Alterations in the liver of intrauterine growth retarded piglets may predispose to development of insulin resistance and obesity in later life.

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) leads to increased predisposition to metabolic syndrome in adult life but the mechanisms remain obscure. Considering a significant number of functional similarities, IUGR piglets appear to be a good model to study the development of this syndrome in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructure and proteomic profile of the liver in IUGR pig neonates to discover early markers of predisposition to obesity and insulin resistance. In our study intestine and liver tissue samples were investigated in 7 day old IUGR and normal body weight (NBW) littermate piglets using histometry, mass spectrometry, in-tissue cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy. Compared to NBW, the liver in IUGR neonates was characterized by a significantly enhanced ratio of Kupffer cells to hepatocytes and insulin receptor abundance as well as higher percentages of cells expressing receptors for adipokines (resistin and adiponectin), increased expression of TNF-α (as marker of inflammation), and increased expression of insulin receptor and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). Moreover, NBW and IUGR differed in proteomic profile, including protein metabolism (proteasomes, cathepsin D, phermitin, phosphoglucomutase), carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase 1, phosphoglucokinase, galactokinase, aldolase B, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase), oxidative stress and chromatin organization and DNA uptake (histones, lamin a/c). Reduction of hepatocyte numbers concomitant with significant modifications of expression of key hormones and enzymes for protein and carbohydrate metabolism in IUGR neonates may predispose to insulin resistance and obesity in adult life.

Clinical and microbiological aspects of the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strains in proctological patients with symptoms of chronic proctitis.

Recurrent proctitis and the symptoms associated therewith pose significant clinical problem in proctological patients. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strain on the clinical presentation and composition of intestinal microbiota in patients with symptoms of proctitis in the course of hemorrhoidal disease and diverticulosis. Material consisted of 24 patients in whom no complete clinical improvement could be obtained after the treatment of the underlying disease. Subject to the assessment was the presence and the intensity of clinical symptoms as well as qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of bacterial flora detected in the stool before, during and after a 9-week supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strain. RESULTS: In the entire study group, the intensity of pain after 12 weeks was significantly lower (p=0,.011) compared to baseline; the intensity of flatulence and abdominal discomfort was reduced significantly as early as after 3 weeks, with the difference reaching a highly significant level after 12 weeks (pP<0,.0001). No significant difference was observed in the frequency of the reported episodes of diarrhea, constipation, as well as itching and burning in the anal region. As early as after 3 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic L. rhamnosus PL1 strain, significant qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in the composition of intestinal microbiota; the changes differed depending on the underlying disease. An increase in the total counts of the bacteria of Lactobacillus genus, particularly L. rhamnosus PL1 strain was observed regardless of the underlying disease. CONCLUSION: Tthe probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strain appears to be useful in restoring appropriate ratios of bacterial populations in patients presenting with symptoms of proctitis in the course of the treatment of certain diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on maturation of the small intestine in newborn calves.

The effect of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation in milk replacer (MR), starter mixture (SM), or both on small intestine maturation in newborn calves was investigated. Twenty-eight male calves with a mean age of 5 (± 1) d were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 groups (7 animals per group) and fed (1) MR and SM, without SB (MR(-) and SM(-), respectively; MR(-)/SM(-)); (2) MR(-) and SM supplemented with SB encapsulated within triglyceride matrix (SM(+), 0.6% as fed; MR(-)/SM(+)); (3) MR supplemented with crystalline SB (MR(+), 0.3% as fed) and SM(-) (MR(+)/SM(-)); or (4) MR(+) and SM(+) (MR(+)/SM(+)). The MR was offered in amounts equal to 10% of initial body weight of the calf. The SM was blended with whole corn grain (50/50; wt/wt) and offered ad libitum as a starter diet. Calves were slaughtered at 26 d (± 1) of age and small intestine development was investigated. Treatment with MR(+) decreased villus height in the proximal jejunum and decreased villus height, crypt depth, and tunica mucosa thickness in the middle jejunum, whereas treatment with SM(+) tended to increase small intestine weight and crypt depth in the proximal jejunum, and increased villus height in the distal jejunum. In the duodenum, crypt depth and tunica mucosa thickness were greater for the MR(-)/SM(+) group compared with MR(-)/SM(-), MR(+)/SM(-), and MR(+)/SM(+) groups. In the ileum, crypt depth was less for MR(-)/SM(+) compared with MR(-)/SM(-). Supplementation with SB in both MR and SM enhanced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the middle jejunum mucosa. Regarding brush border enzyme activities, addition of SB to MR increased lactase activity in the middle jejunum and maltase activity in the distal jejunum, and tended to increase lactase activity in the distal jejunum, aminopeptidase A activity in the middle jejunum and ileum, and aminopeptidase N activity in the ileum. In contrast, SM(+) increased dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in the distal jejunum and tended to increase aminopeptidase N in the distal jejunum. In conclusion, both MR(+) and SM(+) affected small intestine development in newborn calves. This effect depended on the method of SB delivery but MR(+) generally had a more pronounced effect. No synergistic effect of SB supplementation into MR and SM was found.

