Face painting as an anatomical learning tool based on individual ultrasonographic examination.

Considering the shift to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic, new and easily accessible educational videos and content on clinical anatomy are necessary. This study utilized numerous references and data on the anatomy of Asian facial muscles and blood vessels to accurately depict human anatomy through face painting. It aimed to provide clinicians accurate educational video content on anatomy to help prevent possible complications during noninvasive facial and surgical procedures. A 26-year-old Korean-Chinese male volunteer was used as a face painting model. The location of the blood vessels of the face was confirmed through ultrasonography images using a real-time two-dimensional B-mode. The model's face was painted by an artist majoring in anatomy. To reveal most anatomical structures on both sides of the face, the left side showed the structures observed when the skin and superficial fat layer are removed, and the right side revealed the deeper layer structures that can be seen when some muscles are cut. Fifteen superficial and deep muscles important in esthetic procedures were meticulously painted on the face. The face painting took a total of 6 h, and the video was edited to 5 min. This study merged the advantages of 2D and 3D by painting directly on the skin surface of a living model. Thus, it can provide more dynamic surface anatomy data. These contents inform clinicians about 3D anatomic location, which can help avoid complications when performing clinical procedures on the face.

Ultrasonographic analyses of Crow's feet and novel guideline for botulinum toxin injection.

BACKGROUND: Crow's feet are bilateral orbital wrinkles formed by the orbital portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is the target muscle for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection. OBJECTIVES: This study's aim was to demonstrate a novel BoNT injection guideline by assessing muscle width, thickness, and dynamic features using ultrasonography. METHODS: Twenty healthy Korean volunteers (10 men, 10 women; mean age, 25.6) participated. The width, thickness, and dynamic movement of the orbicularis oculi muscle were measured using ultrasonography. Two volunteers were selected to receive BoNT injections. Injections were administered using a novel method with two curved reference lines passing a point 15 mm lateral to the lateral canthus (conventional injection) and a point 5 mm lateral to the lateral margin of the frontal process of zygomatic bone (additional injection). RESULT: At the lateral canthus level, the distance between the lateral margin of the frontal process and the most lateral margin of the orbicularis oculi muscle was 12.5 ± 1.3 mm. The thickness of the orbicularis oculi muscle at the midpoint of the frontal process, the lateral marginal of the frontal process, and 5 mm lateral to the lateral marginal of the frontal process was 0.7 ± 0.3 mm, 1.1 ± 0.3 mm, and 1.2 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. The crow's feet of the two volunteers began to disappear from day 3 and completely disappeared on day 7 after the injection. CONCLUSION: The novel injection technique based on the ultrasonographic anatomy resulted in improvements in the appearance of crow's feet.