo. Los facilitadores se enfocaron en la introducción de la perspectiva de género y derechos humanos, vínculo y acogida, trabajo en equipo y multisectorial. A pesar de la potencialidad de la APS para trabajar con VDM, fueron raros los estudios que consideraron la perspectiva de la gestión y financiación, fundamental para la superación de los problemas señalados.(AU)

Systematic review of the literature addressing obstacles and facilitators for the care of women, in situations of domestic violence (DV) in primary health care (PHC) in Brazil. The bibliographic review found 1,048 references. The analysis encompassed 39 articles complying with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The material was centered on representations and beliefs of practitioners. The main obstacles were related to: conceptualizing DV as a health issue, resulting into difficulties to identify the problem and managing care encounters; lack of training and teamwork; scarce intersectoral network, fear and lack of time. The facilitators were mainly: introducing a gender and human rights perspective, bonding and embracement, teamwork and multisectoral work. Despite the potential of PHC to address the issue, few studies considered perspectives of management and financing, considered as key to overcome the problems pointed out.(AU)

Novel, rare and common pathogenic variants in the CFTR gene screened by high-throughput sequencing technology and predicted by in silico tools.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by ~300 pathogenic CFTR variants. The heterogeneity of which, challenges molecular diagnosis and precision medicine approaches in CF. Our objective was to identify CFTR variants through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and to predict the pathogenicity of novel variants through in 8 silico tools. Two guidelines were followed to deduce the pathogenicity. A total of 169 CF patients had genomic DNA submitted to a Targeted Gene Sequencing and we identified 63 variants (three patients had three variants). The most frequent alleles were: F508del (n = 192), G542* (n = 26), N1303K (n = 11), R1162* and R334W (n = 9). The screened variants were classified as follows: 41 - pathogenic variants [classified as (I) n = 23, (II) n = 6, (III) n = 1, (IV) n = 6, (IV/V) n = 1 and (VI) n = 4]; 14 - variants of uncertain significance; and seven novel variants. To the novel variants we suggested the classification of 6b-16 exon duplication, G646* and 3557delA as Class I. There was concordance among the predictors as likely pathogenic for L935Q, cDNA.5808T>A and I1427I. Also, Y325F presented two discordant results among the predictors. HTS and in silico analysis can identify pathogenic CFTR variants and will open the door to integration of precision medicine into routine clinical practice in the near future.

Interaction among variants in the SLC gene family (SLC6A14, SLC26A9, SLC11A1, and SLC9A3) and CFTR mutations with clinical markers of cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to dysfunction of the CFTR channel and function of this channel is, in turn, affected by modifier genes that can impact the clinical phenotype. In this context, we analyzed the interaction among rs3788766*SLC6A14, rs7512462*SLC26A9, rs17235416*SLC11A1, and rs17563161*SLC9A3 variants, CFTR mutations and 40 CF severity markers by the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) model. METHODS: A total of 164 patients with CF were included in the study. The variants in the modifier genes were identified by real-time PCR and the genotype of the CFTR gene in the diagnostic routine. Analysis of interaction between variants, CFTR mutations groupings and demographic, clinical and laboratory data were performed by the MDR. RESULTS: There were interaction between the rs3788766, rs7512462, rs17235416, and rs17563161 variants, and CFTR mutations with pancreatic insufficiency (PI), onset of digestive symptoms, and presence of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regarding PI, the interaction was observed for CFTR*rs17563161 (P-value = 0.015). Also, for onset of digestive symptoms the interaction was observed for CFTR*rs3788766*rs7512462*rs17235416*rs17563161 (P-value = 0.036). Considering the presence of mucoid P. aeruginosa, the interaction occurred for CFTR*rs3788766*rs7512462*rs17563161 (P-value = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Interaction between variants in the SLC family genes and the grouping for CFTR mutations were associated with PI, onset of digestive symptoms and mucoid P. aeruginosa, being important to determine one of the factors that may cause the diversity among the patients with CF.

[Improvement courses about violence prevention: the impact on health sector professionals]. / Cursos de capacitação em prevenção da violência: o impacto sobre os profissionais do setor da saúde.

Uncontrolled intervention study that compared the effectiveness of two elective courses on Prevention and Assistance to violence victims for students and professionals of the Health Sector. The participants answered multiple-choice questions on the topic before and after the course. Statistical analyzes were performed by comparison of two proportions on STATA/IC. Regarding the overall index of correct answers,before and after, it was 54.8 and 58.4% in the 10h Course and the 69.6 and 79.2% in the 30h Course. The most effective course was the 30h Course, with strategies of case discussions and visits to assistance services to violence victims. There is a great necessity to include the discipline in the curriculum of healthcare courses permanently.

