MiR126-targeted-nanoparticles combined with PI3K/AKT inhibitor as a new strategy to overcome melanoma resistance.

Metastatic melanoma poses significant challenges as a highly lethal disease. Despite the success of molecular targeting using BRAFV600E inhibitors (BRAFis) and immunotherapy, the emergence of early recurrence remains an issue and there is the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This study aimed at creating a targeted delivery system for the oncosuppressor microRNA 126 (miR126) and testing its effectiveness in combination with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor for treating metastatic melanoma resistant to BRAFis. To achieve this, we synthesized chitosan nanoparticles containing a chemically modified miR126 sequence. These nanoparticles were further functionalized with an antibody specific to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) melanoma marker. After evaluation in vitro, the efficacy of this treatment was evaluated through an in vivo experiment using mice bearing resistant human melanoma. The co-administration of miR126 and the PI3K/AKT inhibitor in these experiments significantly reduced tumor growth and inhibited the formation of liver and lung metastases. These results provide evidence for a strategy to target an oncosuppressive nucleic acid sequence to tumor cells while simultaneously protecting it from plasma degradation. The system described in this study exhibits encouraging potential for the effective treatment of therapy-resistant metastatic melanoma while also presenting a prospective approach for other forms of cancer.

Assessment of Tumor Heterogeneity in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Mass Cytometry to Understand the Complex Tumor Biology.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly gynecological malignancy worldwide. OC patients undergo debulking surgery followed by platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy; however, despite recent development of new therapeutic approaches based on combination of chemotherapy and innovative targeted-therapies, most of them relapse due to chemoresistance. Many studies have been carried out to decipher the high heterogeneity of ovarian cancer cells that drives tumor treatment failure. Here, we describe our experience in the characterization of ovarian cancer cell subsets through a high-resolution technology in multiparametric analysis, such as mass cytometry (MC).

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human 'phage display'-derived antibody against neural adhesion molecule-1 antigen interfering with fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 binding.

BACKGROUND: The NCAM or CD56 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin super-family involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. NCAM is also over-expressed in many tumour types and is considered a tumour associated antigen, even if its role and biological mechanisms implicated in tumour progression and metastasis have not yet to be elucidated. In particular, it is quite well documented the role of the interaction between the NCAM protein and the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in metastasis and invasion, especially in the ovarian cancer progression. OBJECTIVE: Here we describe the isolation and preliminary characterization of a novel human anti-NCAM single chain Fragment variable antibody able to specifically bind NCAM-expressing cells, including epithelial ovarian cancer cells. METHODS: The antibody was isolate by phage display selection and was characterized by ELISA, FACS analysis and SPR experiments. Interference in EOC migration was analyzed by scratch test. RESULTS: It binds a partially linear epitope lying in the membrane proximal region of two fibronectin-like domains with a dissociation constant of 3.43 × 10-8 M. Interestingly, it was shown to interfere with the NCAM-FGFR1 binding and to partially decrease migration of EOC cells. CONCLUSIONS: According to our knowledge, this is the first completely human antibody able to interfere with this newly individuated cancer mechanism.

qSNE: quadratic rate t-SNE optimizer with automatic parameter tuning for large datasets.

MOTIVATION: Non-parametric dimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), are the most frequently used methods in the exploratory analysis of single-cell datasets. Current implementations scale poorly to massive datasets and often require downsampling or interpolative approximations, which can leave less-frequent populations undiscovered and much information unexploited. RESULTS: We implemented a fast t-SNE package, qSNE, which uses a quasi-Newton optimizer, allowing quadratic convergence rate and automatic perplexity (level of detail) optimizer. Our results show that these improvements make qSNE significantly faster than regular t-SNE packages and enables full analysis of large datasets, such as mass cytometry data, without downsampling. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code and documentation are openly available at https://bitbucket.org/anthakki/qsne/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Ovarian Cancers: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Heterogeneity and Progression, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells.

