Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Genotype 2 Strains Responsible for the 2013-2018 Outbreak in Colombia.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. Despite mass vaccination and continuous eradication programs, CSF remains endemic in Asia, some countries in Europe, the Caribbean and South America. Since June 2013, Northern Colombia has reported 137 CSF outbreaks, mostly in backyard production systems with low vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the virus responsible for the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E2 sequence shows that the virus is closely related to CSF virus (CSFV) genotype 2.6 strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The pathotyping experiment suggests that the virus responsible is a moderately virulent strain. The 190 nucleotide stretch of the E2 hypervariable region of these isolates also shows high similarity to the CSFV isolates from Colombia in 2005 and 2006, suggesting a common origin for the CSF outbreaks caused by genotype 2.6 strains. The emergence of genotype 2.6 in Colombia suggests a potential transboundary spread of CSFV from Asia to the Americas, complicating the ongoing CSF eradication efforts in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the region.

La gestión para la evaluación de las competencias en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física

La evaluación, como categoría didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física y Deporte, enfrenta desafíos que obligan a los diferentes colectivos pedagógicos a proyectar acciones que le permitan una visión contextualizada e integral de la misma. La unidad del sistema de influencias educativas es una necesidad para la evaluación formativa, compartida, personalizada, centrada en evidencias de conocimiento, de producto y de desempeño en la formación y desarrollo de competencias en esta Carrera. El objetivo del trabajo es valorar el proceso evaluativo integrador de las competencias, en los estudiantes de la Práctica Laboral Investigativa de tercer año, de la Carrera de licenciatura en Cultura Física y Deporte, a través de la disciplina principal integradora Formación Laboral Investigativa. Para ello, se aplicaron métodos de investigación empíricos, como el análisis de documentos, la entrevista y la observación. Los resultados permitieron fundamentar una propuesta metodológica que potencie la evaluación integradora, sobre la base el enfoque integral físico-educativo, en el proceso de estudio. El diseño de los resultados fue de tipo experimental, en su variante pre-experimento. La aplicación parcial de la propuesta validó su pertinencia y contribuyó de forma favorable al mejoramiento del desempeño profesional y humano de los que participan.

A avaliação, como categoria didática no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do curso de Bacharelado em Cultura Física e Esporte, enfrenta desafios que obrigam os diferentes coletivos pedagógicos a planejar ações que permitam uma visão contextualizada e integral da mesma. A unidade do sistema de influências educacionais é uma necessidade para a avaliação formativa, compartilhada e personalizada, focada na evidência de conhecimento, produto e desempenho na formação e no desenvolvimento de competências nesse curso de graduação. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o processo de avaliação integrativa das competências dos alunos do terceiro ano do Estágio de Pesquisa no Bacharelado em Cultura Física e Esporte, por meio da principal disciplina integrativa do Estágio de Pesquisa. Para isso, foram aplicados métodos de pesquisa empírica, como análise de documentos, entrevista e observação. Os resultados permitiram fundamentar uma proposta metodológica que aprimora a avaliação integrativa, com base na abordagem físico-educacional integral, no processo de estudo. O desenho dos resultados foi experimental, em sua variante pré-experimental. A aplicação parcial da proposta validou sua relevância e contribuiu favoravelmente para a melhoria do desempenho profissional e humano dos envolvidos.

Evaluation, as a didactic category in the teaching-learning process of the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture and Sports, faces challenges that force the different pedagogical groups to project actions that allow a contextualized and comprehensive vision of it. The unity of the system of educational influences is a necessity for formative, shared, personalized evaluation, focused on evidence of knowledge, product and performance in the training and development of competencies in this Career. The objective of the work is to assess the integrative evaluative process of the competencies, in the students of the third-year Investigative Work Practice, of the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture and Sports, through the main integrative discipline Investigative Work Training. To achieve this, empirical research methods were applied, such as document analysis, interviews and observation. The results allowed to base a methodological proposal that enhances the integrative evaluation, based on the comprehensive physical-educational approach, in the study process. The design of the results was experimental, in its pre-experiment variant. The partial application of the proposal validated its relevance and contributed favorably to the improvement of the professional and human performance of those who participate.