Early-effect of bariatric surgery (Scopinaro method) on intestinal hormones and adipokines in insulin resistant Wistar rat.

Bariatric surgery consists in duodenal exclusion from the food passage in obese patients with coexistent type 2 diabetes. Nowadays bariatric surgery is considered the most effective method of glycemic index normalization and insulin resistance reduction. Recent results on obese and non-obese rats showed remission of type 2 diabetes symptoms within few days after the surgery. The aim of the present work was to analyze the mechanisms of neuro-hormonal regulation responsible for early normalization of metabolic syndrome after bariatric surgery. In present study the concentration of selected intestinal hormones and adipokines in blood plasma and gastrointestinal tissues were analyzed. Study was conducted on Wistar rats. Animals were divided into three groups (each n=6): control (SH) shame-operated rats; animals in which visceral fat tissue was extracted (LP); and rats in which Scopinaro bariatric surgery was performed (BPD). Immunochemistry analysis of blood plasma showed decrease of insulin concentration in BPD and LP and increase of polypeptide YY (PYY) in BPD group as compared to the control. In duodenal mucosa homogenates the tendency to reduce insulin in LP and BPD group, and increase PYY and visfatin in BPD group was observed. Histometry analysis showed reduction of mucosa thickness in excluded segments of gastrointestinal tract in BPD group as compared to the SH and LP. Concluding, model studies on rats allowed better understanding of mechanisms important for early normalization of glycemic index and insulin resistance reduction in rats.

The effect of exogenous apelin on the secretion of pancreatic juice in anaesthetized rats.

Apelin is known to stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) and inhibit insulin release, however the mechanisms on pancreatic secretion remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the expression of apelin and apelin receptor in the pancreas by immunofluorescence studies and the effect of exogenous apelin on the secretion of pancreatic juice in anesthetized rats. Pancreatic-biliary juice (P-BJ) was collected from Wistar rats treated with apelin (10, 20 and 50 nmol/kg b.w., boluses given every 30 min intravenously or intraduodenaly). The same apelin doses were administered to rats subjected to intraduodenal tarazapide, capsaicin or vagotomy. Pancreatic blood flow was measured by a laser doppler flowmeter. Direct effects of apelin were tested on dispersed acinar cells. Apelin receptor was expressed on acinar cells, pancreatic duct and islets cells, whereas apelin in pancreatic acini, but not in the islets. Intravenous apelin decreased P-BJ volume, protein and trypsin outputs in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, intraduodenal apelin stimulated P-BJ secretion. Pharmacological block of mucosal CCK(1) receptor by tarazepide, vagotomy and capsaicin pretreatment abolished the effects of intravenous and intraduodenal apelin on P-BJ volume, protein and tryspin outputs. Apelin decreased the pancreatic blood flow. Apelin at 10(-6) M increased the release of amylase from non-stimulated and CCK-8-stimulated acinar cells. In conclusion, apelin can affect the exocrine pancreas through a complex mechanism involving local blood flow regulation and is driven by vagal nerves.

Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on rumen development in newborn calves.

The effect of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation in milk replacer (MR) or in starter mixture (SM) or in both MR and SM on performance, selected blood parameters, and rumen development in newborn calves was determined. Twenty-eight male calves with a mean age of 5 (±1) d were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 groups (7 animals per group) and fed (1) MR and SM, both without SB (MR(-) and SM(-), respectively); (2) MR(-) and SM supplemented with SB encapsulated within a triglyceride matrix (SM(+), 0.6% as fed; 30:70 butyrate-to-triglyceride matrix); (3) MR supplemented with crystalline SB (MR(+), 0.3% as fed) and SM(-); or (4) MR(+) and SM(+). The MR was offered in an amount equal to 10% of the initial body weight (BW) of each calf. The SM was blended with whole corn grain (50/50; wt/wt) and offered ad libitum as a starter diet (0.3% encapsulated-within-triglyceride matrix SB when SM(+) was fed) from the first day of the trial. Calves were slaughtered at d 21 of a trial (mean age 26±1 d). Addition of SB into MR (MR(+)) positively affected BW and average daily gain, tended to decrease the number of days with electrolyte therapies from d 0 to 7, and tended to positively affect fecal consistency from d 8 to 14 of the trial. Inclusion of SB into SM (SM(+)) increased starter diet intake from d 15 to 21, decreased the number of days with scours, and tended to decrease the number of days with electrolyte therapies in the whole trial period. Both MR(+) and SM(+) increased plasma glucose in the whole trial period and MR(+) increased total serum protein at d 14. The SM(+) increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) concentration at d 7 of the trial when compared with the concentration at d 0. Both MR(+) and SM(+) increased reticulorumen weight and papillae length and width. Based on these results, it can be concluded that addition of SB in MR positively affected BW gain, health, and some metabolic intermediates of calves and it stimulated rumen development indirectly, whereas SB supplementation in SM stimulated rumen development directly. Addition of SB both in MR and SM could be recommended for rearing calves.

Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development?

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different liquid feeds on calf small intestine and rumen development. Twenty-one bull calves (5 ± 1 d old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups and fed whole milk (WM), milk replacer (MR; 22% CP and 17.5% fat), or MR supplemented with sodium butyrate (MR+SB; 0.3% as fed). Liquid feed dry matter intake was equal between treatments and amounted to 1% of BW at the beginning of the trial. Starter diet was offered ad libitum. Animals were slaughtered at 26 (± 1) d of age. Calves fed WM had higher average daily gain in the whole trial and higher starter diet dry matter intake between d 15 to 21 of the trial as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Calves fed MR lost on average 1.4 kg of BW within first 14 d of the trial and their BW tended to be lower at d 7, 14, and 21 of the study as compared with calves fed MR+SB. The empty jejunum and ileum weight, crypt depth, mitotic index in the middle jejunum were higher, and apoptotic index tended to be lower in calves fed WM as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Calves fed WM also had higher aminopeptidase N activity in the middle jejunum and tended to have higher maltase activity in the distal jejunum as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. The mitotic index was higher and apoptotic index was lower in the middle jejunum, and aminopeptidase A activity tended to be higher in the distal jejunum of calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Calves fed WM had greater papillae length and width, and tended to have greater muscle layer thickness as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Reticulorumen weight, reticulorumen weight expressed as percent of whole stomach weight, and papillae length and width were higher in calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Additionally, calves fed WM had higher plasma glucose and urea in the whole trial period as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB, and plasma glucose was higher in calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Significant positive Pearson correlations were found between small intestine and reticulorumen weights as well as between activity of brush border lactase, maltase, aminopeptidase A, and aminopeptidase N and reticulorumen weight. Different liquid feeds affect small intestine development, animal growth, solid feed intake and metabolic status of calves and this effect can indirectly influence the development of forestomachs.