Four main histological subtypes of ovarian cancer exist: serous (the most frequent), endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell; in each subtype, low and high grade. The large majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed as high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGS-OvCas). TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in HGS-OvCas; about 50% of these tumors displayed defective homologous recombination due to germline and somatic BRCA mutations, epigenetic inactivation of BRCA and abnormalities of DNA repair genes; somatic copy number alterations are frequent in these tumors and some of them are associated with prognosis; defective NOTCH, RAS/MEK, PI3K and FOXM1 pathway signaling is frequent. Other histological subtypes were characterized by a different mutational spectrum: LGS-OvCas have increased frequency of BRAF and RAS mutations; mucinous cancers have mutation in ARID1A, PIK3CA, PTEN, CTNNB1 and RAS. Intensive research was focused to characterize ovarian cancer stem cells, based on positivity for some markers, including CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, EpCAM, LY6A, ALDH1. Ovarian cancer cells have an intrinsic plasticity, thus explaining that in a single tumor more than one cell subpopulation, may exhibit tumor-initiating capacity. The improvements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian cancers should lead to more efficacious treatments.

A small molecule SMAC mimic LBW242 potentiates TRAIL- and anticancer drug-mediated cell death of ovarian cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of death in women and development of new therapies is essential. Second mitochondria derived activator of caspase (SMAC) has been described to sensitize for apoptosis. We have explored the pro-apoptotic activity of LBW242, a mimic of SMAC/DIABLO, on ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 cells and its chemoresistant derivative A2780/ADR, SKOV3 and HEY cells) and in primary ovarian cancer cells. The effects of LBW242 on ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer cells was determined by cell proliferation, apoptosis and biochemical assays. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: LBW242 added alone elicited only a moderate pro-apoptotic effect; however, it strongly synergizes with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) or anticancer drugs in inducing apoptosis of both ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistic studies show that LBW242-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells is associated with activation of caspase-8. In line with this mechanism, c-FLIP overexpression inhibits LBW242-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION: LBW242 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to the antitumor effects of TRAIL and anticancer drugs commonly used in clinic. These observations suggest that the SMAC/DIABLO mimic LBW242 could be of value for the development of experimental strategies for treatment of ovarian cancer.

Hemopoietic and angiogenetic progenitors in healthy athletes: different responses to endurance and maximal exercise.

The effects of endurance or maximal exercise on mobilization of bone marrow-derived hemopoietic and angiogenetic progenitors in healthy subjects are poorly defined. In 10 healthy amateur runners, we collected venous blood before, at the end of, and the day after a marathon race (n = 9), and before and at the end of a 1.5-km field test (n = 8), and measured hemopoietic and angiogenetic progenitors by flow cytometry and culture assays, as well as plasma or serum concentrations of several cytokines/growth factors. After the marathon, CD34(+) cells were unchanged, whereas clonogenetic assays showed decreased number of colonies for both erythropoietic (BFU-E) and granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM) series, returning to baseline the morning post-race. Conversely, CD34(+) cells, BFU-E, and CFU-GM increased after the field test. Angiogenetic progenitors, assessed as CD34(+)KDR(+) and CD133(+)VE-cadherin(+) cells or as adherent cells in culture expressing endothelial markers, increased after both endurance and maximal exercise but showed a different pattern between protocols. Interleukin-6 increased more after the marathon than after the field test, whereas hepatocyte growth factor and stem cell factor increased similarly in both protocols. Plasma levels of angiopoietin (Ang) 1 and 2 increased after both types of exercise, whereas the Ang-1-to-Ang-2 ratio or vascular endothelial growth factor-A were little affected. These data suggest that circulating hemopoietic progenitors may be utilized in peripheral tissues during prolonged endurance exercise. Endothelial progenitor mobilization after exercise in healthy trained subjects appears modulated by the type of exercise. Exercise-induced increase in growth factors suggests a physiological trophic effect of exercise on the bone marrow.

The cancer stem cell selective inhibitor salinomycin is a p-glycoprotein inhibitor.

