[Professor Dmitry Egorovich Min - physician and poet]. / Professor Dmitrii Egorovich Min ­ medik i poet.

Dmitry Egorovich Min is an outstanding pathologist, forensic physician and hygienist of the Russian Empire, a prominent public figure, professor and vice-rector of the Imperial Moscow University, an outstanding poet-translator and one of the founders of the Russian school of forensic medicine. This article discusses the biography of D.E. Min, his merits and accomplishments in labor and creative activity.

[Research and development of Sechenov University forensic medicine department within the program «Priority-2030¼ implementation]. / Nauchno-issledovatel'skaya rabota kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny Sechenovskogo Universiteta v ramkakh realizatsii programmy «Prioritet-2030¼.

A comprehensive analysis of research and development results of Sechenov University forensic medicine department for the last 5 years (from 2018 to 2022) was performed. The thematic structure and citation indices of scientific publications were presented. The most promising directions of the department's research activities were identified.

[Forensic medical characteristic of hanging incidents among juvenile]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika sluchaev povesheniya sredi nesovershennoletnikh.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to conduct the epidemiological analysis of juveniles' deaths by hanging, registered in the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Moscow for 2017-2021 years. The number of incidents equal 61 was revealed (2.65% of whole hanging incidents for the researched period). The amount of hanging deaths among juveniles and their percent in the total quantity of deaths from this type of strangulated asphyxia increased in 2017, 2018 and 2019 years to 8 (1.6%), 15 (3.1%) and 18 (3.6%) incidents respectively; decreased in 2020 year to 7 (1.7%) incidents and increased again in 2021 year to 13 (3.0%) incidents. Juveniles died by hanging were mostly male (73.8%) aged from 15 to 18 years (63.9%). The median age for girls was 16 years (IQR 15.0-16.75) and for boys 15 years (IQR 13.0-16.5). Most of juveniles' corps were found in their place of residence: in apartments or residential houses (the whole number was 49 or 80.4%). Generally, juvenile hanging occurred between November and January (36.1% of all incidents) and in April (11.5%); less frequently were in February (1.6%), June and July (9.8%). Alcohol was found in blood of 18.2% juveniles aged from 15 to 18.

[Mathematical modeling of the fracture along the length of the femur diaphysis]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie pereloma po vsei dline diafiza bedrennoi kosti.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to establish a pattern of femur diaphysis fracture with impact force over the entire front surface in an increments of 25 mm. Transverse, oblique and comminuted femur fractures were studied as a result of mathematical modeling. The application of mathematical modeling using the finite element analysis made it possible to visualize and predict the tension arising in the transient material during the impact force of blunt object, as well as the features of fractures' morphology in different sections of femur diaphysis. Modelled data about the mechanism and morphology of femur fracture were confirmed by the results of original full-scale experiments.

[Forensic medical characteristic of prevalence and structure of sudden juveniles' death in Moscow Region and St. Petersburg]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti i struktury vnezapnoi smerti lits molodogo vozrasta v Moskovskoi oblasti i Sankt-Peterburge.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to compare the prevalence and structure of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of nonviolent death in Moscow Region as a representative of the large region and St. Petersburg as a city of federal importance. Frequency and structure of this parameter, as well as its dynamics were analyzed. The comparison of obtained results with data of Federal State Statistics Service was done. Nonparametric analysis of the initial data has been conducted. Clustering and visualization, based on the following parameters of initial sample, have been done: «death rate from CVD in the structure of nonviolent death¼, «morbidity rate¼, «incomes¼ and «unemployment rate¼. Correlation dependences between death rate from CVD according to the Form №42 and mentioned parameters of medical and social state of the subject have been determined. Dependences between sudden death rate from CDV and a number of medical and social parameters have been established.

[Age assessment using CT of knee joint and neural network technologies]. / Otsenka vozrasta s ispol'zovaniem KT kolennogo sustava i neirosetevykh tekhnologii.

