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PURPOSE: To use computational modeling to provide a complete and logical description of the electrical and thermal behavior during stereoelectroencephalography-guided (SEEG) radiofrequency thermo-coagulation (RF-TC). METHODS: A coupled electrical-thermal model was used to obtain the temperature distributions in the tissue during RF-TC. The computer model was first validated by an ex vivo model based on liver fragments and later used to study the impact of three different factors on the coagulation zone size: 1) the difference in the tissue surrounding the electrode (gray/white matter), 2) the presence of a peri-electrode gap occupied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and 3) the energy setting used (power-duration). RESULTS: The model built for the experimental validation was able to predict both the evolution of impedance and the short diameter of the coagulation zone (error < 0.01 mm) reasonably well but overestimated the long diameter by 2 - 3 mm. After adapting the model to clinical conditions, the simulation showed that: 1) Impedance roll-off limited the coagulation size but involved overheating (around 100 °C); 2) The type of tissue around the contacts (gray vs. white matter) had a moderate impact on the coagulation size (maximum difference 0.84 mm), and 3) the peri-electrode gap considerably altered the temperature distributions, avoided overheating, although the diameter of the coagulation zone was not very different from the no-gap case (<0.2 mm). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that computer modeling, especially subject- and scenario-specific modeling, can be used to estimate in advance the electrical and thermal performance of the RF-TC in brain tissue.
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Eletrocoagulação , Eletroencefalografia , Eletrocoagulação/métodos , Humanos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Eletrodos , Simulação por ComputadorRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. METHODS: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. CONCLUSIONES: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.
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Síndrome do Intestino Curto , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/cirurgia , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Derivação Jejunoileal/efeitos adversos , MéxicoRESUMO
Abstract Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. Methods: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. Results: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. Conclusions: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.
Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.
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The present work aims to analyze the variability of the sea level of the Peruvian coast with time series over a long observation period (Seventy-eight years, from 1942 to 2019). Data came from the Talara, Callao and Matarani tide gauge stations located at the north, center and south of the coast. Variations of sea level as well as air and seawater surface temperature were analyzed. Among the different scenarios studied, a sea level rise of 6.79, 4.21 and 5.16 mm/year for Talara, Callao and Matarani, respectively was found during the 1979-1997 nodal cycle. However, these results decreased significantly during the next cycle (1998-2016) until values of 1.53, 2.16 and 1.0 mm/year for Talara, Callao and Matarani, respectively. Thus, it has been demonstrated that sea level rise are highly dependent on the time interval chosen. Moreover, large interannual changes of up to 200 mm/year are observed, due to recurring phenomena, such as "El Niño". On the other hand, the trends obtained are slightly lower than those shown by the IPCC up until 2006 but significantly higher values have been observed. Finally, the results presented herein show the necessity of a local study of the sea level variability at the coastal areas.
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El Niño Oscilação Sul , Elevação do Nível do Mar , Água do Mar , Temperatura , PeruRESUMO
Synthetic fungicides have been the main control of phytopathogenic fungi. However, they cause harm to humans, animals, and the environment, as well as generating resistance in phytopathogenic fungi. In the last few decades, the use of microorganisms as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi has been an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. Actinomycetes isolated from terrestrial, marine, wetland, saline, and endophyte environments have been used for phytopathogenic fungus biocontrol. At present, there is a need for searching new secondary compounds and metabolites of different isolation sources of actinomycetes; however, little information is available on those isolated from other environments as biocontrol agents in agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compare the antifungal activity and the main mechanisms of action in actinomycetes isolated from different environments and to describe recent achievements of their application in agriculture. Although actinomycetes have potential as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi, few studies of actinomycetes are available of those from marine, saline, and wetland environments, which have equal or greater potential as biocontrol agents than isolates of actinomycetes from terrestrial environments.