Salinomycin, a polyether antibiotic acting as a highly selective potassium ionophore and widely used as an anticoccidial drug, was recently shown to act as a specific inhibitor of cancer stem cells. In the present study we report that salinomycin acts as a potent inhibitor of multidrug resistance gp170, as evidenced through drug efflux assays in MDR cancer cell lines overexpressing P-gp (CEM-VBL 10 and CEM-VBL 100; A2780/ADR). Conformational P-gp assay provided evidence that the inhibitory effect of salinomycin on P-gp function could be mediated by the induction of a conformational change of the ATP transporter. Treatment of the MDR cell lines with salinomycin restored a normal drug sensitivity of these cells. The observation that salinomycin is a MDR-1 inhibitor may have important implications for the understanding of the mechanisms through which this drug impairs the viability of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, nigericin and abamectin, two additional drugs identified as cancer stem cells inhibitors, also act as potent gp170 inhibitors.

Mechanism of human Hb switching: a possible role of the kit receptor/miR 221-222 complex.

BACKGROUND: The human hemoglobin switch (HbF-->HbA) takes place in the peri/post-natal period. In adult life, however, the residual HbF (<1%) may be partially reactivated by chemical inducers and/or cytokines such as the kit ligand (KL). MicroRNAs (miRs) play a pivotal role in normal hematopoiesis: downmodulation of miR-221/222 stimulates human erythropoietic proliferation through upmodulation of the kit receptor. DESIGN AND METHODS: We have explored the possible role of kit/KL in perinatal Hb switching by evaluating: i) the expression levels of both kit and kit ligand on CD34(+) cells and in plasma isolated from pre-, mid- and full-term cord blood samples; ii) the reactivation of HbF synthesis in KL-treated unilineage erythroid cell cultures; iii) the functional role of miR-221/222 in HbF production. RESULTS: In perinatal life, kit expression showed a gradual decline directly correlated to the decrease of HbF (from 80-90% to <30%). Moreover, in full-term cord blood erythroid cultures, kit ligand induced a marked increase of HbF (up to 80%) specifically abrogated by addition of the kit inhibitor imatinib, thus reversing the Hb switch. MiR-221/222 expression exhibited rising levels during peri/post-natal development. In functional studies, overexpression of these miRs in cord blood progenitors caused a remarkable decrease in kit expression, erythroblast proliferation and HbF content, whereas their suppression induced opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies indicate that human perinatal Hb switching is under control of the kit receptor/miR 221-222 complex. We do not exclude, however, that other mechanisms (i.e. glucocorticoids and the HbF inhibitor BCL11A) may also contribute to the peri/post-natal Hb switch.

Primary ovarian cancer cells are sensitive to the proaptotic effects of proteasome inhibitors.

Resistance of tumors to cell death signals poses a complex clinical problem. In the present study, we have explored the capacity of proteasome inhibitors to induce cell death of ovarian cancer cells. We explored the sensitivity of primary ovarian cancer cells to a combination of bortezomib (also known as PS-341), a proteasome inhibitor and TRAIL, a death ligand, or mapatumumab or lexatumumab, TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 targeting agonist monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The results of our study showed that the large majority of primary ovarian cancers are clearly sensitive to the pro-apoptotic action of bortezomib, whose effects are potentiated by the concomitant addition of TRAIL or mapatumumab or lexatumumab. Interestingly, both cisplatin and paclitaxel-chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian tumors are equally sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of bortezomib. Bortezomib, combined with TRAIL or TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 agonist monoclonal antibodies may be a useful treatment for refractory ovarian cancer.

Correlations between progression of coronary artery disease and circulating endothelial progenitor cells.