Age assessment of living persons plays an important role in clinical and sports medicine, as well as in law practice. Traditional methods have a number of problems: age restrictions, technical difficulties of visualization, low reproducibility and subjectivity of estimation. The proposed approach, which implies the use of multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) and database mining, will eliminate these drawbacks and improve the estimation of age. The aim of the study was to investigate the use of deep learning algorithms to classify the age groups (with a threshold level of 18 years) for CT images of knee joint. The study included 455 MSCT images of the knee joint of male and female subjects aged from 13 to 24. The method included score assessment of the distal femur's epiphyseal synostosis stages, tibia and fibula proximal epiphyses and a preliminary statistical analysis of correlations between age and stages of synostosis. The challenge of binary classification of target age groups with the use of convolutional neural networks was implemented at the second phase of the trial. Various architectures of convolutional neural networks and their ensembles were tested. The result of the study showed that the total score of epiphyseal synostosis has the highest correlation with the age (r=0.88). The proposed method of chronological age assessment on the basis of the knee area CT images research using deep learning algorithms demonstrated a good result. The classification accuracy (threshold level of 18 years) was 0.86.

[Forensic medical diagnostics of age by the Cameriere method]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya diagnostika vozrasta po metodu Cameriere.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to conduct the comparative analysis of the age groups' separation accuracy (<18 years old; ≥18 years old) by orthopantomogram depending on the examination's side in Russian population sample. The number of orthopantomograms equal 600 (190 of male and 410 of female) aged from 14 to 23 were investigated. Index value of third molar (Im3) was calculated by the R. Cameriere method, in female and male, on the right and left sides. Index of third molar on the right and left sides shows a high correlation. In the male sample the result specificity was 0.97 on the left and 1.0 on the right, the sensitivity was 0.96 on the left and 0.94 on the right. In the female sample the values were as follows: the specificity was 0.96 on the left and 0.98 on the right, the sensitivity was 0.92 on the left and 0.94 on the right. The results showed the possibility of Im3 (0.08) use to determine the target age group for Russian citizens of both sexes regardless of examination side.

[Age prediction based on the examination of bone tissue elemental composition using energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy]. / Prognozirovanie vozrasta na osnovanii izucheniya elementnogo sostava kostnoi tkani s pomoshch'yu energodispersionnoi rentgenovskoi spektroskopii.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess the possibility of using chemical analysis of bone mineral content by the means of an energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy to determine the age of unidentified corpses for forensic identification. A semi-quantative chemical microanalysis of bone fragments of 85 male and female corpses aged between 21 and 91 was done through the use of energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. The association of bone tissue apatite mineral composition with age is confirmed and a formula, connecting age and chemical composition change, is proposed. The possibility of using quantitive evaluation of chemical elements content in the normative mineral to determine the unidentified corpse's age in a standard laboratory, equipped with an energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometer, was proved.

[Forensic medical assessment of lidocaine and bupivacaine systemic toxicity]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka sistemnoi toksichnosti lidokaina i bupivakaina.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess the lidocaine and bupivacaine systemic toxicity in forensic medical practice. The number of patients' clinical observations equal three with local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) from the practice of forensic medical experts were studied, and a search of scientific publications for the last 5 years in PubMed database was conducted. The amount of publications, describing cases with LAST, equal four were selected. Differential diagnostic features between LAST and anaphylaxis were considered. The literature data about relationship between lidocaine's concentration in the blood serum and clinical features are shown. The forensic medical assessment of LAST is proposed.

[Morphofunctional cerebral changes associated with development of suicidal behavior]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniya golovnogo mozga, svyazannye s razvitiem suitsidal'nogo povedeniya.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to identify the cerebral areas, which demonstrate the most significant structural changes and damaged functional activity in patients with suicidal behavior. The original studies, presented in PubMed database, were used to analyze the literature. Additional literature in the form of atlases, review articles and publications, written in related spheres, was used to interpret the results. The study identified the 69 cerebral regions, demonstrating significant changes and the structures with the most significant deviations among them were selected. The regions of cerebral grey matter, in particular basal ganglia (structures of striatum and limbic system), as well as selected regions of cerebral cortex, specifically frontal, insularis, singulate and parietal mostly were included in the list. The decrease in grey matter volume, changes of neuronal and glial density, special patterns of activity and variations of functional association with other cerebral regions are described within mentioned structures. The literature review found that there was a lack of postmortem examinations in suicidal cases. Advanced study of the described structures is required in cases of completed suicide using new research methods.

[Dissection technique for organs of the neck in hanging]. / Tekhnika sektsionnogo issledovaniya organokompleksa shei pri poveshenii.

