The CALERIE™ Genomic Data Resource.

Caloric restriction (CR) slows biological aging and prolongs healthy lifespan in model organisms. Findings from CALERIE-2™ - the first ever randomized, controlled trial of long-term CR in healthy, non-obese humans - broadly supports a similar pattern of effects in humans. To expand our understanding of the molecular pathways and biological processes underpinning CR effects in humans, we generated a series of genomic datasets from stored biospecimens collected from n=218 participants during the trial. These data constitute the first publicly-accessible genomic data resource for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention targeting the biology of aging. Datasets include whole-genome SNP genotypes, and three-timepoint-longitudinal DNA methylation, mRNA, and small RNA datasets generated from blood, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue samples (total sample n=2327). The CALERIE Genomic Data Resource described in this article is available from the Aging Research Biobank. This mult-itissue, multi-omic, longitudinal data resource has great potential to advance translational geroscience.

Association of prior treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients.

COVID-19 infection has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality globally, especially among older adults. Repurposed drugs have demonstrated activity in respiratory illnesses, including nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. In this retrospective longitudinal study at 4 academic medical centers, we show no benefit of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates regarding ICU admission, ventilator use, and mortality among older adults with COVID-19 infection. We specifically evaluated the intravenous bisphosphonate zoledronic acid and found no difference compared to oral bisphosphonates. BACKGROUND: Widely used in osteoporosis treatment, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BP) have been associated with reduced mortality and morbidity among older adults. Based on prior studies, we hypothesized that prior treatment with N-BP might reduce intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ventilator use, and death among older adults diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of the PCORnet Common Data Model across 4 academic medical centers through 1 September 2021 identified individuals age >50 years with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The composite outcome included ICU admission, ventilator use, or death within 15, 30, and 180 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Use of N-BP was defined as a prescription within 3 years prior. ICU admission and ventilator use were determined using administrative codes. Death included both in-hospital and out-of-hospital events. Patients treated with N-BP were matched 1:1 by propensity score to patients without prior N-BP use. Secondary analysis compared outcomes among those prescribed zoledronic acid (ZOL) to those prescribed oral N-BPs. RESULTS: Of 76,223 COVID-19 patients identified, 1,853 were previously prescribed N-BP, among whom 559 were prescribed ZOL. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in the composite outcome at 15 days (HR 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89-1.67), 30 days (HR 1.24, 95% CI: 0.93-1.66), or 180 days (HR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.93-1.48), comparing those prescribed and not prescribed N-BP. Compared to those prescribed oral N-BP, there were no significant differences in outcomes among those prescribed ZOL. CONCLUSION: Among older COVID-19 patients, prior exposure to N-BP including ZOL was not associated with a reduction in ICU admission, ventilator use, or death.

[Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor: clinical application]. / Dynamische Magnetresonanztomographie des Beckenbodens: Klinische Anwendung.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic floor plays a key role in imaging complex pelvic floor dysfunction. The simultaneous detection of multiple findings in a complex anatomic setting renders correct analysis and clinical interpretation challenging. OBJECTIVES: The most important aspects (anatomy of the pelvic floor, three compartment model, morphological and functional analysis, reporting) for a successful clinical use of dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor are summarized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of the scientific literature on dynamic pelvic MR imaging with special consideration of the joint recommendations provided by the expert panel of ESUR/ESGAR in 2016. RESULTS: The pelvic floor is a complex anatomic structure, mainly formed by the levator ani muscle, the urethral support system and the endopelvic fascia. Firstly, morphological changes of these structures are analysed on the static sequences. Secondly, the functional analysis using the three compartment model is performed on the dynamic sequences during squeezing, straining and defecation. Pelvic organ mobility, pelvic organ prolapse, the anorectal angle and pelvic floor relaxation are measured and graded. The diagnosis of cystoceles, enteroceles, rectoceles, the uterovaginal as well as anorectal decent, intussusceptions and dyssynergic defecation should be reported using a structured report form. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive analysis of all morphological and functional findings during dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor can provide information missed by other imaging modalities and hence alter therapeutic strategies.

[Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor: Technical aspects]. / Dynamische Magnetresonanztomographie des Beckenbodens: Technische Aspekte.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic floor plays a key role in imaging complex pelvic floor dysfunction. High-quality examination is crucial for diagnostic benefit but can be technically challenging. OBJECTIVES: The most important technical aspects (patient selection, patient preparation, MRI technology, MRI scan protocol, success control) for obtaining a state-of-the-art dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor are summarized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of the scientific literature on dynamic pelvic MR imaging with special consideration of the joint recommendations provided by the expert panels of European Society of Urogenital Radiology/European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESUR/ESGAR) in 2016 and Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) in 2019. RESULTS: Examination with at least 1.5 T and a surface coil after rectal instillation of ultrasound gel is clinical standard. Dynamic MRI in a closed magnet with the patient in supine position is the most widespread technique. No clinically significant pathologies of the pelvic floor are missed compared to the sitting position in an open magnet. The minimum scan protocol should encompass static, high-resolution T2-imaging (i.e., T2-TSE) in three planes and dynamic sequences with high temporal resolution in sagittal (and possibly axial) plane (i.e., steady-state or balanced steady-state free precession) during squeezing, straining and evacuation. Detailed patient instruction and practicing prior to the scan improve patients' compliance and hence diagnostic quality. CONCLUSIONS: A technically flawless dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor according to these standards can provide information missed by other imaging modalities and hence alter therapeutic strategies.

Effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial.

The geroscience hypothesis proposes that therapy to slow or reverse molecular changes that occur with aging can delay or prevent multiple chronic diseases and extend healthy lifespan1-3. Caloric restriction (CR), defined as lessening caloric intake without depriving essential nutrients4, results in changes in molecular processes that have been associated with aging, including DNA methylation (DNAm)5-7, and is established to increase healthy lifespan in multiple species8,9. Here we report the results of a post hoc analysis of the influence of CR on DNAm measures of aging in blood samples from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial, a randomized controlled trial in which n = 220 adults without obesity were randomized to 25% CR or ad libitum control diet for 2 yr (ref. 10). We found that CALERIE intervention slowed the pace of aging, as measured by the DunedinPACE DNAm algorithm, but did not lead to significant changes in biological age estimates measured by various DNAm clocks including PhenoAge and GrimAge. Treatment effect sizes were small. Nevertheless, modest slowing of the pace of aging can have profound effects on population health11-13. The finding that CR modified DunedinPACE in a randomized controlled trial supports the geroscience hypothesis, building on evidence from small and uncontrolled studies14-16 and contrasting with reports that biological aging may not be modifiable17. Ultimately, a conclusive test of the geroscience hypothesis will require trials with long-term follow-up to establish effects of intervention on primary healthy-aging endpoints, including incidence of chronic disease and mortality18-20.

MR lymphangiography of lymphatic abnormalities in children and adults with Noonan syndrome.