The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) progression is not well understood. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may have an important role. In the present observational cohort study we assessed the number of circulating EPCs in 136 patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention and who had at least one major epicardial vessel with a nonsignificant stenosis [<50% diameter stenosis (DS)], and the relationship between plasma EPC levels and the 24-mo progression of the nonsignificant coronary artery lesion. The following cell populations were analyzed: CD34(+), CD133(+), CD34(+)/KDR(+), CD34(+)/VE cadherin(+), and endothelial cell colony-forming units (CFU-ECs). Progression was defined as a >15% DS increase of the objective vessel at follow-up. At 24 mo, 57 patients (42%) experienced significant progression. Independent predictors of disease progression were LDL cholesterol > 100 mg/dl (OR=1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.04; P=0.001), low plasma levels of CFU-ECs (OR=3.99; 95% CI 1.54-10.37; P=0.005), and male sex (OR=3.42; 95% CI 1.15-10.22; P=0.027). Circulating levels of EPCs are significantly lower in patients with angiographic CAD progression.

Bone marrow-derived progenitors are greatly reduced in patients with severe COPD and low-BMI.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have reduced circulating hemopoietic progenitors. We hypothesized that severity of COPD parallels the decrease in progenitors and that the reduction in body mass index (BMI) could be associated with more severe bone marrow dysfunction. We studied 39 patients with moderate to very severe COPD (18 with low-BMI and 21 with normal-BMI) and 12 controls. Disease severity was associated to a greater reduction in circulating progenitors. Proangiogenetic and inflammatory markers correlated with disease severity parameters. Compared to normal-BMI patients, low-BMI patients showed: greater reduction in circulating progenitors; higher VEGF-A, VEGF-C, HGF, Ang-2, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. Furthermore, among patients with similar pulmonary impairment, those who displayed low-BMI had a more markedly reduced number of CD34(+) cells and late endothelial progenitors. We show that the reduction in hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells correlates with COPD severity. Our findings also indicate that, in severe low-BMI COPD patients, bone marrow function seems to be further impaired and may lead to reduced reparative capacity.

High sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Imidazolide.

In the present study we have explored the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Imidazolide (CDDO-Im). For these studies we have used the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line and its chemoresistant derivatives A2780/ADR and A2780/CISP, OVCAR3, SKOV3 and HEY cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer cells, providing evidence that: (i) the majority of these cell lines are highly sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects induced by CDDO-Im; (ii) TRAIL, added alone exerted only a weak proapoptotic, but clearly potentiated the cytotoxic effect elicited by CDDO-Im; (iii) the apoptotic effect induced by CDDO-Im involves GSH depletion, c-FLIP downmodulation and caspase-8 activation; (iv) CDDO-Im inhibits STAT3 activation and CDDO-Im sensitivity is inversely related to the level of constitutive STAT3 activation. Importantly, studies on primary ovarian cancer cells have shown that these cells are sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects of CDDO-Im. These observations support the experimental use of synthetic triterpenoids in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Discovery of a new family of bis-8-hydroxyquinoline substituted benzylamines with pro-apoptotic activity in cancer cells: synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and action mechanism studies.

Bis-8-hydroxyquinoline substituted benzylamines have been synthesized and screened for their antitumor activity on KB3 cell line model. Synthesis of this series of new analogues was accomplished using a one pot specific methodology which allows the synthesis of both bis- and mono-8-hydroxyquinoline substituted benzylamines. Among the synthesized compounds two compounds (4a and 5a), respectively, named JLK 1472 and JLK 1486, were particularly potent on KB3 cell line. Their CC(50) values being, respectively, 2.6 and 1.3 nM. Screened on a panel of cell lines showing various phenotype alterations, both compounds were found inactive on some cell lines such as PC3 (prostate cell line) and SF268 (neuroblastoma cell line) while highly active on other different cell lines. Mechanistic studies reveal that these two analogues did not affect tubulin and microtubules neither they exert a proteasomal inhibition effect. In contrast 4a and 5a activate specifically caspase 3/7 and not caspase 8 and 9, suggesting that their biological target should be located upstream from caspase 3/7. Moreover their cytotoxic effect is potentiated by the pro-apoptotic effects of TRAIL.