Modelación de los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19 en Matanzas con enfoque Lean

Introducción: En el contexto de la pandemia, la gestión eficiente de los flujos de pacientes con enfoque en su trayectoria es crucial. En este sentido, el enfoque Lean permite aumentar el rendimiento del sistema sanitario, al eliminar actividades que no generan valor al paciente. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis integral de los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19 en Matanzas, utilizando el enfoque Lean. Materiales y métodos: Se implementó una metodología de tipo cuantitativa, estructurada en cuatro etapas, para la gestión integrada de los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19, mediante el enfoque Lean. Esta metodología integra herramientas para la selección de expertos, representación de procesos, análisis estructural y mapas de flujos de valor. Se aplicó durante del período de mayor incidencia de la pandemia en Matanzas (1 de mayo al 1 de agosto de 2021). Resultados: Se identificaron deficiencias relacionadas con los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19 en Matanzas. Se realizó un análisis integral de los flujos, con el fin de realizar una propuesta de mejoras con enfoque Lean. La propuesta garantizó una optimización de 1510 minutos por ciclos de atención, con una eficiencia del 85,86 % del tiempo total de cada ciclo (etapa del tratamiento), y del 59,38 % de los tiempos de espera entre ellos. Conclusiones: Las herramientas Lean permiten realizar un análisis integral de los flujos de pacientes, además de mostrar una vía para su gestión, centrada en la trayectoria y no en la ocupación del recurso.

Introduction: In the context of the pandemic, the efficient management of the patients flow with a focus on their trajectory is crucial. In this sense, the Lean approach allows to increase the performance of the health care system, eliminating activities that do not generate value for the patient. Objective: To carry out an integral analysis of the high risk patients flow with COVID-19 in Matanzas, using the Lean approach. Materials and methods: A quantitative methodology, structured in four stages was implemented for the integrated management of the flow of high risk patients with COVID-19, using the Lean approach. This methodology integrates tools for the selection of experts, process representation, structural analysis and value flow maps. It was applied during the period of highest incidence of the pandemic in Matanzas (May 1st to August 1st 2021). Results: Deficiencies related to the flows of high risks patients with COVID-19 in Matanzas were identified. A comprehensive analysis of the flows was carried out in order to make a proposal for improvements with a Lean approach. The proposal guaranteed an optimization of 1 500 minutes per service cycle, with an efficiency of 85.86% of the total time of each cycle (treatment stage), and 59.38% of the waiting times between them. Conclusions: Lean tools allow a comprehensive analysis of the patients' flow, in addition to showing a route for their management, focused on the trajectory and not on the occupation of the resource.

Implications of the Circular Economy in the Context of Plastic Recycling: The Case Study of Opaque PET.

The use of recycled opaque PET (r-O-PET, with TiO2) as a reinforcement for the recycled polypropylene matrix (r-PP) was evaluated through the life cycle assessment according to different scenarios corresponding to two different recycled blends and considered two virgin raw plastic material as reference materials when comparing the environmental performance of the proposed treatments. The results indicate that the environmental performance was quite different for each blend, since the additional extrusion process required in scenario 2 (blend with TiO2) causes all impact categories analysed to report higher values when compared with scenario 1 (blend without TiO2). The stage that contributes the most corresponds to the different extrusion processes included in both recycling blends, representing at least 80% of the total for global warming. Compared with virgin raw materials, the blend with TiO2 showed better performance in all the impact categories analysed in comparison with virgin PA66, while the blend without TiO2 showed the opposite trend when compared to PP. Furthermore, the fact that the upcycling treatment was carried out on a pilot scale provides room for improvement when implemented on a full scale. It is worth noting the high energy consumption of the treatment processes and their associated cost, in addition to the market cost of virgin raw materials, however, when considering the environmental cost of raw materials, it is observed that when substituting virgin materials PP and PA66 for the blends evaluated in this study results in a reduction of the environmental price of up to 2.5 times.

Predator control of marine communities increases with temperature across 115 degrees of latitude.

Early naturalists suggested that predation intensity increases toward the tropics, affecting fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes by latitude, but empirical support is still limited. Several studies have measured consumption rates across latitude at large scales, with variable results. Moreover, how predation affects prey community composition at such geographic scales remains unknown. Using standardized experiments that spanned 115° of latitude, at 36 nearshore sites along both coasts of the Americas, we found that marine predators have both higher consumption rates and consistently stronger impacts on biomass and species composition of marine invertebrate communities in warmer tropical waters, likely owing to fish predators. Our results provide robust support for a temperature-dependent gradient in interaction strength and have potential implications for how marine ecosystems will respond to ocean warming.