Improvement courses about violence prevention: the impact on health sector professionals / Cursos De Formación En Prevención De La Violencia: El Impacto En Profesionales Del Campo De La Salud / Cursos de capacitação em prevenção da violência: o impacto sobre os profissionais do setor da saúde

Uncontrolled intervention study that compared the effectiveness of two elective courses on Prevention and Assistance to violence victims for students and professionals of the Health Sector. The participants answered multiple-choice questions on the topic before and after the course. Statistical analyzes were performed by comparison of two proportions on STATA/IC. Regarding the overall index of correct answers,before and after, it was 54.8 and 58.4% in the 10h Course and the 69.6 and 79.2% in the 30h Course. The most effective course was the 30h Course, with strategies of case discussions and visits to assistance services to violence victims. There is a great necessity to include the discipline in the curriculum of healthcare courses permanently.

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Estudio de intervención no controlado cuyo objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de dos cursos electivos sobre Prevención y Tratamiento de la Violencia de Personas Vulnerables para estudiantes y profesionales del área de la salud. Los participantes respondieron a preguntas de opción múltiple sobre el tema antes y después del curso. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron por comparación de dos proporciones en el programa STATA/IC. El índice general de éxito antes y después en los cursos de 10 horas fue de 54,8% y de 58,4% respectivamente y en los cursos de 30 horas fue de 69,6% y 79,2%. Se concluye que el curso más efectivo fue el de 30 horas, con estrategias de discusión de casos y visitas a los servicios de atención a las víctimas. Se constató la necesidad de incluir el curso en los programas del área de la Salud.

Estudo de intervenção não controlado, com o objetivo comparar a efetividade de dois cursos eletivos sobre Prevenção e Tratamento às Pessoas Vulneráveis à Violência para estudantes e profissionais da área da saúde. Os participantes responderam questões de múltipla escolha sobre o tema antes e depois da disciplina. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por comparação de duas proporções no Programa STATA/IC. Quanto ao índice geral de acertos,antes foi de 54,8% e 58,4% nos cursos de 10h e 30h e depois 69,6% e 79,2% respectivamente. Conclui-se que a maior efetividade foi do Curso 30h, com estratégias de discussão de casos e visitas aos serviços de atendimento às vítimas. Constatou-se a necessidade de inclusão efetiva da disciplina nos cursos da área da saúde.

Efeito das perfurações radiculares na resistência adesiva de pinos defibra de vidro e cimentos resinosos / Effects of root perforations on the adhesive resistance of fiberglass pins and resin cements

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das perfurações radiculares na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com dois cimentos resinosos à dentina intra-radicular. Quarenta dentes humanos unirradiculares hígidos receberam tratamento endodôntico e foram preparados para a cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro (Exacto Mini, Angelus). Os dentes foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais (n=10) de acordo com a condição radicular (perfuração presente ou ausente) e o cimento resinoso utilizado: G1: perfuração ausente + cimento Rely X™ U100 (3M ESPE); G2: perfuração ausente + Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray); G3: perfuração presente + Rely X™ U100 (3M ESPE); G4: perfuração presente + Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray). A perfuração foi realizada na superfície radicular com ponta diamantada e selada com agregado de trióxido mineral branco (MTA). Os espécimes foram seccionados para a realização do teste de extrusão por cisalhamento (Push-out) com velocidade de 1mm/min. e célula de carga de 50kgf. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao Teste de Tukey (5%). Pôde-se verificar que o cimento resinoso Rely X U100 promoveu os maiores valores de resistência adesiva, independentemente da presença ou não de perfuração radicular; e, ainda, que a presença de perfuração promoveu redução nos valores de resistência adesiva dos cimentos resinosos. Concluiu-se que a presença de perfuração radicular teve efeito direto sobre a resistência adesiva dos pinos de fibra de vidro e dos cimentos resinosos, promovendo redução nos valores de resistência adesiva à dentina intra-radicular

The objective of this paper is to present evaluation of the effect of root perforations on the adhesive resistance (or bond strength) of fiberglass pins – bonded by two resin cements – over the intra-root dentin.. Forty human and sound one--root teeth were subject to endodontic treatment and prepared for having fiberglass pins cemented to them (Exacto Mini, Angelus). The teeth were divided into four experimental groups (n=10), according to the root condition (with or without perforations) and to the resin cement: G1, no perforation, cement Rely X™ U100 (3M ESPE); G2: no perforation+ Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray); G3,: existing perforation + Rely X™ U100 (3M ESPE); G4: existing perforation+ Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray). Perforation was performed on the root surface with diamond tip and sealed with white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The samples were sectioned and a push out test was performed (1mm/minute speed, 50 kgf). The obtained data was submitted to statistical analysis and Tukey test (5%).It was found that the resin cement Rely X U100 caused the highest levels of adhesive resistance regardless of the root perforation and also that perforation produced a reduction of the adhesive resistance of resin cement. The conclusion was that root perforation had a direct effect over the adhesive resistance of fiberglass pins and of resin cement and also produced a reduction in the values of adhesive resistance to the intra-root dentin