A three-step pathway comprising PLZF/miR-146a/CXCR4 controls megakaryopoiesis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) regulate diverse normal and abnormal cell functions. We have identified a regulatory pathway in normal megakaryopoiesis, involving the PLZF transcription factor, miR-146a and the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4. In leukaemic cell lines PLZF overexpression downmodulated miR-146a and upregulated CXCR4 protein, whereas PLZF knockdown induced the opposite effects. In vitro assays showed that PLZF interacts with and inhibits the miR-146a promoter, and that miR-146a targets CXCR4 mRNA, impeding its translation. In megakaryopoietic cultures of CD34(+) progenitors, PLZF was upregulated, whereas miR-146a expression decreased and CXCR4 protein increased. MiR-146a overexpression and PLZF or CXCR4 silencing impaired megakaryocytic (Mk) proliferation, differentiation and maturation, as well as Mk colony formation. Mir-146a knockdown induced the opposite effects. Rescue experiments indicated that the effects of PLZF and miR-146a are mediated by miR-146a and CXCR4, respectively. Our data indicate that megakaryopoiesis is controlled by a cascade pathway, in which PLZF suppresses miR-146a transcription and thereby activates CXCR4 translation.

Expression of Tie-2 and other receptors for endothelial growth factors in acute myeloid leukemias is associated with monocytic features of leukemic blasts.

We investigated the expression of Tie-2 in primary blasts from 111 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to evaluate a possible linkage between the expression of this receptor and the immunophenotypic and biologic properties of leukemic blasts. Tie-2 was expressed at moderate and high levels in 39 and 23 of 111 AMLs, respectively. The analysis of the immunophenotype clearly showed that Tie-2 expression in AML was associated with monocytic features. Interestingly, Tie-2 expression on AML blasts was associated with concomitant expression of other receptors for endothelial growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGF-R1), -R2, and -R3. Tie-2(+) AMLs were characterized by high blast cell counts at diagnosis, a high frequency of Flt3 mutations, and increased Flt3 expression. The survival of Tie-2(+) AMLs is sustained through an autocrine pattern involving Angiopoietin-1 and Tie-2, as suggested by experiments showing induction of apoptosis in Tie-2(+) AMLs by agents preventing the binding of angiopoietins to Tie-2. Finally, the in vitro growth of Tie-2(+) AMLs in endothelial culture medium supplemented with VEGF and angiopoietins resulted in their partial endothelial differentiation. These observations suggest that Tie-2(+) AMLs pertain to a mixed monocytic/endothelial lineage, derived from the malignant transformation of the normal counterpart represented by monocytic cells expressing endothelial markers. The autocrine angiopoietin/Tie-2 axis may represent a promising therapeutic target to improve the outcome of patients with monocytic AML. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

Thyroid hormone receptor TRbeta1 mediates Akt activation by T3 in pancreatic beta cells.

It has recently been recognized that thyroid hormones may rapidly generate biological responses by non-genomic mechanisms that are unaffected by inhibitors of transcription and translation. The signal transduction pathways underlying these effects are just beginning to be defined. We demonstrated that thyroid hormone T3 rapidly induces Akt activation in pancreatic beta cells rRINm5F and hCM via thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta1. The phosphorylation of Akt was T3 specific and dependent. Coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization experiments revealed that the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) p85alpha subunit and the thyroid receptor beta1 were able to form a complex at the cytoplasmic level in both the cell lines, suggesting that a 'cytoplasmic TRbeta1' was implicated. Moreover, we evidenced that T3 treatment was able to induce kinase activity of the TRbeta1-associated PI3K. The silencing of TRbeta1 expression through RNAi confirmed this receptor to be crucial for the T3-induced activation of Akt. This action involved a T3-induced nuclear translocation of activated Akt, as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence. In summary, T3 is able to specifically activate Akt in the islet beta cells rRINm5F and hCM through the interaction between TRbeta1 and PI3K p85alpha, demonstrating the involvement of TRbeta1 in this novel T3 non-genomic action in islet beta cells.