Endoscopic laser lithotripsy for complicated bile duct stones: is cholangioscopic guidance necessary?

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillotomy is successful in more than 95% of the cases of choledocholithiasis. For patients with difficult bile duct stones not responding to mechanical lithotripsy, different methods for stone fragmentation have been developed. AIM: To compare the results of laser lithotripsy with a stone-tissue recognizing system, when guided by fluoroscopy only or by cholangioscopy. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2002 we have treated 89 patients with difficult bile duct stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laser lithotripsy. Unsuccessful extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and electrohydraulic were also performed before laser in 35% and 26% of the cases, respectively. RESULTS: Laser was effective in 79.2% of 72 patients guided by cholangioscopy and in 82.4% of 17 cases steered by fluoroscopy. The median number of impulses in the latter was 4,335 and 1,800 with the former technique. Two parameters influenced the manner of laser guidance. In cases of stones situated above a stricture, cholangioscopic control was more effective (64.7% vs. 31.9%). When the stones were in the distal bile duct, fluoroscopic control was more successful. CONCLUSION: In cases of difficult stones in the distal bile duct, laser lithotripsy under fluoroscopic control is very effective and easily performed. Cholangioscopic guidance should be recommended just in cases of intrahepatic stones or in patients with stones situated proximal to a bile duct stenosis. In these cases, cholangioscopy should be performed either endoscopically or percutaneously.

Endoscopic laser lithotripsy for complicated bile duct stones: is cholangioscopic guidance necessary?

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillotomy is successful in more than 95 percent of the cases of choledocholithiasis. For patients with difficult bile duct stones not responding to mechanical lithotripsy, different methods for stone fragmentation have been developed. AIM: To compare the results of laser lithotripsy with a stone-tissue recognizing system, when guided by fluoroscopy only or by cholangioscopy. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2002 we have treated 89 patients with difficult bile duct stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laser lithotripsy. Unsuccessful extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and electrohydraulic were also performed before laser in 35 percent and 26 percent of the cases, respectively. RESULTS: Laser was effective in 79.2 percent of 72 patients guided by cholangioscopy and in 82.4 percent of 17 cases steered by fluoroscopy. The median number of impulses in the latter was 4,335 and 1,800 with the former technique. Two parameters influenced the manner of laser guidance. In cases of stones situated above a stricture, cholangioscopic control was more effective (64.7 percent vs. 31.9 percent). When the stones were in the distal bile duct, fluoroscopic control was more successful. CONCLUSION: In cases of difficult stones in the distal bile duct, laser lithotripsy under fluoroscopic control is very effective and easily performed. Cholangioscopic guidance should be recommended just in cases of intrahepatic stones or in patients with stones situated proximal to a bile duct stenosis. In these cases, cholangioscopy should be performed either endoscopically or percutaneously.

RACIONAL: A papilotomia endoscópica é efetiva em mais de 95 por cento dos casos de coledocolitíase . Para pacientes com cálculos de difícil extração (gigantes ou proximais a uma estenose), que não respondem à litotripsia mecânica, diferentes métodos de fragmentação foram desenvolvidos. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados da litotripsia à laser com um sistema de reconhecimento cálculo-tecido, quando guiada por fluoroscopia somente ou por colangioscopia. MÉTODOS: Entre 1992 e 2002 foram tratados 89 pacientes com cálculos biliares de difícil extração pela colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada e litotripsia à laser. Litotripsia extracorpórea e eletro-hidráulica sem sucesso foram executados antes do laser em 35 por cento e 26 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: O laser foi efetivo em 79,2 por cento dos 72 pacientes guiados por colangioscopia e, em 82,4 por cento dos 17 casos guiados por fluoroscopia. A média de impulsos do último foi de 4 335 e da primeira técnica de 1 800. Dois parâmetros influenciaram o modo de orientação da litotripsia à laser. Nos casos de cálculos situados proximais a uma estenose, o controle colangioscópico foi mais efetivo (64,7 por cento vs 31,9 por cento). Quando os cálculos estavam na via biliar distal, o controle fluoroscópico era mais efetivo. CONCLUSÃO: Nos casos de cálculos biliares de difícil extração na via biliar distal, litotripsia à laser com controle fluoroscópico é muito efetiva e de fácil execução. A orientação colangioscópica deve ser recomendada somente nos casos de cálculos intra-hepáticos ou em pacientes com cálculos situados proximamente a uma estenose de via biliar. Nesses casos, colangioscopia pode ser executada tanto por via endoscópica quanto percutânea.

The role of cagA Helicobacter pylori strains in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of colonization by cagA-positive and cagA-negative H. pylori strains in the spectrum of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. METHODS: A total of 108 patients (50 male/58 female; mean age, 50.3 years) with dyspepsia and peptic ulcer or erosive gastritis/duodenitis were categorized into patients without reflux and patients with reflux oesophagitis graded from I to IV. All patients underwent upper endoscopy with biopsies of the antrum. H. pylori was detected by histology, urease test and polymerase chain reaction. The cagA status was diagnosed in the gastric biopsy by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H. pylori colonization in patients with reflux was 68.6% and was 70.2% in those without oesophageal disease (P = 0.862). Colonization by cagA-positive strains was also not statistically different between the two groups (31.4% versus 40.4%, P = 0.332). However, patients with grades II-IV reflux oesophagitis were less colonized by the bacterium (36.4%) than patients with grade I oesophagitis (77.5%) (P = 0.009). H. pylori cagA-positive strains were also less likely to colonize the stomach of patients with grades II-IV oesophagitis (0%), than grade I reflux oesophagitis (40%) patients and controls (40.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Infection of the stomach by H. pylori and especially by H. pylori cagA strains may play a protective role against the development of the most severe forms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

The efficacy of endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients according to the hepatocellular function.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic variceal ligation is considered the leading therapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients. However, the efficacy of this method in cirrhotic patients with poor hepatocellular function is not well-known yet. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation for the eradication of esophageal varices, rebleeding and mortality rates, based on hepatocellular function, as graded by Child-Pugh. METHODOLOGY: Between June 1996 and December 2001, 163 consecutive cirrhotic patients were submitted to band ligation at our Department. Of these cases, 128 patients with previous variceal bleeding (mean age = 50.7 years; 90 males and 38 females) were followed-up. 55 patients were graded as Child A, 49 as Child B and 24 as Child C. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period for all groups was 17.3 months. Varices were eradicated in 82.7% (86 of 104 cases) of Child A/B cirrhotic patients and in 54.2% (13 of 24 cases) of Child C cases (p=0.0061). Eradication was achieved after a mean of 3.7 sessions, and no difference was observed among the groups. Varices recurred in 38.4% (38 of 99 cases) of the patients, presenting no difference among the different Child classes. However, there was a trend to a higher rebleeding rate among patients with variceal recurrence (21% vs. 8.2%, p=0.075). Rebleeding occurred in 20.2% (21 of 104 cases) of Child A/B cirrhotics and in 41.7% (10 of 24 cases) of Child C patients (p=0.001 log-rank test). The mortality rate was 13.5% (14 of 104 cases) among Child A/B patients and 37.5% (9 of 24 cases) among Child C cases (p=0.0135). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic variceal ligation is an effective method for the prevention of rebleeding in patients with better liver function. Child C patients had a poor response to treatment. These patients, in a statistically significant fashion, had a worse eradication rate and greater rebleeding and mortality rates than Child A/B patients.