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BACKGROUND: Anemia is the commonest nutritional deficiency disorder in the world, particularly in developing countries. Though anemia is easily treatable and largely preventable disease if timely detected, it still continues to be significantly prevalent among pregnant women. AIM: The aim of this study was to measure the extent of anemia in pregnancy and to assess the association of risk factors with anemia. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 women were selected among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Sampling was done by selecting every fifth woman visiting antenatal clinic within the duration of two months on alternate days. Data were collected using a predesigned, pretested semi-structured schedule. Hemoglobin concentrations were also recorded for each patient. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and 'T' test of significance. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We found overall prevalence of anemia to be 90% among pregnant women. Most of the anemic patients (60.5%) belong to moderate severity according to the World Health Organization classification. Three factors namely socioeconomic status, gravida and time of 1st antenatal visit were significantly associated with prevalence of anemia in pregnancy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, a high prevalence of anemia was found in pregnant women. Low socioeconomic status, multigravida and delayed visit to antenatal clinic were significantly associated with anemia in pregnancy. So, awareness and education programs should be generated to make people come to know about anemia, its complications during pregnancy and ways to prevent it.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Tubular adenomas are rare benign epithelial tumours of breast affecting predominantly females of child bearing age group. Till now, very small number of cases have been reported in the literature. Present study was carried out to evaluate the clinico-pathological features of tubular adenoma cases diagnosed during three years study period along with discussion of possible differential diagnoses. METHODS: Overall, 346 female breast biopsies were diagnosed as benign lesions in three years (2010-2012), of which 10 cases of tubular adenomas were identified. Available clinical, radiological and cytological data of these cases were analysed retrospectively in detail. RESULT: Tubular adenomas were identified from 16 to 48 years of age with a predilection to younger age group (60% within 30 years). Most of the tubular adenomas were small and circumscribed mimicking fibroadenoma in almost all the cases. Diagnosis of tubular adenoma in each case was possible only after histological examination. Pre-operative diagnosis of tubular adenoma was not established by cytological and radiological evaluation in any case. CONCLUSION: Tubular adenomas are clinically indistinguishable from other benign breast neoplasms and it should be considered as potential differential diagnosis during histopathological evaluation of breast biopsies.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic infective disorder caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. It usually presents as a soft polypoidal pedunculated or sessile mass. Nose and nasopharynx are the commonest sites, followed by conjunctiva, maxillary sinuses, penis, urethra. AIMS: The aim of this study is to present the clinicopathological features of rhinosporidiosis in a large series of cases and to asses the role of cytology in diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 63 cases were included in the study group. Diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis was confirmed in all cases by histology with or without cytological evaluation. May-Grünwald-Giemsa and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining was used in all cases, and special stains like periodic acid Schiff and mucicarmine were used in a few cases. Detailed clinical history of all the cases was noted. Routine hematological investigations including ABO blood grouping were done in all possible cases. RESULTS: Evaluation of the clinical data in our series demonstrated male predominance (36 out of 63; 56%). Nose and nasopharynx were the commonest sites involved (74.6%). Routine hematology tests did not show any significant change in most of the cases. However, a significant proportion of the study population (18 out of 41; 44%) had blood group O. Cytodiagnosis attempted in 17 cases out of 63 cases achieved 100% correlation with histology. CONCLUSION: Morphological appearance alone in a few cases failed to give diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis. Cytology can be very helpful in diagnosis in these cases, but histology is the mainstay of diagnosis.