Noonan syndrome is associated with complex lymphatic abnormalities. We report dynamic-contrast enhanced MR lymphangiography (DCMRL) findings in children and adults with Noonan syndrome to further elucidate this complex disease spectrum. A retrospective evaluation of patients with confirmed Noonan syndrome and clinical signs of lymphatic dysfunction undergoing DCMRL between 01/2019 and 04/2021 was performed. MRL included T2-weighted imaging (T2w) and DCMRL. Clinical history/presentation and genetic variants were recorded. T2w-imaging was evaluated for central lymphatic abnormalities and edema distribution. DCMRL was evaluated regarding the presence of cisterna chyli/thoracic duct, lymphatic leakages, pathological lymphatic reflux and abnormal lymphatic perfusion. The time from start of contrast-injection to initial enhancement of the thoracic duct venous junction was measured to calculate the speed of contrast propagation. Eleven patients with Noonan syndrome with lymphatic abnormalities (5 female, 6 male; 7 infants, 4 adults; mean age 10.8 ± 16.4 years) were identified (PTPN11 n = 5/11 [45.5%], RIT1 n = 5/11 [45.5%], KRAS n = 1/11 [9%]). Patients had a chylothorax (n = 10/11 [91%]) and/or pulmonary lymphangiectasia [dilated pulmonary lymph vessels] (n = 9/11 [82%]). Mediastinal/pulmonary edema was depicted in 9/11 (82%) patients. The thoracic duct (TD) was (partially) absent in 10/11 (91%) cases. DCMRL showed lymphatic reflux into intercostal (n = 11/11 [100%]), mediastinal (n = 9/11 [82%]), peribronchial (n = 8/11 [73%]), peripheral (n = 5/11 [45.5%]) and genital lymphatics (n = 4/11 [36%]). Abnormal pulmonary/pleural lymphatic perfusion was seen in 8/11 patients (73%). At infancy peripheral/genital edema was more prevalent in patients with RIT1 than PTPN11 (n = 3/5 vs. n = 0/5). Compared to patients with PTPN11 who had fast lymphatic enhancement in 4/5 patients, enhancement took markedly longer in 4/5 patients with RIT1-mutations. Thoracic duct dysplasia, intercostal reflux and pulmonary/pleural lymphatic perfusion are characteristic findings in patients with Noonan syndrome presenting with chylothorax and/or pulmonary lymphangiectasia. Central lymphatic flow abnormalities show possible phenotypical differences between PTPN11 and RIT1-mutations.

Ultrasound-guided needle positioning for nodal dynamic contrast-enhanced MR lymphangiography.

The aim of the study was to assess injection needle positioning for contrast-enhanced MR-lymphangiography (MRL) by ultrasound-guided injection of saline-solution. 80 patients (33 male, mean age 43.1 years) were referred for MRL. The injection needle position was assessed by injection of saline-solution. Consecutive lymph node distension was observed on sonography followed by MRL. Transpedal MRL was performed when no inguinal lymph nodes could be identified. The inguinal lymph node detection rate was recorded. MR-lymphangiograms were assessed regarding primary (i.e. enhancement of draining lymph vessels) and secondary technical success (i.e. lymph vessel enhancement after repositioning of the needle). MRL was considered as clinically successful if enhancement of the central lymphatic system and/or a lymphatic pathologies were observed. For a total of 92 MRLs 177 groins were evaluated sonographically. In 171/177 groins (96.6%) lymph nodes were identified. After needle placement lymph node distension was observed in 171/171 cases (100%) on saline injection. MR-contrast injection demonstrated enhancement of draining lymph vessels in 163/171 cases (95.3%). In 6/171 cases (3.5%) in-bore needle retraction lead to lymphatic enhancement. In one patient [2/171 nodes (1.1%)] no lymphatic enhancement was seen despite repeated needle repositioning. Overall contrast application was technically successful in 169/171 cases (98.8%). In the 6 groins in which no nodes were identifiable, transpedal MRL was successful. So overall 91/92 MRLs (98.9%) were clinically successful. No complications were recorded. Confirmation of the needle position for nodal MRL by sonographically controlled saline injection is a reliable technique with a high success rate of MRL.

Zoledronic acid reduces the rate of clinical fractures after surgical repair of a hip fracture regardless of the Pretreatment bone mineral density.