Improvement of the Thermal Stability of Polymer Bioblends by Means of Reactive Extrusion.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biosourced polyamide (PA) bioblends, with a variable PA weight content of 10-50%, were manufactured by melt blending in order to improve the behavior of PLA against thermal degradation. The effect of reactive extrusion on the thermal performance of PLA within bioblends was analyzed. The reactive extrusion was made by means of the addition of a styrene-acrylic multi-functional-epoxide oligomeric reactive agent (SAmfE), with the commercial name of Joncryl. Four parameters were considered in order to study the thermal behavior of bioblends against thermal decomposition: the onset decomposition temperature, the shape and temperature interval of the thermal decomposition patterns, the activation energy of the thermal decomposition, and the evidence leading to the most probable mechanism. The latter was determined by means of three evidence: standardized conversion functions, y(α) master plots, and integral mean error. It was shown that reactive extrusion of PLA as well as PA incorporation to the polymer matrix of PLA were responsible for an increase in the onset decomposition temperature of 10.4 °C. The general analytical equation (GAE) was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation of PLA within bioblends for various reaction mechanisms. It was shown that the random scission of macromolecular chains is the best mechanism for both untreated and treated PLA by means of reactive extrusion. It was shown that reactive extrusion together with higher content of PA resulted in an increased protective effect against the thermal degradation of PLA as demonstrated by an increase in activation energy of 60 kJ/mol. It was found that there is a relationship between the increase in activation energy and the increase in the onset decomposition temperature when using reactive extrusion. The improvement of the thermal stability of bioblends by means of reactive extrusion was explained by an increase in the complex viscosity from 980 to 2000 Pa·s at 0.06 rad/s and from 250 to 300 Pa·s at 630 rad/s for bioblend containing 30% of PLAREX and by a finer dispersion of PA within the PLAREX matrix. Results from DSC were not conclusive regarding the compatibility between both phases.

Kinetics of the Thermal Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) and Polyamide Bioblends.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biosourced polyamide (PA) bioblends, with a variable PA weight content of 10-50%, were prepared by melt blending in order to overcome the high brittleness of PLA. During processing, the properties of the melt were stabilized and enhanced by the addition of a styrene-acrylic multi-functional-epoxide oligomeric reactive agent (SAmfE). The general analytical equation (GAE) was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation of PLA within bioblends. Various empirical and theoretical solid-state mechanisms were tested to find the best kinetic model. In order to study the effect of PA on the PLA matrix, only the first stage of the thermal degradation was taken into consideration in the kinetic analysis (α < 0.4). On the other hand, standardized conversion functions were evaluated. Given that it is not easy to visualize the best accordance between experimental and theoretical values of standardized conversion functions, an index, based on the integral mean error, was evaluated to quantitatively support our findings relative to the best reaction mechanism. It was demonstrated that the most probable mechanism for the thermal degradation of PLA is the random scission of macromolecular chains. Moreover, y(α) master plots, which are independent of activation energy values, were used to confirm that the selected reaction mechanism was the most adequate. Activation energy values were calculated as a function of PA content. Moreover, the onset thermal stability of PLA was also determined.

Meat Exudate for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Genomic Material and Anti-ASFV Antibodies.

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The virus is highly stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH and can survive in meat and meat products for several months, leading to long-distance transmission of ASF. Whole blood, serum, and organs from infected pigs are used routinely as approved sample types in the laboratory diagnosis of ASF. However, these sample types may not always be available. Here, we investigated meat exudate as an alternative sample type for the detection of ASFV-specific nucleic acids and antibodies. Pigs were infected with various ASFV strains: the highly virulent ASFV Malawi LIL 18/2 strain, the moderately-virulent ASFV Estonia 2014 strain, or the low-virulent ASFV OURT/88/3 strain. The animals were euthanized on different days post-infection (dpi), and meat exudates were collected and tested for the presence of ASFV-specific nucleic acids and antibodies. Animals infected with the ASFV Malawi LIL 18/2 developed severe clinical signs and succumbed to the infection within seven dpi, while pigs infected with ASFV Estonia 2014 also developed clinical signs but survived longer, with a few animals seroconverting before succumbing to the ASFV infection or being euthanized as they reached humane endpoints. Pigs infected with ASFV OURT/88/3 developed transient fever and seroconverted without mortality. ASFV genomic material was detected in meat exudate from pigs infected with ASFV Malawi LIL 18/2 and ASFV Estonia 2014 at the onset of viremia but at a lower amount when compared to the corresponding whole blood samples. Low levels of ASFV genomic material were detected in the whole blood of ASFV OURT/88/3-infected pigs, and no ASFV genomic material was detected in the meat exudate of these animals. Anti-ASFV antibodies were detected in the serum and meat exudate derived from ASFV OURT/88/3-infected pigs and in some of the samples derived from the ASFV Estonia 2014-infected pigs. These results indicate that ASFV genomic material and anti-ASFV antibodies can be detected in meat exudate, indicating that this sample can be used as an alternative sample type for ASF surveillance when routine sample types are unavailable or are not easily accessible.