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Background: Baseline impedance, radiofrequency current, and impedance drop during radiofrequency catheter ablation are thought to predict effective lesion formation. However, quantifying the contributions of local versus remote impedances provides insights into the limitations of indices using those parameters. Methods: An in silico model of left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation was used based on human thoracic measurements and solved for (1) initial impedance (Z), (2) percentage of radiofrequency power delivered to the myocardium and blood (3) total radiofrequency current, (4) impedance drop during heating, and (5) lesion size after a 25 W−30 s ablation. Remote impedance was modeled by varying the mixing ratio between skeletal muscle and fat. Local impedance was modeled by varying insertion depth of the electrode (ID). Results: Increasing the remote impedance led to increased baseline impedance, lower system current delivery, and reduced lesion size. For ID = 0.5 mm, Z ranged from 115 to 132 Ω when fat percentage varied from 20 to 80%, resulting in a decrease in the RF current from 472 to 347 mA and a slight decrease in lesion size from 5.6 to 5.1 mm in depth, and from 9.2 to 8.0 mm in maximum width. In contrast, increasing the local impedance led to lower system current but larger lesions. For a 50% fat−muscle mixture, Z ranged from 118 to 138 Ω when ID varied from 0.3 to 1.9 mm, resulting in a decrease in the RF current from 463 to 443 mA and an increase in lesion size, from 5.2 up to 7.5 mm in depth, and from 8.4 up to 11.6 mm in maximum width. In cases of nearly identical Z but different contributions of local and remote impedance, markedly different lesions sizes were observed despite only small differences in RF current. Impedance drop better predicted lesion size (R2 > 0.93) than RF current (R2 < 0.1). Conclusions: Identical baseline impedances and observed RF currents can lead to markedly different lesion sizes with different relative contributions of local and remote impedances to the electrical circuit. These results provide mechanistic insights into the advantage of measuring local impedance and identifies potential limitations of indices incorporating baseline impedance or current to predict lesion quality.
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The application of metallic nanoparticles improves the yield and content of bioactive compounds in plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the foliar application of copper nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in the yield and content of bioactive compounds in lettuce. Different concentrations of CuO-NPs (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg mL-1) were applied in lettuce. The yield, nutraceutical quality, and enzymatic activity were determined. Foliar spraying of CuO-NPs induced an increase in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. In addition to an increase in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce plants, there were no negative effects on yield. Therefore, with the application of CuO-NPs, better quality lettuces are produced for the human diet due to the higher production of bioactive compounds.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics that could be predictive factors of microinvasive/invasive breast carcinoma in patients with diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by core-needle biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted from 2006-2017, which included women ≥18 years of age with initial DCIS, and who were treated with surgery. Final diagnosis was divided in DCIS and microinvasive/invasive carcinoma. RESULTS: 334 patients were included: 193 (57.8%) with DCIS and 141 (42.2%) with microinvasive/invasive carcinoma (microinvasive 5.1%, invasive 37.1%). Lymph node metastasis occurred in 16.3%. Differences between DCIS and microinvasive/invasive groups included the presence of palpable nodule (36.7% vs. 63.2%), radiological nodule (29% vs. 51%), bigger radiological-tumor size (1.2 cm vs. 1.7 cm), and larger microcalcification extension (2.5 cm vs. 3.1 cm), all of these variables p ≤0.05. Hormonal receptors and HER2 expression were similar. After logistic regression analysis, predictive factor of invasion was the presence of palpable nodule (OR = 4.072, 95%CI = 2.520-6.582, p <0.001) and radiological multicentric disease (OR = 1.677, 95%CI = 1.036-2.716, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with DCIS, palpable nodule, and radiological multicentric disease, upgrade to microinvasive/invasive is high, and sentinel lymph node is recommended.
OBJETIVO: Identificar características clínicas, radiológicas e histopatológicas como factores predictivos de carcinoma mamario microinvasor/invasor en pacientes con Carcinoma Ductal In Situ (CDIS) diagnosticado mediante aguja de corte. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 20062017, en mujeres ≥18 años con CDIS diagnosticado con aguja de corte y tratadas con cirugía. Los diagnósticos finales fueron CDIS y carcinoma microinvasor/invasor. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 334 pacientes, 193 (57.8%) con CDIS y 141 (42.2%) con carcinoma microinvasor/invasor (microinvasor 5.1%, invasor 37.1%). Hubo 16.3% casos con afección ganglionar. Las diferencias entre el grupo de CDIS y carcinoma microinvasor/invasor fue la presencia de tumor palpable (36.7% vs. 63.2%), nódulo visto por imagen (29% vs. 51%), tumores más grandes (1.2 cm vs. 1.7 cm), y mayor extensión de microcalcificaciones (2.5 cm vs. 3.1 cm), estas variables con p ≤0.05. Los receptores hormonales y HER2 fueron similares. En el análisis de regresión logística, los factores predictivos de invasión fueron tumor palpable (OR = 4.072, IC95% = 2.5206.582, p <0.001) y multicentricidad radiológica (OR = 1.677, IC95% = 1.0362.716, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONES: En CDIS, tumor palpable y enfermedad multicéntrica radiológica, el escalamiento a carcinoma microinvasor/invasor es alto y es recomendable realizar ganglio centinela.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante , Biópsia por Agulha , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Biópsia de Linfonodo SentinelaRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of synthetic fungicides has led to negative impact to human health and to the environment. Thus, we investigated the effects of postharvest biocontrol treatment with Debaryomyces hansenii, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, and a polysaccharide ulvan on fruit rot disease, storability, and antioxidant enzyme activity in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus). Each fruit was treated with (1) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii, (2) 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila, (3) 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (4) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii + 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila, (5) 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila + 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (6) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii + 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila + 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (7) 1000 ppm of benomyl or sterile water (control). The fruits were air-dried for 2 h, and stored at 27 °C ± 1 °C and 85-90% relative humidity. The fruit rot disease was determined by estimating the disease incidence (%) and lesion diameter (mm), and the adhesion capacity of the biocontrol agents was observed via electron microscopy. Phytopathogen inoculation time before and after adding biocontrol agents were also recorded. Furthermore, the storability quality, weight loss (%), firmness (N), total soluble solids (%), and pH were quantified. The antioxidant enzymes including catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phenylalanine ammonium lyase were determined. In conclusion, the mixed treatment containing D. hansenii, S. rhizophila, and ulvan delayed fruit rot disease, preserved fruit quality, and increased antioxidant activity. The combined treatment is a promising and effective biological control method to promote the shelf life of harvested muskmelon.