In patients with surgical repair of a low-trauma hip fracture, zoledronic acid (ZA) reduced the risk of subsequent fractures regardless of pretreatment femoral neck and total hip bone mineral density (BMD). INTRODUCTION: Zoledronic acid reduces the risk of subsequent fractures after repair of a hip fracture. It is still unclear whether the benefits in fracture reduction with ZA depend upon hip bone mineral density at the time of fracture. METHODS: We preformed additional post hoc analyses of data from the HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial to determine if ZA treatment reduced the risk of new clinical fractures regardless of pretreatment BMD. We modeled femoral neck and total hip BMD as both continuous and dichotomous variables (BMD T-score above and below -2.5). RESULTS: There are no evidence that baseline femoral neck and total hip BMD modified the anti-fracture efficacy of ZA when pretreatment BMD was analyzed as a continuous or a dichotomous variable (interaction p-values > 0.20). The clinical fracture efficacy of ZA was similar among patients with pretreatment femoral neck BMD values above and below -2.5 (relative hazards = 0.60 and 0.67, respectively, interaction p-value = 0.95). A similar result was obtained using pretreatment total hip BMD values (relative hazards = 0.72 and 0.57, respectively, interaction p-value = 0.41). CONCLUSION: There data should provide more comfort in prescribing ZA after surgical repair of a hip fracture, regardless of pretreatment BMD.

Radiological management of postoperative lymphorrhea.

PURPOSE: Postoperative lymphorrhea can occur after different surgical procedures and may prolong the hospital stay due to the need for specific treatment. In this work, the therapeutic significance of the radiological management of postoperative lymphorrhea was assessed and illustrated. METHOD: A standardized search of the literature was performed in PubMed applying the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term "lymphangiography." For the review, the inclusion criterion was "studies with original data on Lipiodol-based Conventional Lymphangiography (CL) with subsequent Percutaneous Lymphatic Intervention (PLI)." Different exclusion criteria were defined (e.g., studies with <15 patients). The collected data comprised of clinical background and indications, procedural aspects and types of PLI, and outcomes. In the form of a pictorial essay, each author illustrated a clinical case with CL and/or PLI. RESULTS: Seven studies (corresponding to evidence level 4 [Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine]) accounting for 196 patients were included in the synthesis and analysis of data. Preceding surgery resulting in postoperative lymphorrhea included different surgical procedures such as extended oncologic surgery or vascular surgery. Central (e.g., chylothorax) and peripheral (e.g., lymphocele) types of postoperative lymphorrhea with a drainage volume of 100-4000 ml/day underwent CL with subsequent PLI. The intervals between "preceding surgery and CL" and between "CL and PLI" were 2-330 days and 0-5 days, respectively. CL was performed before PLI to visualize the lymphatic pathology (e.g., leakage point or inflow lymph ducts), applying fluoroscopy, radiography, and/or computed tomography (CT). In total, seven different types of PLI were identified: (1) thoracic duct (or thoracic inflow lymph duct) embolization, (2) thoracic duct (or thoracic inflow lymph duct) maceration, (3) leakage point direct embolization, (4) inflow lymph node interstitial embolization, (5) inflow lymph duct (other than thoracic) embolization, (6) inflow lymph duct (other than thoracic) maceration, and (7) transvenous retrograde lymph duct embolization. CL-associated and PLI-associated technical success rates were 97-100% and 89-100%, respectively. The clinical success rate of CL and PLI was 73-95%. CL-associated and PLI-associated major complication rates were 0-3% and 0-5%, respectively. The combined CL- and PLI-associated 30-day mortality rate was 0%, and the overall mortality rate was 3% (corresponding to six patients). In the pictorial essay, the spectrum of CL and/or PLI was illustrated. CONCLUSION: The radiological management of postoperative lymphorrhea is feasible, safe, and effective. Standardized radiological treatments embedded in an interdisciplinary concept are a step towards improving outcomes.

Evaluation of malignant effusions using MR-based T1 mapping.

Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic yield of rapid T1-mapping for the differentiation of malignant and non-malignant effusions in an ex-vivo set up. T1-mapping was performed with a fast modified Look-Locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) acquisition and a combined turbo spin-echo and inversion-recovery sequence (TMIX) as reference. A total of 13 titrated albumin-solutions as well as 48 samples (29 ascites/pleural effusions from patients with malignancy; 19 from patients without malignancy) were examined. Samples were classified as malignant-positive histology, malignant-negative histology and non-malignant negative histology. In phantom analysis both mapping techniques correlated with albumin-content (MOLLI: r = - 0.97, TMIX: r = - 0.98). MOLLI T1 relaxation times were shorter in malignancy-positive histology fluids (2237 ± 137 ms) than in malignancy-negative histology fluids (2423 ± 357 ms) as well as than in non-malignant-negative histology fluids (2651 ± 139 ms); post hoc test for all intergroup comparisons: < 0.05. ROC analysis for differentiation between malignant and non-malignant effusions (malignant positive histology vs. all other) showed an (AUC) of 0.89 (95% CI 0.77-0.96). T1 mapping allows for non-invasive differentiation of malignant and non-malignant effusions in an ex-vivo set up.