Extruded-Calendered Sheets of Fully Recycled PP/Opaque PET Blends: Mechanical and Fracture Behaviour.

This work presents the experimental results of the mechanical and fracture behaviour of three polymeric blends prepared from two recycled plastics, namely polypropylene and opaque poly (ethylene terephthalate), where the second one acted as a reinforcement phase. The raw materials were two commercial degrees of recycled post-consumer waste, i.e., rPP and rPET-O. Sheets were manufactured by a semi-industrial extrusion-calendering process. The mechanical and fracture behaviours of manufactured sheets were analyzed via tensile tests and the essential work of fracture approach. SEM micrographics of cryofractured sheets revelated the development of in situ rPP/rPET-O microfibrillar composites when 30 wt.% of rPET-O was added. It was observed that the yield stress was not affected with the addition of rPET-O. However, the microfibrillar structure increased the Young's modulus by more than a third compared with rPP, fulfilling the longitudinal value predicted by the additive rule of mixtures. Regarding the EWF analysis, the resistance to crack initiation was highly influenced by the resistance to its propagation owing to morphology-related instabilities during tearing. To analyze the initiation stage, a partition energy method was successfully applied by splitting the total work of fracture into two specific energetic contributions, namely initiation and propagation. The results revelated that the specific essential initiation-related work of fracture was mainly affected by rPET-O phase. Remarkably, its value was significantly improved by a factor of three with the microfibrillar structure of rPET-O phase. The results allowed the exploration of the potential ability of manufacturing in situ MFCs without a "precursor" morphology, providing an economical way to promote the recycling rate of PET-O, as this material is being discarded from current recycling processes.

The impact of socioeconomic and phenotypic traits on self-perception of ethnicity in Latin America.

Self-perception of ethnicity is a complex social trait shaped by both, biological and non-biological factors. We developed a comprehensive analysis of ethnic self-perception (ESP) on a large sample of Latin American mestizos from five countries, differing in age, socio-economic and education context, external phenotypic attributes and genetic background. We measured the correlation of ESP against genomic ancestry, and the influence of physical appearance, socio-economic context, and education on the distortion observed between both. Here we show that genomic ancestry is correlated to aspects of physical appearance, which in turn affect the individual ethnic self-perceived ancestry. Also, we observe that, besides the significant correlation among genomic ancestry and ESP, specific physical or socio-economic attributes have a strong impact on self-perception. In addition, the distortion among ESP and genomic ancestry differs across age ranks/countries, probably suggesting the underlying effect of past public policies regarding identity. Our results indicate that individuals' own ideas about its origins should be taken with caution, especially in aspects of modern life, including access to work, social policies, and public health key decisions such as drug administration, therapy design, and clinical trials, among others.

Impact of Titanium Dioxide in the Mechanical Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle Waste: Tensile and Fracture Behavior.

This work provides an experimental analysis regarding the fracture behavior of recycled opaque PET (rPET-O) containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) under plane stress conditions. For this purpose, a commercially post-consumer transparent colored/opaque PET flakes mix was processed using a semi-industrial extrusion calendering process. The manufactured rPET-O sheets had a TiO2 content of 1.45 wt.%. The mechanical and fracture properties of unaged and physically aged (1 year) samples were determined through uniaxial tensile experiments and the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) methodology, respectively, and were compared to those of recycled transparent PET (rPET-T). Under tensile loading, independently of the aging time, rPET-O samples exhibited similar mechanical behavior as rPET-T up to the yield point. The main differences remained in the post-yielding region. The presence of TiO2 particles allowed reducing the strain energy density up to neck formation in aged samples. Regarding the EWF analysis, it is argued that the energy consumed up to the onset of crack propagation (we) for rPET-T was mainly dependent of the molecular mobility. That is, the we value decreased by 26% when rPET-T was physically aged. Interestingly, we values remained independent of the aging time for rPET-O. In fact, it was highlighted that before crack propagation, the EWF response was principally governed by matrix cavitation ahead of the crack tip, which allowed a significant release of the triaxial stress state independently of the molecular mobility. This property enabled rPET-O to exhibit a resistance to crack initiation 17% higher as compared to rPET-T when the material was physically aged. Finally, independently of the aging time, rPET-O exhibited a resistance to crack growth approximately 21% larger than rPET-T due to matrix fibrillation in large scale deformation.