Orexin A stimulates glucose uptake, lipid accumulation and adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated primary rat adipocytes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Orexin A (OXA) modulates body weight, food intake and energy expenditure. In vitro, OXA increases PPARγ (also known as PPARG) expression and inhibits lipolysis, suggesting direct regulation of lipid metabolism. Here, we characterise the metabolic effects and mechanisms of OXA action in adipocytes. METHODS: Isolated rat adipocytes and differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to OXA in the presence or absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. Pparγ expression was silenced using small interfering RNA. Glucose uptake, GLUT4 translocation, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate production, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and adiponectin secretion were measured. Adiponectin plasma levels were determined in rats treated with OXA for 4 weeks. RESULTS: OXA PI3K-dependently stimulated active glucose uptake by translocating the glucose transporter GLUT4 from cytoplasm into the plasma membrane. OXA increased cellular triacylglycerol content via PI3K. Cellular triacylglycerol accumulation resulted from increased lipogenesis as well as from a decrease of lipolysis. Adiponectin levels in chow- and high-fat diet-fed rats treated chronically with OXA were increased. OXA stimulated adiponectin expression and secretion in adipocytes. Both pharmacological blockade of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity or silencing Pparγ expression prevented OXA from stimulating triacylglycerol accumulation and adiponectin production. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our study demonstrates that OXA stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes and that the evolved energy is stored as lipids. OXA increases lipogenesis, inhibits lipolysis and stimulates the secretion of adiponectin. These effects are conferred via PI3K and PPARγ2. Overall, OXA's effects on lipids and adiponectin secretion resemble that of insulin sensitisers, suggesting a potential relevance of this peptide in metabolic disorders.

Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) mRNA levels in relation to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development in newborn calves.

The study was aimed at determining the age-depended changes in insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) mRNA levels in relation to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development in newborn calves. Twenty four male calves (5-day-old) were randomly allocated to 4 groups which were slaughtered at day 5, 12, 19 and 26 of their life, respectively. Tissue samples from the rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum and liver were taken for analysis, and the level of IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA was determined using RT semi-quantitative PCR method. Both IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA level was the biggest on 5 day of life, significantly decreased up to day 12-19 in most of analyzed GIT parts, and started to increase thereafter. In the rumen the reduction in the amount of IGFs transcripts was associated with the reduction in papillae length and tunica muscularis thickness. The abomasum weight and tunica mucosa thickness increased from the 5 day up to 19 day of life, whereas abomasal IGF-1 mRNA level decreased together with calf's age up to 19 day of life, and the level of IGF-2 mRNA did not change. The reduction in IGFs mRNA level after 5 day of life in the duodenum (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and in the jejunum (IGF-1) was associated with reduction in villi length (duodenum and jejunum), and the increase of crypt depth (duodenum).

Effect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves.

Rumen development is an important factor determining early solid feed intake and performance in cattle. A popular trend towards early weaning of newborn dairy calves necessitated looking for ways of accelerating the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development. The present study aimed to determine the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB) supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in rearing calves. Fourteen bull calves (5-day-old) were randomly allocated to two groups: Control (C) and NaB. The later received 0.3 % NaB in milk replacer and starter diet. Animals were in experiment up to age of 26 days. Addition of NaB to milk replacer and starter diet had no effect on daily growth rate, but reduced the weight loss observed in C calves in first 11 days of age. Additionally, the NaB calves weighed more at the end of the study and tended to have higher growth rate in the whole trial period (P<0.15). The NaB calves showed a tendency toward higher reticulorumen weight (P=0.13) and higher reticulorumen weight expressed as a percent of whole stomach weight (P=0.02) as compared to control. Histometry analysis indicated larger rumen papillae length and width (P<0.01) in NaB group, and no change in muscle layer thickness, as compared to control. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 relative increase was higher in NaB group than in C group, and may be involved in rumen development. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet (milk replacer and starter diet) with NaB may enhance rumen development in neonatal calves.