Marine litter footprint in the Azores Islands: A climatological perspective.

Marine litter (ML) consists of any item of anthropogenic origin that has been lost, discarded or intentionally disposed of into the environment, being acknowledged as a worldwide environmental and ecological threat. In the last decade, there has been an attempt across different sectors to tackle, reduce and mitigate sources of litter. In this study, meso and macrodebris between 2 and 30 cm was recorded and classified in two established study areas (Porto Pim and Conceição beaches), throughout five monitoring years (2012-2018). The litter abundance, density and weighted average by abundance were evaluated in eight main categories: plastics, cloths/fabrics, glass, metals, rubber, processed lumber, other and large. Field surveys provided evidence that plastic represented 95% of all litter. ML abundance was treated as an "environmental variable" and used to determine its anomalies, temporal trends and forecasts. Results from this time-series addressed possible periodic oscillations and density peaks of litter. Reference values of ML presence were obtained and could potentially be used for developing a diagnostic tool for anthropogenic pollution in the Azores.

Correction to: Is liver lesion characterisation by simplified IVIM DWI also feasible at 3.0 T?

The original version of this article, published on 08 April 2019, unfortunately contained a mistake. The following correction has therefore been made in the original: The caption of Fig. 2 is wrong. The corrected version is given below.

Is liver lesion characterisation by simplified IVIM DWI also feasible at 3.0 T?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate simplified intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for liver lesion characterisation at 3.0 T and to compare it with 1.5 T. METHODS: 3.0-T DWI data from a respiratory-gated MRI sequence with b = 0, 50, 250, and 800 s/mm2 were analysed in 116 lesions (78 patients) and 27 healthy livers. Apparent diffusion coefficient ADC = ADC(0,800) and IVIM-based parameters D1' = ADC(50,800), D2' = ADC(250,800), f1' = f(0,50,800), f2' = f(0,250,800), D*' = D*(0,50,250,800), ADClow = ADC(0,50), and ADCdiff = ADClow-D2' were calculated voxel-wise and analysed on per-patient basis. Results were compared with those of 173 lesions (110 patients) and 40 healthy livers at 1.5 T. RESULTS: Focal nodular hyperplasias were best discriminated from all other lesions by f1' and haemangiomas by D1' with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.993 and 1.000, respectively. For discrimination between malignant and benign lesions, ADC was best suited (AUC of 0.968). The combination of D1' and f1' correctly identified more lesions as malignant or benign than the ADC (99.1% vs 88.8%). Discriminatory power for differentiating malignant from benign lesions tended to be higher at 3.0 T than at 1.5 T. CONCLUSION: Simplified IVIM is suitable for lesion characterisation at 3.0 T with a trend of superior diagnostic accuracy for discriminating malignant from benign lesions compared with 1.5 T. KEY POINTS: • Simplified IVIM is also suitable for liver lesion characterisation at 3.0 T. • Excellent accuracy was reached for discriminating malignant from benign lesions. • The acquisition of only three b-values (0, 50, 800 s/mm 2 ) is required.