The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive dissection technique to examine the deep structures of the neck in hanging, including extraction of the cervical spine and investigation of the removed segment with access to vertebral arteries and spinal cord. Its advantages include the unnecessity of any special instruments usage, the short period of time, which is necessary for performing dissection techniques, as well as the possible detailed examination of the spine, spinal cord and vertebral arteries. The improved dissection technique simplifies the diagnosis of injuries and increases the objectivity of the forensic medical examination in hanging.

[Mathematical modeling using finite element analysis in forensic medical examination]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie s pomoshch'yu konechno-elementnogo analiza v sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertize.

The purpose of the work is to develop methods of mathematical modeling using finite element analysis in forensic medical examination. The stages of the methodology for solving problems of deformable body mechanics in forensic medicine are considered, which allows to reliably establish the possibility of formation and morphology of damage under specific conditions and circumstances, to focus the researcher's attention on problem points when creating and evaluating the model. The use of simplified models of the human body makes the expert's conclusion more reasonable, which increases the confidence of law enforcement agencies in the activities of the forensic medical expert service and allows for a new look at solving the problems of forensic medicine and forensic medical examination.

[Forensic medical assessment of venous thromboembolic complications of mechanical injury of the lower limb after surgery]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii mekhanicheskoi travmy nizhnei konechnosti posle operativnogo vmeshatel'stva.

In forensic medical practice, venous thromboembolic complications (VTEC) are relatively rare, due to hereditary and acquired factors. The issue of expert evaluation of the VTEC after the performed surgical intervention as an alleged defect in medical care causes discussion. The purpose of this publication is to demonstrate an expert case in the assessment of VTEC mechanical injury of the lower limb after surgery. The above case with the development of PATE after surgery clearly demonstrates the possibility of the appearance of a «medical case¼. The key to the correct expert assessment of the alleged defect of medical care during the forensic medical examination is not only a thorough and scrupulous study of medical documentation, but also a qualitatively performed forensic medical examination of the corpse.

[Forensic medical characteristics of the rate and structure of sudden death due to cardiovascular diseases in young residents of the Tula region]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti i struktury vnezapnoi smerti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii sredi lits molodogo vozrasta v Tul'skoi oblasti.

The objective is to study the prevalence and rate of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death in people under 35 in the Tula region as a representative of a small region of the Russian Federation. A comparison with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service was made. The overall trend was determined. A non-parametric analysis of the initial data, clustering and visualization were performed based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death,¼ «morbidity,¼ and «number of doctors in the region.¼ The correlation of mortality from CVD according to Form 42 and the specified indicators of the medical and social status of the region was determined. The relationship between the rate of CVD-related sudden death and specified medical and social indicators was established.

[Microcirculation in fractures of long bones of the lower extremity]. / Kharakteristika mikrotsirkulyatornogo rusla pri perelomakh dlinnykh trubchatykh kostei nizhnei konechnosti.

The study objective was to investigate soft tissue microcirculation in the area of a lower limb long bone fracture. We studied fractures of the lower limb long bones from 0 to 7 days of age in 17 males and 37 females. The mean age of patients was 57.33±2.53 years. Histological examination of soft tissues from the area of the lower limb long bone fracture and at the distance from the fracture was performed. Standard hematoxylin and eosin staining was used. The thickness and diameter of arterioles, venules, and capillaries were evaluated by morphometry of the sections made. The observed pattern reflects the response of the microcirculation of the soft tissues to the mechanical impact. The relative ratio of the artery diameter to the small-caliber vein diameter was 1.01±0.13, and the artery wall thickness to the vein wall thickness was 2.03±0.28, which can be considered a natural reaction of the microcirculation blood vessels to the mechanical impact in 1-1.5 weeks after the formed fracture of the lower limb long bone.

