RESUMO
The outcome of children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has yet to be clearly established. Oppositional disorder (OD) first appeared in DSM III (1980), and then ODD replaced it in the DSM III-R (1987). At the time of this writing, there were no published articles in the literature on children followed into adulthood who were previously diagnosed with either OD or ODD. Might at least some children with ODD develop a personality disorder in the transition to adulthood? The entire cluster of ODD symptoms is not contained in a solitary personality disorder in the DSM IV-TR or International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10). A personality disorder from pre-DSM and pre-ICD personality nosology that had symptoms that met ODD diagnostic criteria was found. This personality disorder clearly appeared to be a more severe disorder than ODD. Ongoing misperceptions and an uncompromising, argumentative stance are the most prominent characteristics of this more severe disorder. Full DSM-style diagnostic criteria are proposed for it. These can be tested to determine this disorder's validity. However, further research is needed.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Personalidade/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/psicologia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Conflito Psicológico , Estudos Transversais , Delusões/diagnóstico , Delusões/epidemiologia , Delusões/psicologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Dissidências e Disputas , Seguimentos , Humanos , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/psicologiaRESUMO
One of the most frequently given reasons for relinquishing a companion animal to an animal shelter is that the person or family is moving. Telephone interviews conducted with 57 caregivers who relinquished animal companions to a shelter in the midwestern United States covered details of the move, characteristics both of the caregivers and the animals, and efforts to avoid relinquishment. A human-nonhuman animal bonding scale also was administered. Although some participants had additional reasons for relinquishment, the majority had given up their pets solely because they were moving. Most had relatively low income, were moving for employment reasons, and were renting their homes. Landlord restrictions were an important factor in relinquishment. High scores on the bonding scale and spontaneous expressions of discomfort and sorrow suggest that external pressures overrode attachment to the animal and the pain of relinquishment.
