New diterpene lactone derivatives from Aphanamixis polystachya leaves inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells.

Phytochemical studies on Aphanamixis plants have attracted considerable attention over the past few decades due to the structural diversities and significant biological activities of terpenoids produced by these plants. In the present study, five new acyclic diterpene lactone derivatives, aphanamixionolides A-E (1-5), and three known tirucallane-type triterpenes, namely, piscidinol A (6), hispidone (7), and bourjotinolone A (8), were isolated from the leaves of Aphanamixis polystachya. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data and by comparison with those reported in the literature. Absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by experimental and TD-DFT calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 1-8 inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 10.2-37.7 µM, which are comparable to positive control l-NMMA (IC50: 31.5 µM).

Five New Furostanol Glycosides from the Fruits of Tribulus terrestris with NO Production Inhibitory Activity.

Eight furostanol glycosides including five undescribed compounds, named tribufurostanosides A-E (1-5), and three known ones (6-8) were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. Their chemical structures were determined by the IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D-, and 2D-NMR spectra. Furostanols 1-8 significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in LPS activated RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 14.2 to 64.7 µM, compared to that of the positive control compound, dexamethazone (IC50 13.6 µM).

Discovery of new triterpene glycosides from Dendrobium officinale with their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity.

In this study, seven new pentacyclic triterpene glycosides, named dendrocinaosides A-G (1-7), and six known ones (8-13) were isolated from the whole plants of Dendrobium officinale. Their structures were determined by analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 1-4, 8, and 9 potentially inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities with the IC50 values ranging from 31.3 ± 2.2 to 42.4 ± 2.5 µM for anti α-glucosidase and from 36.5 ± 1.8 to 56.4 ± 2.0 µM for anti α-amylase activities, respectively, which were lower than that of the positive control, acarbose, showing IC50 values of 47.1 ± 1.4 µM for anti α-glucosidase and 145.7 ± 2.2 µM for anti α-amylase.

Feasibility, safety and oncological short-term outcome of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer: Findings from a large sample from Vietnam.

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) is an alternative to open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) for treatment of periampullary cancer in selected patients. However, this is a difficult procedure with a high complication rate. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 85 patients with suspected periampullary cancer who underwent LPD from February 2017 to January 2022 at University Medical Center at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Among these, 15 patients were excluded from the data analysis because of benign disease confirmed by postoperative pathological examination. Among 70 patients, the mean age was 58.9 ±â€…8.9 years old and 51.4% were female. The conversion rate to open surgery was 7.1% (n = 5). Among those underwent LPD, the mean operating time and estimated blood loss were 509 ±â€…94 minutes and 267 ±â€…102 mL, respectively. The median length of hospital stay was 8 days, interquartile range (IQR) 7-12 days. The percentage of cumulative morbidity, pancreatic fistula and major complication was 35.4%, 12.3%, and 13.8%, respectively. The median of comprehensive complication index (CCI) was 26.2 (IQR 20.9-29.6). Three patients required reoperation due to severe pancreatic fistula (n = 2) and necrotizing pancreatitis (n = 1). There was no death after ninety-day. The average number of harvested lymph nodes was 16.6 ±â€…5.1. The percentage of R0 resection was 100%. With properly selected patients, LPD can be a feasible, safe and effective approach with acceptable short-term outcomes.

The relationship between HIV-related stigma and quality of life among HIV infected outpatients: A cross-sectional study in Vietnam.

Background: The impact of stigma on individuals with HIV remains a significant challenge, causing feelings of worthlessness, shame, and emotional distress. This study aimed to examine the relationship between HIV-related stigma and quality of life (QOL) among HIV-infected outpatients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Vietnam. Design and methods: This was a cross-sectional study which conducted at Vinh General Hospital, Nghe An Province, involved 323 HIV-infected outpatients. Participants were surveyed between October 2020 and October 2021. The study collected data through structured interviews, assessing socio-demographic factors, HIV stigma, and QOL. Results: The result showed that HIV-infected outpatients experiencing higher stigma showed poorer QOL across various domains. The negative impact of stigma was particularly evident in domains related to physical health, psychological well-being, and spirituality. Participants who were married, had children, consumed alcohol, had comorbidities (particularly hepatitis B/C), and lacked a history of drug use reported varying levels of correlation with QOL domains and stigma. Conclusions: By identifying the intricate connections between stigma and QOL, the study provides valuable insights for designing comprehensive interventions that prioritize the well-being of HIV infected outpatients.