Morbidity of transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsies in patients after the continued use of low-dose aspirin.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether low-dose aspirin increases morbidity after transrectal ultrasonography-guided sextant prostate biopsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a single-centre prospective cohort study of 200 patients who underwent sextant prostate biopsies, those routinely taking low-dose aspirin were encouraged to continue to do so before and after biopsy. The morbidity in each case was assessed using a standardized questionnaire that patients completed in the 7 days after biopsy. The presence of haematuria, rectal bleeding and haematospermia were recorded. The questionnaire also directed the patient to record fevers, use of analgesia and any further treatment received. RESULTS: In all, 36 patients took aspirin whilst the other 141 did not. There were no major complications in either group. Of the patients on aspirin, 20 (56%) had haematuria, compared with 83 (59%) of those not taking aspirin (difference 3%, 95% confidence interval, CI, -15 to 21). Overall bleeding (haematuria, rectal bleeding and haematospermia) occurred in 22 patients (61%) of the aspirin group and 105 (74%) of the other group (difference 13%, 95% CI -4 to 31). Comparisons of other morbidities between the groups are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of haematuria or overall bleeding after biopsy between the groups. There is no evidence that aspirin needs to be discontinued before sextant prostate biopsy.

[Ultrasonographic picture of endometrial tumors of ovaries]. / Ultrasonograficzny wyglad torbieli endometrialnych jajnika.

The retrospective analysis was made of 599 patients with ovarian tumours who underwent operation in Central Hospital of Ministry of Internal Affairs at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology during 1991-1999. All the patients were examined before operation by transabdominal and/or transvaginal ultrasonic probe. A total of 114 endometriotic masses were diagnosed (20 patients had bilateral masses). We noted 83 (72.8%) unilocular cysts, 23 (20.1%) multilocular cysts and 7 (6.2%) partially solid tumours. The so-called "typically" monolocular round-shaped, smooth-walled endometriotic cyst with diffuse low-level internal echoes was only found in 48%.

[Early diagnosis of gynaecologic and breast cancers]. / Wczesne wykrywanie nowotworów zlosliwych narzadów plciowych i sutka u kobiet.

Gynaecologic malignant neoplasms are significant medical and social problem in Poland. The majority of Polish women suffer from breast, cervix, ovary and endometrial cancer. This paper shows common and new methods in early diagnosis of neoplasmic diseases.

[Giant bilateral ovarian tumor in a 14-year-old girl]. / Olbrzymie, obustronne guzy jajników u 14-letniej dziewczynki.

We present the case of a 14-year old girl, who underwent surgical treatment at the ward in 1993 due to giant twisted bilateral ovarian tumours (cystes folliculares). She had been admitted to hospital because of pains located in the hypogastrium area, nausea and vomiting. Increased abdomen circumference had been noted. At the time of being admitted to hospital the girl was having menarche. Having considered both the course of the disease and the clinical and ultrasonographic examination results, surgical treatment was prescribed. It was decided that both adnexa should be removed. On the right side a tiny fragment of regular ovary parenchyma was left. After the surgery the girl did not menstruate. As a result of a few months' hormonal treatment the girl's menstruation processes were brought to a regular state. At the moment the patient is a 20-year old, properly developed young woman.

[A case of coexistence of polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian carcinoma]. / Przypadek wspólistnienia zespolu policystycznych jajników i raka jajnika.

There was a case of carcinoma of the ovary that coexisted with PCO syndrome in young, 25 years old woman. After clinical examination and USG doctors suspected PCO syndrome and hydrosalpings that is why the patient underwent an operation. In intraoperative histopathological examination bilateral adenocarcinoma were found. In prophylactic examination of patient's mother ovarian tumour was found that is also turned out to be an adenocarcinoma.

[Obstetric hysterectomy]. / Okoloporodowe wyciecie macicy.

