[Homage to Kraepelin, honouring his 150th birthday--"Zerfahrenheit", Kraepelin's specific symptom for schizophrenia]. / Hommage an Kraepelin zu seinem 150. Geburtstag--Zerfahrenheit: Kraepelins spezifisches Symptom für Schizophrenie.

Kraepelin described but one single specific sign for all forms of dementia praecox (later: schizophrenia) and coined a new word for it, "Zerfahrenheit" (various translations: distraction, dilapidation, incoherence, among others). What he meant by it, clearly results from Kraepelin's description even now. The origin of the idea could been found in German philosophy of the times of enlightenment, when it had been described already in a distinct way. That time coined the word "Verrücktheit" for it (usual translation: mental derangement; better translations would be the same as for "Zerfahrenheit"). Because of the influence of French psychiatry with its quite different background and the hurly burly about paranoia (Heinroth's Greek translation for "Verrücktheit") the knowledge of the sign got lost. Kraepelin restored the original meaning, without referring however to the sources directly. In spite of having been acknowledged as a specific sign for dementia praecox by all German psychiatrists, only one decade after the first description a new process of unclearing recommenced. This bow curved from Eugen Bleuler via Kurt Schneider and others to DSM III/IV and ICD-10. In the current paper we follow Kraepelin's process of clearing via all 9 editions of his textbook of psychiatry. Since the German original of Kraepelin's first extended description currently can be found only in larger libraries, the integral text of it is being reprinted (in English a recent translation by Jacques M. Quen is available). No corrections or changes are necessary. Kraepelin's 150th birthday is the best occasion for reminding of what remains unique in the clinical unity of schizophrenia, which for ever is linked to his name. It still is a solid sign for schizophrenia, for all its various forms.

[Max Isserlin, Kantian orientation at Königsberg, psychotherapist with Kraepelin, founder of child psychiatry at Munich, emigrant to Britain]. / Max Isserlin - Kantianer in Königsberg, Psychotherapeut bei Kraepelin, Begründer der Münchner Kinderpsychiatrie, Emigrant in England.

This account of the life and work of Max Isserlin (1879 - 1941) wants to be a reminder of a German-Jewish fate next to Kraepelin and as a forced emigrant. Immediately after his studies at Königsberg Isserlin in 1903 came to Kraepelin at Heidelberg, later he followed him to Munich. All his life he kept a Kantian orientation and defended Kraepelin's positions out of this background. Kraepelin entrusted to him all of psychotherapy, theory and practice, which Isserlin for at least 18 years gave courses of in Kraepelin's department. His textbook of psychotherapy thus transmissions Kraepelins convictions about this topic also. During World War I Isserlin was the head of a field-hospital for brain damaged soldiers and continued working this way after the end of the war. Finally he became the founder of child psychiatry in Munich, until he was forced to leave Germany for Britain with a heavy heart.

[The Isserlin-affaire - a dispute by delegates between Kraepelin and Freud]. / Die Isserlin-Affäre - Ein Stellvertreter-Disput zwischen Kraepelin und Freud -

Kraepelin and Freud have indirectly, via Max Isserlin and Carl Gustav Jung, disputed about their completely different blueprints of psychiatric or psychological disturbances. Mainly in the Isserlin-affaire the dispute reached personal and bitter forms. In this affair Bleuler sided with Kraepelin. In the end of the dispute Bleuler just as Jung had separated from Freud, if in different ways and with different motivations. The discussion between Kraepelin-Isserlin on the one side and Freud on the other faded away. The course of the dispute, which mainly the psychoanalytic literature alludes to frequently, is being delineated here for the first time.

[Mobbing--significance for private personal insurance]. / Mobbing--Bedeutung für die private Personenversicherung.

The social conflict model called mobbing has hitherto almost remained undetected by private personal insurance systems. The mental and functional somatic disturbances caused by mobbing, however, have been well known for a long time and do not differ from those caused by other conflicts. Problems for the personal insurance develop from the fact that more often than not a (feigned) conflict solution will be sought by medical certifications of unfitness to work, referrals to hospitals and striving for acknowledgement of occupational disablement, none of which have a medical justification. A considerable portion of the national economic burden of mobbing will therefore--mostly unknowingly--be shouldered by private insurance companies. There are numerous medical diagnoses which may hide a mobbing conflict and are difficult to comprehend. This article represents instructions for better understanding and handling.