Cryptobuchanosides A-G: seven previously undescribed triterpene glycosides from Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem. and Schult. with nitric oxide production inhibition activity.

In this study, nine triterpene glycosides including seven previously undescribed compounds (1-7), were isolated from leaves of Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem. and Schult. using various chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated to be 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyluncargenin C 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyluncargenin C 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyluncargenin C 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosylhederagenin 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosylarjunolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß- D-glucopyranosyl-6ß,23-dihydroxyursolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (6), 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-6ß,23-dihydroxyursolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7), asiatic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (8), and 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosylasiatic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (9), through infrared, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. The isolates inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 18.8-58.5 µM, compared to the positive control compound, dexamethasone, which exhibited an IC50 of 14.1 µM.

Deep learning-based target decomposition for markerless lung tumor tracking in radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: In radiotherapy, real-time tumor tracking can verify tumor position during beam delivery, guide the radiation beam to target the tumor, and reduce the chance of a geometric miss. Markerless kV x-ray image-based tumor tracking is challenging due to the low tumor visibility caused by tumor-obscuring structures. Developing a new method to enhance tumor visibility for real-time tumor tracking is essential. PURPOSE: To introduce a novel method for markerless kV image-based tracking of lung tumors via deep learning-based target decomposition. METHODS: We utilized a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN), known as Pix2Pix, to build a patient-specific model and generate the synthetic decomposed target image (sDTI) to enhance tumor visibility on the real-time kV projection images acquired by the onboard kV imager equipped on modern linear accelerators. We used 4DCT simulation images to generate the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) and DTI image pairs for model training. We augmented the training dataset by randomly shifting the 4DCT in the superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, and left-right directions during the DRR and DTI generation process. We performed real-time 2D tumor tracking via template matching between the DTI generated from the CT simulation and the sDTI generated from the real-time kV projection images. We validated the proposed method using nine patients' datasets with implanted beacons near the tumor. RESULTS: The sDTI can effectively improve the image contrast around the lung tumors on the kV projection images for the nine patients. With the beacon motion as ground truth, the tracking errors were on average 0.8 ± 0.7 mm in the superior-inferior (SI) direction and 0.9 ± 0.8 mm in the in-plane left-right (IPLR) direction. The percentage of successful tracking, defined as a tracking error less than 2 mm in the SI direction, is 92.2% on the 4312 tested images. The patient-specific model took approximately 12 h to train. During testing, it took approximately 35 ms to generate one sDTI, and 13 ms to perform the tumor tracking using template matching. CONCLUSIONS: Our method offers the potential solution for nearly real-time markerless lung tumor tracking. It achieved a high level of accuracy and an impressive tracking rate. Further development of 3D lung tumor tracking is warranted.

Undescribed (2-7')-neolignans and polyoxygenated cyclohexene glycosides from the aerial parts of Piper mutabile C. DC. and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production.

A phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Piper mutabile C. DC. revealed seven undescribed compounds [two (2-7')-neolignans and five polyoxygenated cyclohexene glycosides] and six known propenylcatechol derivatives. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive HR-ESI-MS and NMR analyses, as well as comparison with the literature. The absolute configurations of the (2-7')-neolignans were confirmed by GIAO 13C NMR calculations with a sorted training set strategy and TD-DFT calculation ECD spectra. The (2-7')-neolignans and polyoxygenated cyclohexene glycosides are unusual in natural sources. Undescribed neolignans 1 and 2 inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, with respective IC50 values of 14.4 and 9.5 µM.

Economic Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review.

Globally, providing evidence on the economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming essential as it assists the health authorities to efficiently allocate resources. This study aimed to summarize the literature on economic burden evidence for COPD from 1990 to 2019. This study examined the economic burden of COPD through a systematic review of studies from 1990 to 2019. A search was done in online databases, including Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. After screening 12,734 studies, 43 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. General study information and data on direct, indirect, and intangible costs were extracted and converted to 2018 international dollars (Int$). Findings revealed that the total direct costs ranged from Int$ 52.08 (India) to Int$ 13,776.33 (Canada) across 16 studies, with drug costs rannging from Int$ 70.07 (Vietnam) to Int$ 8,706.9 (China) in 11 studies. Eight studies explored indirect costs, while one highlighted caregivers' direct costs at approximately Int$ 1,207.8 (Greece). This study underscores the limited research on COPD caregivers' economic burdens, particularly in developing countries, emphasizing the importance of increased research support, particularly in high-resource settings. This study provides information about the demographics and economic burden of COPD from 1990 to 2019. More strategies to reduce the frequency of hospital admissions and acute care services should be implemented to improve the quality of COPD patients' lives and reduce the disease's rising economic burden.