UNLABELLED: An analysis of indications for obstetric hysterectomy in Central Teaching Hospital of Ministry of Internal Affairs in Warsaw between 1985-1997 is presented. There have been 15 caesarean or post partum hysterectomies over that period, which makes 0.11% of all deliveries and 0.67% of caesarean sections. All operations followed caesarean sections. In two patients (13.3%) procedure was performed electively because of myomas. In the remainder emergency or post-partum hysterectomy was necessary. The most common indication was haemorrhage connected with placenta praevia, adherent placenta and abruption of placenta (53.3%). Other indications included ruptured uterus (6.7%), severe postpartum or intrapartum haemorrhage due to uterine atony (20.0%) and HELLP syndrome (6.7%). CONCLUSION: 1. Complications associated with pathologies of placenta are the most common indication for obstetric hysterectomy in our study. 2. Patients that are mostly exposed to the risk of obstetric hysterectomy are multiparous women especially with previous caesarean section. 3. The incidence of obstetric hysterectomy seems to be rising, possibly as a consequence of the rising rate of caesarean section and uterine curretage.

[Congenital anomalies reflected in materials of obstetric ward of the Hospital of Internal Affairs in Warsaw during the period 1988-96]. / Wady wrodzone plodów i noworodków w materiale Oddzialu Ginekologiczno-Polozniczego Szpitala MSWiA w Warszawie w latach 1988-96.

A congenital anomaly consists of a departure from the normal anatomic architecture of an organ or system. Malformations can be considered as the result of a developmental arrest of the primordium (incomplete morphogenesis), redundant morphogenesis, or aberrant morphogenesis. Congenital malformations establish more and more percentage of reason of incidence and morbidity in newborn and young children. It is also great family and social problem. The subjects studied were all cases of abnormality identified pre- or postnatally. The commonest system malformations were urogenitally tract, central nervous system, skeleton, craniofacial, heart and skin abnormalities. The most frequent single anomalies were--hypospadias, cleft lip/cleft palate, anomalies of hands and feet, vertebral malformations, meningocele, heart abnormalities and Down syndrome.

[The use of ultrasonographic studies in the early detection of ovarian tumors]. / Przydatnosc badania ultrasonograficznego we wczesnym wykrywaniu nowotworów jajnika.

In this report the authors have analyzed and presented the results of his 7 years-long research focused on estimating the usefulness of ultrasonography in diagnosing adnexal pathology. Special attention was devoted to: 1. specifying location of change, establishing whether it covered one or two of the ovaries, 2. asserting the extend of change, 3. finding whether the tumor was well capsuled or not and whether the papillary projections were present and if so, establishing if they were endo- or egzofitic, 4. estimating its structure (cystic, solid, partly cystic partly solid) and establishing the presence of calcification, 5. evaluating metastases presence (in uterus, true pelvis, omentum, liver and the lymph nodes), 6 ascites assessment. There were 341 females who underwent examination before operation between 1991-1997 who were suspected of ovarian tumors and whose status was operationally verified. Results of this research were statistically analyzed. This analysis covered the calculating of mean and standard deviation, the frequency of special category presence and conducting evaluation of malignant tumors' presence frequency. On the basis of research results obtained and the statistical analyses performed, the following conclusions have been formulated: 1. Malignant tumors characistically co-exist more frequently with the following ultrasonographics traits: thick capsule of diversified thickness, with irregular outline, solid or partly solid partly cystic structure, unhomogenous internal echogenisity and multilocular character. 2. Ultrasonography is complementary to gynecological examination but allows for earlier detection of small and soft tumors.

[Comparative study of observer agreement on location and size of ovarian tumor in transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonic examinations with intraoperative evaluations from material of patients operated on in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Clinic in the years 1991-1994]. / Badanie Porównawcze zgodnosci oceny polozenia i wielkosci guzów przydatków w badaniu ultrasonograficznym sonda przezbrzuszna i przezpochwowa z ocena sródoperacyjna na materiale chorych operowanych w oddziale Ginekologiczno-Polozniczym CSK MSW w latach 1991-1994.

In a group of 154 women operated on because of ovarian tumors at the Gynecological-Obstetrics Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Clinic in Warsaw a comparison of the location and size of the tumor performed by means of transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography and the operational evaluation was carried out. In 76.9% of cases the agreement between the location in transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography and the operational evaluation was found. However, the comparison between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography of the tumor size and operational evaluation was ascertained in 79.1% of cases.