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Primary splenic angiosarcoma is a malignant vascular neoplasm with a short-term fatal prognosis in most cases, with nonspecific symptoms and usually in advanced stages. We present the case of a 49-year-old man with clinical history of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, in which it was identifies splenomegaly. The histopathological study disclose the diagnosis of primary angiosarcoma of the spleen, with spread to the liver, lung, and lymph nodes. The patient was discharged after undergoing splenectomy, with palliative treatment. Because the rarity of this neoplasm, there is limited experience regarding the best management with a significant impact on patient survival.
El angiosarcoma esplénico primario es una neoplasia vascular maligna con un pronóstico mortal a corto plazo en la mayoría de los casos, que se presenta con síntomas inespecíficos y usualmente en estadios avanzados. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 49 años, con historia de diarrea crónica y pérdida de peso, en el que se identificó esplenomegalia. El estudio patológico reveló el diagnóstico de angiosarcoma primario de bazo, con diseminación en hígado, pulmón y ganglios linfáticos. Debido a la rareza de esta neoplasia existe poca experiencia en relación con el mejor manejo con impacto significativo en la supervivencia de los pacientes.
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Hemangiossarcoma , Neoplasias Esplênicas , Ruptura Esplênica , Hemangiossarcoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esplenectomia , Neoplasias Esplênicas/cirurgia , Ruptura Esplênica/diagnóstico por imagem , Ruptura Esplênica/etiologia , Ruptura Esplênica/cirurgia , Esplenomegalia/etiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La endometriosis es una patología benigna, dependiente de estrógenos, en la que el tejido que normalmente crece dentro del útero aparece fuera de este. Su localización habitual es en la pelvis, pero en ocasiones puede aparecer en otras áreas, como es el caso de la endometriosis umbilical. OBJETIVO: Familiarizar al ginecólogo con esta patología y entregar una serie de herramientas para diagnosticar, tratar y seguir a las pacientes que la presentan. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se presentan dos casos clínicos de endometriosis umbilical primaria diagnosticados en el Hospital La Paz, en Madrid (España), entre los años 2018 y 2019. Las pacientes, de 30 y 34 años, consultaron por dolor o sangrado umbilical durante la menstruación. Ninguna tenía antecedentes de patología ginecológica ni cirugía abdominal previa. Tras una exhaustiva exploración física y una ecografía de alta resolución, se decidió extirpar la lesión con la colaboración del servicio de cirugía plástica. En ambos casos, el estudio anatomopatológico confirmó que se trataba de tejido endometriósico. Las dos pacientes presentaron una buena evolución posquirúrgica, sin recidivas hasta la fecha. CONCLUSIONES: La endometriosis umbilical primaria es una patología infrecuente, pero es necesario incluirla en el diagnóstico diferencial de una mujer con un nódulo umbilical. Siempre deben realizarse una exploración física exhaustiva y una ecografía ginecológica, para descartar posibles patologías concomitantes. El tratamiento de elección es la extirpación quirúrgica de la lesión y el diagnóstico final se establece con el estudio anatomopatológico.
INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent benign pathology in which endometrial tissue develops outside the uterus. Its most frequent location is the pelvis, although it can appear in other areas such as the umbilicum. OBJECTIVE: To familiarize the gynecologist with this pathology and provide a series of tools to diagnose, treat and provide continued care to these patients. CASE REPORTS: Retrospective study of two clinical cases of primary umbilical endometriosis diagnosed at La Paz University Hospital, in Madrid (Spain), between 2018 and 2019. Both patients (30 and 34 years old respectively) presented with pain and/or bleeding around the umbilical area during menstruation. Neither of them had any previous gynecologic conditions or abdominal surgeries. After exhaustive physical examination and a high-resolution ultrasound, lesions were surgically removed in collaboration with the plastic surgery department. In both cases, histology confirmed the presence of endometrial tissue. Both patients made a full recovery after surgery and havent had a recurrence of said lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Primary umbilical endometriosis is an infrequent disease. However, it must be included in the differential diagnosis of umbilical nodes in women. Exhaustive physical examination and gynecologic ultrasound should always be performed to rule out any other pathologies. Surgical removal of the nodes is the preferred treatment, and the final diagnosis is reached through histology.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Umbigo/cirurgia , Umbigo/patologia , Endometriose/cirurgia , Endometriose/patologia , Endometriose/diagnósticoRESUMO
Purpose: Most modeling studies on radiofrequency cardiac ablation (RFCA) are based on limited-domain models, which means the computational domain is restricted to a few centimeters of myocardium and blood around the active electrode. When mimicking constant power RFCA procedures (e.g., atrial fibrillation ablation) it is important to know how much power is absorbed around the active electrode and how much in the rest of the tissues before reaching the dispersive electrode.Methods: 3D thorax full models were built by progressively incorporating different organs and tissues with simplified geometries (cardiac chamber, cardiac wall, subcutaneous tissue and skin, spine, lungs and aorta). Other 2D limited-domain models were also built based on fragments of myocardium and blood. The electrical problem was solved for each model to estimate the spatial power distribution around the active electrode.Results: From 79 to 82% of the power was absorbed in a 4 cm-radius sphere around the active electrode in the full thorax model at active electrode insertion depths of between 0.5 and 2.5 mm, while the impedance values ranged from 104 to 118 Ω, which were consistent with those found (from 83 to 103 Ω) in a 4 cm radius cylindrical limited domain model.Conclusion: The applied power in limited-domain RFCA models is approximately 80% of that applied in full thorax models, which is equivalent to the power programed in a clinical setting.
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Fibrilação Atrial , Ablação por Cateter , Fibrilação Atrial/cirurgia , Eletrodos , Coração , Humanos , TóraxRESUMO
In the present work we report the synthesis and the electrochemical, photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties of two new Ru(II) complexes described by the general formula [Ru(phen)2X](2+), where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline. The X ligand consists of a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) unit substituted with two phenyl rings connected to the bpy core through a saturated (Lhydro = 4,4'-diphenylethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) or a conjugated (LH = 4,4'-bis(α-styrene)-2,2'-bipyridine) carbon-carbon bridge. The photoluminescent spectra indicate that, both in solution and solid state, the complex bearing the aliphatic substitution bridges exhibits a higher quantum yield and a longer excited state lifetime than the fully conjugated complex. The new complexes were used in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) showing red emission for the complex with the Lhydro ligand and no light emission for the complex incorporating the LH ligand. This and the photophysical properties make it plausible that for these complexes the degree of freedom increases with aliphatic substitution. As a consequence, the negative effect of the auto-quenching processes taking place in solid LEC devices due to the close molecular packing is limited. When compared with the archetype [Ru(phen)3](2+) complex, the complex with aliphatic substitution shows better performance in the device supporting the beneficial effect of the bulky substitution.
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HIV cross-sectional studies were conducted among high-risk populations in 9 countries of South America. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening and Western blot confirmatory testing were performed, and env heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping and DNA sequencing were performed on a subset of HIV-positive subjects. HIV prevalences were highest among men who have sex with men (MSM; 2.0%-27.8%) and were found to be associated with multiple partners, noninjection drug use (non-IDU), and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). By comparison, much lower prevalences were noted among female commercial sex workers (FCSWs; 0%-6.3%) and were associated mainly with a prior IDU and STI history. Env subtype B predominated among MSM throughout the region (more than 90% of strains), whereas env subtype F predominated among FCSWs in Argentina and male commercial sex workers in Uruguay (more than 50% of strains). A renewed effort in controlling STIs, especially among MSM groups, could significantly lessen the impact of the HIV epidemic in South America.
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Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV/genética , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Feminino , Produtos do Gene env/genética , Análise Heteroduplex , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Trabalho Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via IntravenosaRESUMO
Al estado de portador de hemoglobina S se le considera una condición biológica, que sólo en circunstancias especiales como muy baja tensión de oxígeno, acidosis y deshidratación, tiene efectos adversos sobre la salud. Algunos autores asocian este estado con un menor rendimiento deportivo, aunque las investigaciones realizadas sobre este aspecto ofrecen resultados contradictorios