Undescribed sesquiterpene-diterpene heterodimers from the fruits of Aphanamixis polystachya selectively modulate inflammatory markers in RAW 264.7 cells.

Aphanapolystachones A-C (1-3), three undescribed sesquiterpene-diterpene heterodimers, were obtained from the fruits of Aphanamixis polystachya. Their structures and absolute configurations were identified by extensive analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR, experimental and TD-DFT calculated ECD spectra. The biosynthetic pathway of them was also proposed, which is produced by key intermolecular Diels-Alder [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction between a guaiane sesquiterpene and an acyclic diterpene. Compounds 1-3 inhibited NO production in LPS activated RAW 264.7 cells with the IC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.2, 3.0 ± 0.3, 5.3 ± 0.3 µM, respectively, lower than that of the positive control L-NMMA (31.5 ± 2.6 µM). In addition, compounds 1-3 significantly reduced IL-6 secretion at diluted concentration of 0.4 µM.

Four Undescribed compounds Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Phyllanthus cochinchinensis with Antimicrobial Activity and NO Production Inhibitory Activity in LPS Activated RAW 264.7 Cells.

Four previously undescribed compounds named phyllancosides A and B (1 and 2), and phyllancochines A and B (3 and 4) together with ten known compounds (5-14) were isolated from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive analysis of IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 3, 4, and 10 showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, S. aureus, and B. cereus with the MIC values in range of 32-256 µg/mL. Compound 11 inhibited E. faecalis and B. cereus, and 7 inhibited S. aureus with the MIC values in range of 64-128 µg/mL. In addition, compounds 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9 showed significantly NO production inhibitory activity in LPS activated RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 36.57 to 56.34 µM.

Undescribed Triterpenes from the Leaves of Syzygium myrsinifolium with Their α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition Activity.

Two undescribed triterpenes, syzyfolium A (1) and syzyfolium B (2), together with twelve known compounds, terminolic acid (3), actinidic acid (4), piscidinol A (5), threo-dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), lariciresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside (7), icariol A2 (8), 14ß,15ß-dihydroxyklaineanone (9), garcimangosone D (10), (+)-catechin (11), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (12), quercitrin (13), and 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O-galloyl)-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (14) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium myrsinifolium. Their chemical structures were determined by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 3 and 4 inhibited significantly α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 23.99 and 36.84, respectively, and compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly α-amylase with IC50 values of 35.48 and 43.65 µM, respectively.

Toward quantitative intrafractional monitoring in paraspinal SBRT using a proprietary software application: clinical implementation and patient results.

Objective.We report on paraspinal motion and the clinical implementation of our proprietary software that leverages Varian's intrafraction motion review (IMR) capability for quantitative tracking of the spine during paraspinal SBRT. The work is based on our prior development and analysis on phantoms.Approach.To address complexities in patient anatomy, digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR's) that highlight only the spine or hardware were constructed as tracking reference. Moreover, a high-pass filter and first-pass coarse search were implemented to enhance registration accuracy and stability. For evaluation, 84 paraspinal SBRT patients with sites spanning across the entire vertebral column were enrolled with prescriptions ranging from 24 to 40 Gy in one to five fractions. Treatments were planned and delivered with 9 IMRT beams roughly equally distributed posteriorly. IMR was triggered every 200 or 500 MU for each beam. During treatment, the software grabbed the IMR image, registered it with the corresponding DRR, and displayed the motion result in near real-time on auto-pilot mode. Four independent experts completed offline manual registrations as ground truth for tracking accuracy evaluation.Main results.Our software detected ≥1.5 mm and ≥2 mm motions among 17.1% and 6.6% of 1371 patient images, respectively, in either lateral or longitudinal direction. In the validation set of 637 patient images, 91.9% of the tracking errors compared to manual registration fell within ±0.5 mm in either direction. Given a motion threshold of 2 mm, the software accomplished a 98.7% specificity and a 93.9% sensitivity in deciding whether to interrupt treatment for patient re-setup.Significance.Significant intrafractional motion exists in certain paraspinal SBRT patients, supporting the need for quantitative motion monitoring during treatment. Our improved software achieves high motion tracking accuracy clinically and provides reliable guidance for treatment intervention. It offers a practical solution to ensure accurate delivery of paraspinal SBRT on a conventional Linac platform.