[Forensic medical characteristics of the prevalence of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti vnezapnoi smerti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii v sub"ektakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence and frequency of sudden death (SD) from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death, taking into account the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We analyzed the frequency of this indicator, compared it with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, and determined the overall dynamics. We conducted a non-parametric analysis of the initial data, carried out clustering and visualization based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «CVD mortality in the structure of non-violent death¼, «morbidity¼ and «per capita income level¼. Correlation dependences of the level of mortality from CVD according to the form 42 on the indicated indicators of the socio-economic condition of the subject were determined. Identified subjects of the Russian Federation with an increase in mortality from CVD; established the dependence of the level of VS on CVD and a number of medical and economic indicators.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the heart in sudden death of children under 1 year of age in the forensic medical aspect]. / Morfofunktsional'naya kharakteristika serdtsa pri vnezapnoi smerti detei do 1 goda v sudebno-meditsinskom aspekte.

The aim of this study is to describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the cardiac in sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) in children under one year of age. Twenty eight cases of SIDS were studied histologically and immunohistochemically. Histological examination of the sectional material was carried out using standard and additional stains. The study of cardiac muscle tissue with routine staining with haematoxylin-eosin revealed interstitial oedema, uneven plethora of blood vessels: dystonia and weak plethora of part of the coronary arteries, excess of red blood cells in the veins as well as microcirculatory plethora with stasis of the erythrocytes. An immunohistochemical study revealed a mild over expression of p53 in cellular elements, small-focal expression of CD68 in cardiomyocytes apoptosis intramural areas, activation of mast cells (CD117), expression of ki-67 in macrophages, proliferation of fibroblasts. Additional forensic criteria for the diagnosis of SIDS were determined in the form of atrial endocardial fibrosis and interventricular septum; the expression of CD68, CD117 in fibroblasts, mast cells and lymphocytes; apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (expression of p53), proliferation of fibroblasts and remodeling of the heart (expression of ki-67).

Forensic medical characteristics of firearm exit wounds in cases with armour protection.

BACKGROUND: The very limited literature about the characteristic morphology of the firearm ammunition wounds in the body armored victims led authors to conduct an experimental study to understand this issue of great forensic and medico-legal importance. PURPOSE: An autopsy of a male sniper was fraught with a challenge to differentiate between a firearm ammunition entry and exit wound. He was wearing body armour when shot at during a hostage rescue operation. The study was conducted to standardize the findings and answer the queries in such cases of forearms with inherent legal implications. METHODOLOGY: The modifying effect of the clothing and the armour on the firearm injuries in humans was studied by test firings on animal (pig) cadaver tissues, which has closest simulation to the human body tissues. These firings were preceded by X-ray fluorescence, and followed by stereoscopic and spectroscopic examinations. All the events were recorded by the high-resolution video camera shoots. RESULTS: An extensive cavitation in the form of a cone shaped crater, and a tissue defect with precipitated edges and patching of the epidermal layers indicated a firearm entry and exit wound, respectively, in victims wearing body armour at the time of the firearm injury.

[Sudden death in school-aged children at physical exercise: forensic diagnosis]. / Vnezapnaya smert' detei shkol'nogo vozrasta pri fizicheskoi nagruzke: sudebno-meditsinskaya diagnostika.

OBJECTIVE: Acomprehensive forensic study of cases of sudden death of school-age children during physical exertion and sports. Investigated 9 cases of sudden death of children aged 8 to 17 years that occurred during exercise. It was studied anthropometric indicators, histological and biochemical studies to identify changes in internal organs and the cardiovascular system. The forensic medical characteristics of sudden death cases of schoolchildren are given. Along with the constitutional features, the characteristic changes in some tissues and internal organs in particular the heart and blood vessels were determined. The data obtained make it possible to develop an algorithm and propose a methodological approach for diagnosing sudden death of school-age children. The results of the study can be used as additional forensic criteria for assessing the risk of sudden death of children during physical activity.

[The current state of the issue on explosive injury]. / Sovremennoe sostoyanie voprosa vzryvnoi travmy.

The review summarizes and systematizes the literature data characterizing the forensic medical aspects in the complex assessment of injuries received because of the impact of damaging factors of explosion in different peacetime conditions. The current state of forensic-medical examination of the explosive trauma is considered; the problems are revealed and the perspective directions in their solution are outlined. The analysis of publications on the issue of forensic examination of blast trauma injuries has shown that a more detailed characterization is given in the domestic literature than in the foreign one. Further study of this problem will make it possible to determine the formation laws of injuries received in explosive trauma, the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the position of the victims and conditions of body trauma in confined spaces, as well as to refine the classification of explosive trauma depending on the conditions and circumstances of the explosion.