Quality of Life and Mental Health in Older Adults with Obesity and Frailty: Associations with a Weight Loss Intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the bi-directional associations of a weight loss intervention with quality of life and mental health in obese older adults with functional limitations. DESIGN: Combined-group analyses of secondary variables from the MEASUR-UP randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Obese community-dwelling men and women (N = 67; age ≥60; BMI ≥30) with functional limitations (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] score of 4-10 out of 12). INTERVENTION: Six-month reduced calorie diet at two protein levels. MEASUREMENTS: Weight, height, body composition, physical function, medical history, and mental health and quality of life assessments (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]; Profile of Mood States [POMS], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]; Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]; Satisfaction with Life Scale [SWLS]; and Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]) were acquired at 0, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Physical composite quality of life (SF-36) improved significantly at 3 months (ß = 6.29, t2,48 = 2.60, p = 0.012) and 6 months (ß = 10.03, t2,48 = 4.83, p < 0.001), as did several domains of physical quality of life. Baseline depression symptoms (CES-D and POMS) were found to predict lower amounts of weight loss; higher baseline sleep latency (PSQI) and anger (POMS) predicted less improvement in physical function (SPPB). CONCLUSION: The significant bi-directional associations found between a weight loss intervention and mental health/quality of life, including substantial improvements in physical quality of life with obesity treatment, indicate the importance of considering mental health and quality of life as part of any weight loss intervention for older adults.

Accurate IVIM model-based liver lesion characterisation can be achieved with only three b-value DWI.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate a simplified intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) approach of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with four b-values for liver lesion characterisation at 1.5 T. METHODS: DWI data from a respiratory-gated MRI sequence with b = 0, 50, 250, 800 s/mm2 were retrospectively analysed in 173 lesions and 40 healthy livers. The apparent diffusion coefficient ADC = ADC(0,800) and IVIM-based parameters D1' = ADC(50,800), D2' =ADC(250,800), f1', f2', D*', ADClow = ADC(0,50), and ADCdiff=ADClow-D2' were calculated voxel-wise without fitting procedures. Differences between lesion groups were investigated. RESULTS: Focal nodular hyperplasias were best discriminated from all other lesions by f1' with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.989. Haemangiomas were best discriminated by D1' (AUC of 0.994). For discrimination between malignant and benign lesions, ADC(0,800) and D1' were best suited (AUC of 0.915 and 0.858, respectively). Discriminatory power was further increased by using a combination of D1' and f1'. CONCLUSION: IVIM parameters D and f approximated from three b-values provided more discriminatory power between liver lesions than ADC determined from two b-values. The use of b = 0, 50, 800 s/mm2 was superior to that of b = 0, 250, 800 s/mm2. The acquisition of four instead of three b-values has no further benefit for lesion characterisation. KEY POINTS: • Diffusion and perfusion characteristics are assessable with only three b-values. • Association of b = 0, 50, 800 s/mm2is superior to b = 0, 250, 800 s/mm2. • A fourth acquired b-value has no benefit for differential diagnosis. • For liver lesion characterisation, simplified IVIM analysis is superior to ADC determination. • Simplified IVIM approach guarantees numerically stable, voxel-wise results and short acquisition times.

Anxiety symptoms bias memory assessment in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with anxiety and/or depression experience additional memory dysfunction beyond that of the normal aging process. However, few studies have examined test bias in memory assessments due to anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. The current study investigated the influence of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression on the measurement equivalence of memory tests in older adults. METHOD: This is a secondary analysis of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly dataset, a randomized controlled trial of community-dwelling older adults. Baseline data were included in this study (n = 2802). Multiple indicators multiple causes modeling was employed to assess for measurement equivalence, differential item functioning (DIF), in memory tests. RESULTS: The DIF was present for anxiety symptoms but not for depressive symptoms, such that higher anxiety placed older adults at a disadvantage on measures of memory performance. Analysis of DIF impact showed that compared with participants scoring in the bottom quartile of anxious symptoms, participants in the upper quartile exhibited memory performance scores that were 0.26 standard deviation lower. CONCLUSION: Anxious but not depressive symptoms introduce test bias into the measurement of memory in older adults. This indicates that memory models for research and clinical purposes should account for the direct relationship between anxiety symptoms and memory tests in addition to the true relationship between anxiety symptoms and memory construct. These findings support routine assessments of anxiety symptoms among older adults in settings in which cognitive testing is being conducted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.