Improved expression and purification of highly-active 3 chymotrypsin-like protease from SARS-CoV-2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths and widespread socio-economic damage worldwide. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to identify effective measures to control the spreading of the virus. Among various potential targets, the 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), also known as Mpro, stands out as the key protease of SARS-CoV-2, playing an essential role in virus replication and assembly, is the most prospective. In this study, we modified the commercial vector, pETM33-Nsp5-Mpro (plasmid # 156475, Addgene, USA), by inserting an autocleavage site (AVLQ) of 3CLpro and 6 × His-tag encoding sequences before and after the Nsp5-Mpro sequence, respectively. This modification enabled the expression of 3CLpro as an authentic N terminal protease (au3CLpro), which was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a single-step chromatography using two tandem Glutathione- and Ni-Sepharose columns. The enzyme au3CLpro demonstrated significantly higher activity (3169 RFU/min/µg protein) and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km of 0.007 µM-1.s-1) than that of the 3CLpro (com3CLpro) expressed from the commercial vector (pETM33-Nsp5-Mpro) with specific activity 889 RFU/min/µg and Kcat/Km of 0.0015 µM-1.s-1, respectively. Optimal conditions for au3CLpro activity included a 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7, containing 150 mM NaCl and 0.1 mg/ml BSA at 37 °C.

Four Steroidal Saponins from the Trunks of Dracaena cambodiana with Inhibition of NO Production in LPS Activated RAW264.7 Cells.

Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. is well known as a medicinal plant and widely distributed in Vietnam. Phytochemical investigation on the trunks of D. cambodiana lead to the isolation of four undescribed compounds (1-4) together with seven known ones (5-11). Their structures were determined to be pennogenin-24-yl-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), 17α-hydroxycambodianoside C (2), (25R)-27-hydroxypenogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), (3ß,25R)-17α,22α-dihydroxy-furost-5-en-3-yl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), dracagenin A (5), 1-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-4-allylbenzene (6), 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-allylbenzene (7), 2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-allylbenzene (8), cinnamrutinoside A (9), icariside D1 (10), and seco-isolariciresinol 9-O-ß-glucopyranoside (11) by extensive spectroscopic investigation, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated on macrophages. Compounds 1-6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, compound 1 showed the best inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8.90±0.56 µM.

Four New Steroidal Saponins from the Roots of Dracaena cambodiana with NO Production Inhibition Activity in LPS Activated RAW 264.7 Cells.

Seven steroidal saponins including three new 16,23-cyclocholestanes (1-3) and one new pregane (4) were isolated from the roots of Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. Their chemical structures were elucidated to be (23R,25R)-26-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,17(20)-dien-22-one-3ß,16α,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), (23R,25R)-26-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,17,20(22)-trien-3ß,22,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), (23R,25R)-16,23-cyclocholesta-5,16,20(22)-trien-3ß,22,26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3ß-[(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-D-gluco-pyranosyl)oxy]-pregna-5,17(20)-diene-16-one-20-carboxylic acid 4''''-O-ß-D-glucopyranosylisopentyl ester (4), cambodianoside A (5), diosbulbiside C (6), and diosbulbiside D (7), by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 1 and 4-7 inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 19.03±1.84 to 67.92±3.81 µM, whereas compounds 2 and 3 were inactive with IC50 values over 100 µM.

Testing biological actions of medicinal plants from northern Vietnam on zebrafish embryos and larvae: Developmental, behavioral, and putative therapeutical effects.

Evaluating the risks and benefits of using traditional medicinal plants is of utmost importance for a huge fraction of the human population, in particular in Northern Vietnam. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a simple vertebrate model for testing toxic and physiological effects of compounds, especially on development. Here, we tested 12 ethanolic extracts from popular medicinal plants collected in northern Vietnam for their effects on zebrafish survival and development during the first 4 days after fertilization. We characterized more in detail their effects on epiboly, hatching, growth, necrosis, body curvature, angiogenesis, skeletal development and mostly increased movement behavior. Finally, we confirm the effect on epiboly caused by the Mahonia bealei extract by staining the actin filaments and performing whole genome gene expression analysis. Further, we show that this extract also inhibits cell migration of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Finally, we analyzed the chemical composition of the Mahonia bealei extract and test the effects of its major components. In conclusion, we show that traditional medicinal plant extracts are able to affect zebrafish early life stage development to various degrees. In addition, we show that an extract causing delay in epiboly also inhibits mammalian cell migration, suggesting that this effect may serve as a preliminary test for identifying extracts that inhibit cancer metastasis.

