Enhanced Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and endothelial modulation decrease phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta from ouabain-treated normotensive and hypertensive rats.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of long-term ouabain treatment on the vascular reactivity and Na+, K+-ATPase activity of a conductance artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were treated with ouabain (~8.0 µg/day, subcutaneously) or vehicle for 5 and 20 weeks, and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) for 5 weeks. Vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine (10-10 to 10-4 M) and relaxation curves to KCl (1-10 mM) were analyzed in thoracic aorta. The effects of endothelial removal, L-NAME (100 µM), and indomethacin (10 µM) were used to evaluate the endothelial, nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase (COX) modulation of phenylephrine response, respectively. Protein expression of endothelial and neuronal NO synthase (NOS) and COX-2 were also investigated. RESULTS: The phenylephrine-induced contraction was reduced, whereas the relaxation to KCl was enhanced in the aorta of ouabain-treated Wistar rats and SHRs. In both strains, endothelial modulation of α-adrenergic response was enhanced, related to an increased NO and reduced COX-derived vasoconstrictor factor modulation. Aortas from 20-week ouabain-treated Wistar rats showed reduced COX-2 and enhanced eNOS protein expression. In SHRs, 5-week ouabain treatment reduced COX-2 and increased nNOS protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that long-term ouabain treatment reduces the α-adrenergic response of aorta from normotensive rats and SHRs, associated with an increase of NO synthesis, reduced COX-2-derived vasoconstrictor factors, and enhanced ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity. These aortic mechanisms could be adjustments to the elevated blood pressure induced by ouabain, even in the presence of preexisting hypertension.

Cuidado humanizado: o agir com respeito na concepção de aprimorandos de enfermagem / Humanized care: the act with respect to design improving student nursing / Cuidado humanizado: el actuar con respeto en la concepción de capacitados de enfermería

OBJETIVOS: Verificar aspectos da rotina hospitalar, nos quais o aprimorando em enfermagem percebe os princípios bioéticos (PB) no atendimento; verificar em que situações esse aprimorando percebe que o conceito de respeito é ancorado em sua rotina, com o paciente; e, avaliar se existem diferenças na concepção de respeito entre os enfermeiros que atuam em um hospital escola e aqueles formados há pouco tempo, ingressos em um Programa de Aprimoramento de Pessoal. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada em um hospital de grande porte envolvendo, como sujeitos do estudo, 20 aprimorandos. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que os aprimorandos percebem que os PB auxiliam em sua rotina; que o conceito de respeito aplica-se em todas as situações com o paciente; que a sobrecarga de trabalho dificulta a ancoragem desse conceito. CONCLUSÃO: Os aprimorandos apresentaram mais dificuldade que os enfermeiros com maior experiência profissional para superar a rotina de trabalho e identificar formas de ancoragem desse conceito.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate aspects of the hospital routine, recognizing bioethical principles (PB) impacting the delivery of nursing; verify that improving this situation requires that the concept of respect is rooted in this routine, with the patients; and, assess whether differences exist in the concept of respect among nurses working in a teaching hospital and those who graduated recently from a Program for Improvement of Personnel. METHODS: This was an exploratory, qualitative approach, performed in a large hospital involving, as participants in the study, 20 recent graduates. RESULTS: It was found that graduated student realizes that the PB helped in their routine; that the concept of respect applies in all situations with patients; and that the workload makes it difficult to anchor this concept in practice. CONCLUSION: Recently graduated students had more difficulty than more experienced nurses in overcoming the routine of work and identifying ways of anchoring this concept.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar aspectos de la rutina hospitalaria, en los cuales el que está siendo perfeccionado en enfermería percibe los principios bioéticos (PB) en la atención; verificar en qué situaciones ese capacitado percibe que el concepto de respeto está anclado en su rutina, con el paciente; y, evaluar si existen diferencias en la concepción de respeto entre los enfermeros que actúan en un hospital Escuela y aquellos formados hace poco tiempo, ingresados en un Programa de Perfeccionamiento de Personal. MÉTODOS: Se trata de una investigación exploratoria, con abordaje cualitativo, realizada en un hospital de gran porte que involucró, como sujetos del estudio a 20 que se estaban perfeccionando. RESULTADOS: Se verificó que los capacitados perciben que los PB los auxilian en su rutina; que el concepto de respeto se aplica en todas las situaciones con el paciente; que la sobrecarga de trabajo dificulta el anclaje de ese concepto. CONCLUSIÓN: Los que están siendo perfeccionados en enfermería presentaron más dificultad que los enfermeros con mayor experiencia profesional para superar la rutina de trabajo e identificar formas de establecimiento de ese concepto.