Innovative One-Shot Paradigm to Tune Filler-Polymer Matrix Interface Properties by Plasma Polymer Coating in Osteosynthesis Applications.

The present study aims to improve the interfacial bonding between hydroxyapatite particles (HAs) and polylactide (PLA) to enhance the mechanical performance and biocompatibility of bone implants based on HA/PLA. For this, one-shot surface functionalization of HA via plasma polymerization is developed. Taking advantage of acetylene plasma chemistry, the hydrophobicity of HA particles was finely tuned prior to their introduction into a PLA matrix via an extrusion process. The effect of the plasma power (20 or 100 W) on the composition of the plasma polymer film (PPF) formed on the HA surface was studied via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The amount of PPF formed was evaluated via thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Cytotoxicity of the modified HA particles was monitored by the WST-1 proliferation assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and showed that independent on the studied conditions, cell viability remained above the 70% threshold and LDH accumulation changes were insignificant, suggesting good biocompatibility. Contact angle measurements and morphological and rheological analyses showed that the low working power promoted more hydrophobic surfaces and a better HA/PLA interface. Dynamic mechanical analyses revealed that the storage modulus at 37 °C increased for the composite containing functionalized particles by 1.5 times compared to the neat particle's composites. This work opens a route toward further one-shot development of improved scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Insight Into the Ontogeny of GnRH Neurons From Patients Born Without a Nose.

CONTEXT: The reproductive axis is controlled by a network of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons born in the primitive nose that migrate to the hypothalamus alongside axons of the olfactory system. The observation that congenital anosmia (inability to smell) is often associated with GnRH deficiency in humans led to the prevailing view that GnRH neurons depend on olfactory structures to reach the brain, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to determine the potential for normal reproductive function in the setting of completely absent internal and external olfactory structures. METHODS: We conducted comprehensive phenotyping studies in 11 patients with congenital arhinia. These studies were augmented by review of medical records and study questionnaires in another 40 international patients. RESULTS: All male patients demonstrated clinical and/or biochemical signs of GnRH deficiency, and the 5 men studied in person had no luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, suggesting absent GnRH activity. The 6 women studied in person also had apulsatile LH profiles, yet 3 had spontaneous breast development and 2 women (studied from afar) had normal breast development and menstrual cycles, suggesting a fully intact reproductive axis. Administration of pulsatile GnRH to 2 GnRH-deficient patients revealed normal pituitary responsiveness but gonadal failure in the male patient. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with arhinia teach us that the GnRH neuron, a key gatekeeper of the reproductive axis, is associated with but may not depend on olfactory structures for normal migration and function, and more broadly, illustrate the power of extreme human phenotypes in answering fundamental questions about human embryology.

body2vec: 3D Point Cloud Reconstruction for Precise Anthropometry with Handheld Devices.

Current point cloud extraction methods based on photogrammetry generate large amounts of spurious detections that hamper useful 3D mesh reconstructions or, even worse, the possibility of adequate measurements. Moreover, noise removal methods for point clouds are complex, slow and incapable to cope with semantic noise. In this work, we present body2vec, a model-based body segmentation tool that uses a specifically trained Neural Network architecture. Body2vec is capable to perform human body point cloud reconstruction from videos taken on hand-held devices (smartphones or tablets), achieving high quality anthropometric measurements. The main contribution of the proposed workflow is to perform a background removal step, thus avoiding the spurious points generation that is usual in photogrammetric reconstruction. A group of 60 persons were taped with a smartphone, and the corresponding point clouds were obtained automatically with standard photogrammetric methods. We used as a 3D silver standard the clean meshes obtained at the same time with LiDAR sensors post-processed and noise-filtered by expert anthropological biologists. Finally, we used as gold standard anthropometric measurements of the waist and hip of the same people, taken by expert anthropometrists. Applying our method to the raw videos significantly enhanced the quality of the results of the point cloud as compared with the LiDAR-based mesh, and of the anthropometric measurements as compared with the actual hip and waist perimeter measured by the anthropometrists. In both contexts, the resulting quality of body2vec is equivalent to the LiDAR reconstruction.

Body shape: Implications in the study of obesity and related traits.

OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis and treatment of obesity are usually based on traditional anthropometric variables including weight, height, and several body perimeters. Here we present a three-dimensional (3D) image-based computational approach aimed to capture the distribution of abdominal adipose tissue as an aspect of shape rather than a relationship among classical anthropometric measures. METHODS: A morphometric approach based on landmarks and semilandmarks placed upon the 3D torso surface was performed in order to quantify abdominal adiposity shape variation and its relation to classical indices. Specifically, we analyzed sets of body cross-sectional circumferences, collectively defining each, along with anthropometric data taken on 112 volunteers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on 250 circumferences located along the abdominal region of each volunteer. An analysis of covariance model was used to compare shape variables (PCs) against anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences). RESULTS: The observed shape patterns were mainly related to nutritional status, followed by sexual dimorphism. PC1 (12.5%) and PC2 (7.5%) represented 20% of the total variation. In PCAs calculated independently by sex, linear regression analyses provide statistically significant associations between PC1 and the three classical indexes: body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-hip ratio. CONCLUSION: Shape indicators predict well the behavior of classical markers, but also evaluate 3D and geometric features with more accuracy as related to the body shape under study. This approach also facilitates diagnosis and follow-up of therapies by using accessible 3D technology.

PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion.

The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (f) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-f in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k') ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-f was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-f without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-f was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-f morphology obtained.

Pensamiento de Fidel vigente en el estudiantado de ciencias médicas

El pensamiento de Fidel ha sido guía estratégica para el desarrollo de la educación médica cubana. Su estudio permanente constituye premisa inexcusable para el logro de una formación de Recursos Humanos en Salud con calidad y pertinencia. Se realizó un estudio socio histórico del pensamiento de Fidel sobre el proceso docente educativo en el área de la educación médica por la vía del análisis de contenido de discursos e intervenciones de Fidel Castro Ruz realizadas entre 1959 y el 2006, con el objetivo de analizar el pensamiento de Fidel como referente para el desarrollo de la educación médica y del capital humano en el Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Se tomó como referencia un trabajo realizado por un grupo de profesores expertos del comité académico de la Maestría en Educación Médica de la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. Se presentaron los pronunciamientos seleccionados en los 12 discursos e intervenciones de Fidel relacionados con el proceso docente educativo en la Educación Médica, así como las ideas básicas, a partir de las cuales se elaboró la idea integradora y se establecieron las acciones necesarias para garantizar su cumplimiento en la práctica educativa. El pensamiento de Fidel vinculado al desarrollo del proceso docente educativo en la educación médica superior, contribuyó al incremento de la calidad y la pertinencia de los procesos formativos en la Educación Médica Cubana.

Fidel's thinking has been a strategic guide for the development of Cuban medical education. Its permanent study constitutes an inexcusable premise for the achievement of a Human Resources in Health training with quality and relevance. A socio-historical study of Fidel's thinking on the educational teaching process in the area of ​​medical education was conducted through the analysis of the content of speeches and interventions by Fidel Castro Ruz made between 1959 and 2006, with the aim of analyzing the Fidel thought as a reference for the development of medical education and human capital in the Cuban National Health System. A work carried out by a group of expert professors from the academic committee of the Master in Medical Education of the National School of Public Health was taken as a reference. The pronouncements selected in the 12 speeches and interventions of Fidel related to the educational teaching process in Medical Education were presented, as well as the basic ideas, from which the integrative idea was elaborated and the necessary actions were established to ensure compliance In educational practice. Fidel's thinking, linked to the development of the educational teaching process in higher medical education, contributed to the increase in the quality and relevance of the training processes in Cuban Medical Education.

O pensamento de Fidel tem sido um guia estratégico para o desenvolvimento da educação médica cubana. Seu estudo permanente constitui uma premissa indesculpável para a realização de um treinamento de Recursos Humanos em Saúde com qualidade e relevância. Um estudo sócio-histórico do pensamento de Fidel sobre o processo de ensino educacional na área da educação médica foi realizado através da análise do conteúdo dos discursos e intervenções de Fidel Castro Ruz, realizados entre 1959 e 2006, com o objetivo de analisar a Fidel pensou como uma referência para o desenvolvimento da educação médica e do capital humano no Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba. Um trabalho realizado por um grupo de professores especialistas do comitê acadêmico do Mestrado em Educação Médica da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública foi tomado como referência. Foram apresentados os pronunciamentos selecionados nos 12 discursos e intervenções de Fidel relacionados ao processo de ensino educacional em Educação Médica, bem como as idéias básicas, a partir das quais a ideia integradora foi elaborada e as ações necessárias para garantir a conformidade Na prática educacional. O pensamento de Fidel, vinculado ao desenvolvimento do processo de ensino educacional no ensino superior médico, contribuiu para o aumento da qualidade e relevância dos processos de treinamento no ensino médico cubano.

