Slow Discharge Theory and Calculation of the Potential Drop across the Compact Layer at High Electrode Voltages.

A novel approach presented in this work allows one to calculate the potential drop across the compact layer in electrostatic atomization with high voltages applied at the electrode. Ionic conductor liquids employed in electrostatic atomization have a low dielectric constant, which causes almost all of the potential drop across the double layer to occur inside the compact layer. In the previous article of this group (Sankarn, A., et al. Langmuir 2017, 33, 1375-1384), it was shown that faradaic reactions in the kinetics-limited regime are responsible for liquid electrification in electrostatic atomization. Here, we apply the Frumkin slow discharge theory to calculate the electric potential at the interface of the compact and diffuse layers. The electric potential value at the interface of the compact and diffuse layers is required in computational models accounting for the discharge of counterions due to faradaic reactions when solving the ionic transport equations. The activation energy of the electron transfer reaction is calculated through the Marcus theory. Knowing the counterion flux value at the electrode surface from the concurrent experimental measurements, the ionic concentration and net charge distribution across the polarized diffuse layer are also found from the numerical simulations. Considering canola oil to be the ionic conductor liquid, two different examples are used to demonstrate the application of this approach to calculate the electric potential at the interface of compact and diffuse layers.

Theoretical and Numerical Study of Formation of Near-Electrode Layers in Ionic Conductor Liquids at High Voltages.

A novel approach is developed to predict the thickness of the equivalent one-dimensional Stern layer near conducting electrodes subjected to high voltage and carrying electric current. The nonspecific (nonelectric) ion adsorption responsible for the formation of the Stern compact layer at the electrode surface is attributed to the Langmuir-Brunauer-Emmett-Teller mechanism. The compact Stern layer is implied to be intrinsically two-dimensional and forming on the oxide or impurity islands on the electrode surface, which prevents electron transfer to or from the adsorbed ions. On the other hand, electrons are transferred through the open parts of the metallic electrode surface by electron transfer faradaic reactions characterized by the Frumkin-Butler-Volmer kinetics. Then, the one-dimensional Stern layer appears to be an approximation of the abovementioned two-dimensional model. In the framework of this model, the equivalent one-dimensional Stern layer thickness is predicted, rather than used as an adjustable parameter, as frequently done in the literature.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by terazosin hydrochloride.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare cutaneous eruption mainly provoked by drugs. A case of AGEP in a 74-year-old male that was attributed to the ingestion of terazosin hydrochloride is presented. This is the first reported case of this association in medical literature. The history, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of AGEP are discussed.

Long-term follow-up of basal cell carcinomas treated with perilesional interferon alfa 2b as monotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Interferon alfa-2b (IFN) may be used to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as an alternative to surgical or destructive methods. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term effectiveness of IFN treatment for BCC. METHODS: Fifty patients with 98 biopsy-proven primary superficial and nodular BCCs were treated perilesionally and intradermally with injections of IFN between 1985 and 1992. RESULTS: Clinical cures were noted in 95 of 98 BCCs (51 nodular and 44 superficial), with a mean follow-up period of 10.5 years (9 months to 18.5 years). Of these, 35 of the 50 patients, which would include 68 of the 98 tumors, were followed up for a minimum of 10 years, with an average follow-up of 13.5 years. The 3 lesions requiring further treatment were nodular type BCC. One of these lesions showed no response to treatment, whereas the other two responded, then recurred at 4 and 154 months. Of the 68 tumors followed up for a minimum of 10 years, cure rates were 96%. Overall data analysis using Kaplan-Meier estimates showed 98% success rates at years 5 and 10, and a 96% success rate at year 15. LIMITATIONS: Since 31% of patients could not be evaluated for more than 10-year follow-up, it is possible that the long-term cure rate is lower than that found in those available for evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of superficial and nodular BCCs with perilesional IFN is an acceptable treatment that may provide benefits over other treatment modalities depending on patients' individual needs. In addition, on the basis of this study, results of IFN treatment for BCC are comparable to most other methods of tumor destruction.

A review of thalidomide's history and current dermatological applications.

Once abandoned because of devastating teratogenic effects, thalidomide has reemerged as an alternative treatment in many dermatologic diseases. In 1998, thalidomide became FDA approved for the acute treatment and suppression of the cutaneous manifestations of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). ENL is a systemic disorder that typically occurs after several years of antileprosy treatments, usually for lepromatous leprosy. Off-label uses for thalidomide include: aphthous stomatitis, Behçet disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, lichen planus, prurigo nodularis and sarcoidosis. This review examines the background, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, side-effects, and indications of thalidomide.