[Immunization control and student registration at the city of São Paulo's Municipal Schools of Infantile Education]. / Controle de vacinaçãdo de crianças matriculadas em escolas municipais da cidade de São Paulo.

The presentation of the vaccination passbook is mandatory for student registration at the city of São Paulo's Municipal Schools of Infantile Education, as a form of stimulating parents to keep their children's immunizations calendar updated. However, attendants do not verify periodically if the vaccinations are correct. In order to overcome this problem, a project with the aim of facilitating the immunization control through a software that controls immunizations was tested at a Municipal School of Infantile Education. Of the 286 pupils registered in the system, 236 (82.5%) were notified that their vaccines were incomplete. Of these, 21.2% updated their vaccinations, 2.5% returned their passbooks unchanged, and the remainders were still in the process of updating. The program identified the imperfections and encouraged immunization, thus helping to prevent the propagation of transmissible diseases in the school environment.

Controle de vacinação de crianças matriculadas em escolas municipais da cidade de São Paulo / Immunization control and student registration at the city of São Paulo's municipal schools of infantile education

A matrícula de alunos, nas Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil de São Paulo, está vinculada à apresentação da caderneta de vacinação, para incentivar os pais a manterem atualizado o calendário de imunizações das crianças. Não há, porém, controles periódicos para verificar se as vacinações estão atualizadas. Para sanar tal deficiência, foi elaborado um projeto com objetivo de facilitar o controle da imunização infantil, por meio da criação de um programa de computador, para realizar esse controle, testado em uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil, durante três meses. Foram cadastrados nesse sistema 286 alunos, dos quais, 236 (82,5%) receberam notificações por estar com seu quadro de vacinação incompleto. Dentre os alunos que receberam as notificações, 21,2% atualizaram a vacinação, 2,5% devolveram suas cadernetas inalteradas e os demais ainda estavam providenciando a atualização. O programa foi capaz de identificar falhas, reduzindo as chances da propagação de doenças transmissíveis no ambiente escolar.

The presentation of the vaccination passbook is mandatory for student registration at the city of São Paulo’sMunicipal Schools of Infantile Education, as a form of stimulating parents to keep their children’s immunizations calendar updated. However, attendants do not verify periodically if the vaccinations arecorrect. In order to overcome this problem, a project with the aim offacilitating the immunization control through a software that controls immunizations was tested at a Municipal School of Infantile Education. Of the 286pupils registered in the system, 236 (82.5%) were notified that their vaccines were incomplete. Of these, 21.2% updated their vaccinations, 2.5% returned their passbooks unchanged, and the remainders were still in the process of updating. The program identified the imperfections and encouraged immunization, thus helpingto prevent the propagation of transmissible diseases in the school environment.

El registro de los niños, en las escuelas municipales de educación infantil, en la ciudad de São Paulo, está relacionado con la presentación de la libreta de vacunación, como forma para estimular a los padres a tener actualizado el calendario de las vacunas de los niños. Pero, no se confiere si la libreta está correcta en relación a las vacunas. Un proyecto fue elaborado para facilitar el control de la vacunación. Un software fue desarrollado para hacer el control de la vacunación y fue testado en una escuela municipal de la educación infantil: 286 niños fueron añadidos al sistema, de los cuales 236 (82,5%) recibieron la notificación por tener vacunas incompletas. Entre los niños quehabían recibido las notificaciones, 21,2% actualizaron la vacunación;2,5% retornaron con sus libretas sin cambios. El programa identificó las imperfecciones y estimuló la vacunación en la escuela, previniendo la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles en el ambiente de la escuela.