Pensamiento de Fidel vigente en el estudiantado de ciencias médicas / Fidel's thinking in force in medical science students

El pensamiento de Fidel ha sido guía estratégica para el desarrollo de la educación médica cubana. Su estudio permanente constituye premisa inexcusable para el logro de una formación de Recursos Humanos en Salud con calidad y pertinencia. Se realizó un estudio socio histórico del pensamiento de Fidel sobre el proceso docente educativo en el área de la educación médica por la vía del análisis de contenido de discursos e intervenciones de Fidel Castro Ruz realizadas entre 1959 y el 2006, con el objetivo de analizar el pensamiento de Fidel como referente para el desarrollo de la educación médica y del capital humano en el Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Se tomó como referencia un trabajo realizado por un grupo de profesores expertos del comité académico de la Maestría en Educación Médica de la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. Se presentaron los pronunciamientosseleccionados en los 12 discursos e intervenciones de Fidel relacionados con el proceso docente educativo en la Educación Médica, así como las ideas básicas, a partir de las cuales se elaboró la idea integradora y se establecieron las accionesnecesarias para garantizar su cumplimiento en la práctica educativa. El pensamiento de Fidel vinculado al desarrollo del proceso docente educativo en la educación médica superior, contribuyó al incremento de la calidad y la pertinencia de los procesos formativos en la Educación Médica(AU)

Fidel's thinking has been a strategic guide for the development of Cuban medical education. Its permanent study constitutes an inexcusable premise for the achievement of a Human Resources in Health training with quality and relevance. A socio-historical study of Fidel's thinking on the educational teaching process in the area of medical education was conducted through the analysis of the content of speeches and interventions by Fidel Castro Ruz made between 1959 and 2006, with the aim of analyzing the Fidel thought as a reference for the development of medical education and human capital in the Cuban National Health System. A work carried out by a group of expert professors from the academic committee of the Master in Medical Education of the National School of Public Health was taken as a reference. The pronouncements selected in the 12 speeches and interventions of Fidel related to the educational teaching process in Medical Education were presented, as well as the basic ideas, from which the integrative idea was elaborated and the necessary actions were established to ensure compliance In educational practice. Fidel's thinking, linked to the development of the educational teaching process in higher medical education, contributed to the increase in the quality and relevance of the training processes in Cuban Medical Education(EU)

Factores de riesgo coronario modificables en el servicio de enfermería del Hospital General Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Noviembre 2016-Noviembre 2018 / Modifiable coronary risk factors in the nursing service of the University General Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. November 2016 - November 2018

La cardiopatía isquémica es la enfermedad más común, grave y de mayor riesgo en términos de mortalidad, morbilidad en gran parte del mundo, contribuyendo una serie de factores, que se relacionan con un riesgo aumentado de padecer dicha enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio transversal durante el período comprendido entre el 1ro de noviembre del 2016 al 1ro de noviembre del 2018 con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de los factores de riesgo coronario modificables en enfermeros(as) del Hospital General Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Se trabajaron con variables principales: el tabaquismo, la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la dieta rica en grasas saturadas, la dislipidemia, el sedentarismo y la tensión emocional mantenida. El dato primario se obtuvo a través de la entrevista, el examen físico, y la determinación de lípidos en sangre. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y biomédicas generales. Dentro de los factores de riesgo prevalecieron la tensión emocional mantenida 88,5 por ciento, la dieta rica en grasa saturada 86,0 por ciento y el sedentarismo para 82,0 por ciento. En un porcentaje menor se mostraron la obesidad 49,0 por ciento y la dislipidemia para 44,0 por ciento. Se destaca que en una importante proporción de casos coexistían dos y tres factores de riesgo a la vez. Es elevado el riesgo cardiovascular como consecuencia de la alta prevalencia de los factores de riesgo coronario encontrados(AU)