Bayesian merging of numerical modeling and remote sensing for saltwater intrusion quantification in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.

Saltwater intrusion has become one of the most concerning issues in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) due to its increasing impacts on agriculture and food security of Vietnam. Reliable estimation of salinity plays a crucial role to mitigate the impacts of saltwater intrusion. This study developed a hybrid technique that merges satellite imagery with numerical simulations to improve the estimation of salinity in the VMD. The salinity derived from Landsat images and by numerical simulations was fused using the Bayesian inference technique. The results indicate that our technique significantly reduces the uncertainties and improves the accuracy of salinity estimates. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient is 0.74, which is much higher than that of numerical simulation (0.63) and Landsat estimation (0.6). The correlation coefficient between the ensemble and measured salinity is relatively high (0.88). The variance of the ensemble salinity errors (5.0 ppt2) is lower than that of Landsat estimation (10.4 ppt2) and numerical simulations (9.6 ppt2). The proposed approach shows a great potential to combine multiple data sources of a variable of interest to improve its accuracy and reliability wherever these data are available.

Rapid Surface Modification of Stainless Steel 304L Electrodes for Microbial Electrochemical Sensor Application.

Electrogenic microorganisms serve as important biocatalysts for microbial electrochemical sensors (MESes). The electrical signal produced is based on the rate of electron transfer between the microbes and electrodes, which represents the biotoxicity of water. However, existing MESes require complex and sophisticated fabrication methods. Here, several low-cost and rapid surface modification strategies (carbon powder-coated, flame-oxidized, and acid-bleached) have been demonstrated and studied for biosensing purposes. Surface-modified MESe bioanodes were successfully applied to detect multiple model pollutants including sodium acetate, ethanol, thinner, and palm oil mill effluent under three different testing sequences, namely, pollutant incremental, pollutant dumping, and water dilution tests. The carbon powder-coated bioanode showed the most responsive signal profile for all the three tests, which is in line with the average roughness values (Ra) when tested with atomic force microscopy. The carbon powder-coated electrode possessed a Ra value of 0.844, while flame-oxidized, acid-bleached, and control samples recorded 0.323, 0.336, and 0.264, respectively. The higher roughness was caused by the carbon coating and provided adhesive sites for microbial attachment and growth. The accuracy of MESe was also verified by correlating with chemical oxygen demand (COD) results. Similar to the sensitivity test, the carbon powder-coated bioanode obtained the highest R2 value of 0.9754 when correlated with COD results, indicating a high potential of replacing conventional water quality analysis methods. The reported work is of great significance to showcase facile surface modification techniques for MESes, which are cost-effective and sustainable while retaining the biocompatibility toward the microbial community with carbon-based coatings.

Clinical presentation, management and outcomes of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a 15-year single-center experience in Vietnam.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of bile duct injuries (BDIs) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods: This is a case series of 28 patients with BDIs after LC treated at a tertiary hospital in Vietnam during the 2006-2021 period. The BDI's clinical presentations, Strasberg classification types, management methods, and outcomes were reported. Results: BDIs were diagnosed intraoperatively in 3 (10.7%) patients and postoperatively in 25 (89.3%). The BDI types included Strasberg A (13, 46.4%), D (1, 3.6%), E1 (1, 3.6%), E2 (4, 14.3%), E3 (5, 17.9%), D + E2 (2, 7.1%), and nonclassified (2, 7.1%). Of the postoperative BDIs, the injury manifested as biliary obstruction (18, 72.0%), bile leak (5, 20.0%), and mixed scenarios (2, 8.0%). Regarding diagnostic methods, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was more useful in bile leak scenarios, while multislice computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography were more useful in biliary obstruction scenarios. All 28 BDIs were successfully treated. ERCP with stenting was very effective in the majority of Strasberg A BDIs. For more complex BDI types, hepaticocutaneous jejunostomy was a safe and effective approach. The in-hospital morbidities included postoperative pneumonia (2, 10.7%) and biliary-enteric anastomosis leakage (1, 5.4%). There was no cholangitis or anastomotic stenosis during the follow-up after discharge (median 18 months). Conclusions: The majority of BDIs are type A and diagnosed postoperatively. ERCP is effective for the majority of Strasberg A BDIs. For major and complex BDIs, hepaticocutaneous jejunostomy is a safe and effective approach.