[A century of German psychiatry (1899-1999)]. / Ein Jahrhundert der deutschen Psychiatrie (1899-1999).

The century of German psychiatry between 1899 and 1999 was shaped by creative and catastrophic contrasts. For the beginning and the end these contrasts and the tensions between them can be personalized by the names of Kraepelin and Freud. During the time in between there was the unfolding of the ideas of schizophrenia, classical psychiatry, psychotherapy, structural theories, pharmaco-psychiatry, anthropological psychiatry, social psychiatry and of many other creative theories and methods in manyfold ways. But during the time in between there was also Nazi psychiatry. In historical perspective not only the murdering of countless psychiatric patients was a disaster. Expulsion, intellectual exhaustion, death of many psychiatrists and war damages too had catastrophic consequences. Only seemingly as a paradox Nazi time and its sequels were followed by global acknowledgement for and globalization of German psychiatry. But this period has come to an end too. Resources and man power are available, the path is free for completely new ideas.

[Ernst Rüdin--a Swiss psychiatrist as the leader of Nazi psychiatry--the final solution as a goal]. / Ernst Rüdin--ein Schweizer Psychiater als "Führer" der Nazipsychiatrie--die "Endlösung" als Ziel.

The study of work and life of the Swiss-German psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin, honoured up to our time as "father of psychiatric genealogy", lead to different views. Rüdin early in his life became a racial fanatic, and as a propagandist for the purity of the "Germanic people" he constantly demanded preventive coercive measures against the reproduction of the mentally ill and other, in the racist's view, undesirable persons. With this objective in mind he started his psychiatric research. The results of Rüdin's monograph about the genetics of dementia precox do not withstand scientific criticism but confirmed his preexisting opinions. They served however as scientific reasoning for the forced sterilisation by the Nazis, for which Rüdin's comments were obligatory. The next step, to the holocaust of the mentally ill and the undesirable, was not only tacitly agreed with by Rüdin. Max Weber, Karl Jaspers and others realised at an early time the dangers arising from racial hygienics and voiced their warnings in a plain language. The surviving victims are still waiting for compensation.

[Emigration of German psychiatrists to England. 1: England as a refuge for psychiatrists]. / Emigration deutscher Psychiater nach England. Teil 1: England als Exilland für Psychiater.

During Nazi time some 100 German psychiatrists emigrated to the U.K. and worked there for the rest of their lives or a number of years. An approximately equal number of them came into close contact with (a) the developing modern British psychiatry and (b) with psychoanalysis, which had already been established for a long time. With the exception of the Maudsley Hospital and the British Psychoanalytic Society, no groups have been established, so that there are many individual life histories of the former German psychiatrists in the U.K. in a series of papers we intend to review the movement and its consequences. Long before the emigration movement began there were already convergent evolutions in the British and German psychiatry. The current paper studies the historical conditions encountered by the psychiatric clinicians and classical-psychiatric immigrants on their arrival in Britain.

[Daniel Paul Schreber, the illness of the Senate president]. / Daniel Paul Schrebers, des Senatspräsidenten Krankheit.

In a meta-diagnostic evaluation of Daniel Paul Schreber's (1840-1911) case history the conclusion is that he suffered from an anxiety-blissfulness psychosis. This results from a comparison of Schreber's autobiographical remarks as published in his "Memoirs" on the one hand with his psychiatrist's remarks in his clinical files on the other. The main characteristics of his illness were extensive anxieties and ecstatic elation. Since Schreber's book in recent years has been published in English, French and Italian translations and a number of biographical details have surfaced, a new international discussion has developed. The Schreber case partly is being seen as prototype of schizophrenia, partly as the typical result of the drill of a father education. Both views can be refuted out of the available material. This paper concentrates exclusively on the clinical diagnostic question.

The origin of the concept of paranoia.

The concept of paranoia has developed virtually simultaneously in Germany and France at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Originally, the idea of a disease of only a part of the soul was in the foreground of discussions. At the era of positivism and the belief of psychiatric illnesses purely as consequences of organic disorders, the concept changed to psychopathologic findings. Now delusions and particularly their systematic character were emphasized. Moreover, the absent impairment of "mental life in its entirety" was given prominence. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the arising concept of schizophrenia thrusts the discussion of paranoia into the background. It was not possible to find out which parts of paranoia were absorbed by dementia praecox. Finally, the development of modern diagnostic manuals revived the old clinical picture mainly because of its clinical evidence and the distinction from schizophrenia.