Ischemic heart disease is the most common disease, serious and most at risk in terms of mortality, morbidity in much of the world, contributing a number of factors, which are related to an increased risk of suffering from such disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from November 1, 2016 to November 1, 2018 with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of the modifiable coronary risk factors in nurses of the General University Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. They worked with main variables: smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diet high in saturated fat, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle and sustained emotional tension. The primary data was obtained through the interview, physical examination, and blood lipid determination. General sociodemographic and biomedical variables were studied. Among the risk factors, the emotional tension maintained 88.5 percent, the diet rich in saturated fat 86.0 percent and the sedentary lifestyle prevailed for 82.0 percent. In a smaller percentage, obesity was 49.0 percent and dyslipidemia for 44.0 percent. It is emphasized that in a significant proportion of cases two and three risk factors coexisted at the same time. The cardiovascular risk is high as a consequence of the high prevalence of the coronary risk factors found(EU)

Factores de riesgo coronario modificables en el servicio de enfermería del Hospital General Universitario V. I. Lenin. Noviembre 2016- Noviembre 2018 / Modifiable coronary risk factors in the nursing service of the University General Hospital V. I. Lenin. November 2016- November 2018 / Fatores de risco coronariano modificáveis no serviço de enfermagem do Hospital Geral da Universidade V. I. Lenin. Novembro de 2016 - novembro de 2018

RESUMEN La cardiopatía isquémica es la enfermedad más común, grave y de mayor riesgo en términos de mortalidad, morbilidad en gran parte del mundo, contribuyendo una serie de factores, que se relacionan con un riesgo aumentado de padecer dicha enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio transversal durante el período comprendido entre el 1ro de noviembre del 2016 al 1ro de noviembre del 2018 con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de los factores de riesgo coronario modificables en enfermeros(as) del Hospital General Universitario "V. I. Lenin". Se trabajaron con variables principales: el tabaquismo, la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la dieta rica en grasas saturadas, la dislipidemia, el sedentarismo y la tensión emocional mantenida. El dato primario se obtuvo a través de la entrevista, el examen físico, y la determinación de lípidos en sangre. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y biomédicas generales. Dentro de los factores de riesgo prevalecieron la tensión emocional mantenida 88,5 %, la dieta rica en grasa saturada 86,0 % y el sedentarismo para 82,0 %. En un porcentaje menor se mostraron la obesidad 49,0 % y la dislipidemia para 44,0 %. Se destaca que en una importante proporción de casos coexistían dos y tres factores de riesgo a la vez. Es elevado el riesgo cardiovascular como consecuencia de la alta prevalencia de los factores de riesgo coronario encontrados.

ABSTRACT Ischemic heart disease is the most common disease, serious and most at risk in terms of mortality, morbidity in much of the world, contributing a number of factors, which are related to an increased risk of suffering from such disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from November 1, 2016 to November 1, 2018 with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of the modifiable coronary risk factors in nurses of the General University Hospital "V. I. Lenin" They worked with main variables: smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diet high in saturated fat, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle and sustained emotional tension. The primary data was obtained through the interview, physical examination, and blood lipid determination. General sociodemographic and biomedical variables were studied. Among the risk factors, the emotional tension maintained 88.5%, the diet rich in saturated fat 86.0% and the sedentary lifestyle prevailed for 82.0%. In a smaller percentage, obesity was 49.0% and dyslipidemia for 44.0%. It is emphasized that in a significant proportion of cases two and three risk factors coexisted at the same time. The cardiovascular risk is high as a consequence of the high prevalence of the coronary risk factors found.

RESUMO A cardiopatia isquêmica é a doença mais comum, mais grave e de maior risco em termos de mortalidade, morbidade em grande parte do mundo, contribuindo com vários fatores relacionados ao aumento do risco de sofrer dessa doença. Foi realizado um estudo transversal no período de 1º de novembro de 2016 a 1º de novembro de 2018, com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento dos fatores de risco coronariano modificáveis ​​em enfermeiros do Hospital Universitário Geral "V. I. Lenin. " Eles trabalharam com as principais variáveis: tabagismo, obesidade, pressão alta, diabetes mellitus, dieta rica em gordura saturada, dislipidemia, estilo de vida sedentário e tensão emocional sustentada. Os dados primários foram obtidos através da entrevista, exame físico e determinação de lipídios no sangue. Foram estudadas variáveis ​​sociodemográficas e biomédicas gerais. Entre os fatores de risco, a tensão emocional manteve 88,5%, a dieta rica em gordura saturada 86,0% e o sedentarismo prevaleceu em 82,0%. Em porcentagem menor, a obesidade foi de 49,0% e a dislipidemia, 44,0%. Enfatiza-se que em uma proporção significativa de casos, dois e três fatores de risco coexistem ao mesmo tempo. O risco cardiovascular é alto como consequência da alta prevalência dos fatores de risco coronariano encontrados.