Trends in Mortality Due to Malignant Neoplasms of Female Genital Organs in Poland in the Period 2000-2021-A Population-Based Study.

The aim of this study is to assess mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms of female genital organs (MNFGOs) in Poland between 2000 and 2021. For the purpose of the study, the authors used data on all deaths of Polish female inhabitants due to MNFGO between 2000 and 2021, obtained from the Statistics Poland database. The standardised death rates (SDR), potential years of life lost (PYLL), annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated. Between the years 2000 and 2021, 138,000 women died due to MNFGOs in Poland. Of this number, 54,975 (39.8%) deaths were caused by ovarian cancer, 37,487 (27.2%) by cervix uteri cancer, and 26,231 (19.0%) by corpus uteri cancer. A decrease in mortality due to cervix uteri cancer (APC = -2.4%, p < 0.05) was the most favourable change that occurred in the period 2000-2021, while the least favourable change was an increase in mortality due to corpus uteri cancer for the period 2005-2019 (APC = 5.0%, p < 0.05). SDRs due to ovarian cancer showed a decreasing trend between 2007 and 2021 (APC = -0.5%, p < 0.05). The standardised PYLL index due to cervical cancer was 167.7 per 100,000 women in 2000 and decreased to 75.0 in 2021 (AAPC = -3.7, p < 0.05). The number of lost years of life due to ovarian cancer decreased from 143.8 in 2000 to 109.5 in 2021 (AAPC = -1.3, p < 0.05). High values of death rates due to MNFGO in Poland, compared to other European countries, show that there is a need to promote preventive programmes and continue to monitor changes in mortality.

Analysis of Clinical Pattern of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Cervical and Cervico-Thoracic Regions of the Spine.

Background: Cervical spine disorders (CSDs) are a common cause of neck pain. Proper diagnosis is of great importance in planning the management of a patient with neck pain. Hence, the aim of this study is to provide an overview of the clinical pattern of early-stage functional disorders affecting the cervical and cervico-thoracic regions of the spine, considering the age and sex of the subjects. Methods: Two hundred adult volunteers were included in the study. Manual examination of segments C0/C1-Th3/Th4 was performed according to the methodology of the Katenborn-Evjenth manual therapy concept and the spine curvatures were assessed (cervical lordosis and thoracic kyphosis). Results: The most common restricted movement was lateral flexion to the left, and the least disturbed movement were observed in the sagittal plane (flexion and extension). The most affected segment was C7/Th1 (71.5% participants had problems in this segment), and the least affected segment was Th3/Th4 (69.5% participants had no mobility disorders in this segment). The number of disturbed segments did not differ between men and women (p > 0.05), but increased with age (r = 0.14, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Cervical mobility in adult population is frequently restricted. The number of affected segments increased with age and was not sex-dependent.

Correction: Paciej-Golebiowska et al. Twenty-Year Mortality Trends in Patients with Kidney Disease in Poland with the Use of the Years of Life Lost Measure, 2000-2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2649.

Ilona Kurnatowska and Irena Maniecka-Bryla were not included as authors in the original publication [...].

Changes in mortality of Polish residents in the early and late old age due to main causes of death from 2000 to 2019.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends in Poland between 2000 and 2019 in the early and late old age population (65-74 years and over 75 years). Methods: The work used data on all deaths of Polish residents aged over 65 years (N = 5,496,970). The analysis included the five most common major groups of causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system and external causes of mortality. The analysis of time trends has been carried out with the use of joinpoint models. The Annual Percentage Change (APC) for each segments of broken lines, the Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) for the whole study period (95% CI), and standardized death rates (SDRs) were calculated. Results: The percentage of deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system decreased in all the studied subgroups. Among malignant neoplasms, lung and bronchus cancers accounted for the largest percentage of deaths, for which the SDRs among men decreased, while those among women increased. In the early old age, the SDR value increased from 67.8 to 76.3 (AAPC = 0.6%, p > 0.05), while in the late old age group it increased from 112.1 to 155.2 (AAPC = 1.8%, p < 0.05). Among men, there was an upward trend for prostate cancer (AAPC = 0.4% in the early old age group and AAPC = 0.6% in the late old age group, p > 0.05) and a downward trend for stomach cancer (AAPC -3.2 and -2.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). Stomach cancer also showed a decreasing trend among women (AAPC -3.2 and -3.6%, p < 0.05). SDRs due to influenza and pneumonia were increasing. Increasing trends in mortality due to diseases of the digestive system in women and men in the early old age group have been observed in recent years, due to alcoholic liver disease. Among the external causes of mortality in the late old age group, the most common ones were falls. Conclusions: It is necessary to conduct further research that will allow to diagnose risk and health problems of the elderly subpopulation in order to meet the health burden of the aging society.

Mortality Trends due to Falls in the Group of People in Early (65-74 Years) and Late (75+) Old Age in Poland in the Years 2000-2020.

The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to falls in early (65-74 years) and late (75+) old age groups in Poland in 2000-2020. The study used a database of all deaths due to falls in two age groups. Per 100,000 men in early old age, the crude death rate (CDR) increased from 25.3 in 2000 to 25.9 in 2020. After 2012, a statistically significant decrease was observed (annual percentage change (APC) = -2.3%). Similar trends were noted for standardized death rates (SDR). Among men 75 years and older, the CDR values between the years 2000 and 2005 decreased (APC = -5.9%; p < 0.05), while after 2005, they increased (1.3%; p < 0.05). The SDR value decreased from 160.6 in 2000 to 118.1 in 2020. Among women aged 65-74, the CDRs values between 2000-2020 decreased from 13.9 and 8.2 per 100,000 women. The SDR value decreased from 14.0 to 8.3, respectively (2000-2007: APC = -7.2%; p < 0.05). Among women aged 75+, the CDR value decreased from 151.5 to 111.6 per 100,000 but after 2008, they began to increase (APC = 1.9%; p < 0.05). SDR decreased from 188.9 to 98.0 per 100,000 women. Further research on the mortality in falls is needed in order to implement preventive programs.

The Burden of Suicide Mortality in Poland: A 20-Year Register-Based Study (2000-2019).

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to suicide in Poland in the years 2000-2019 with the use of joinpoint regression. Methods: The study analysed all suicide deaths in Poland in the years 2000-2019 (N = 113,355). Age-standardised death rates (SDRs), the annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) were determined. Results: In the male group, SDR was 29.3 in 2000 and 21.6 in 2019, in the female group, SDR decreased from 5.2 to 3.0. In 2019, the highest SDR values were noted in the group aged between 45 and 64 years. The most common method of suicide was hanging. In 2019, odds ratios (OR) of death due to suicide for age groups 15-24 years vs. 65 years or above were 51.47 among men and 181.89 among women. With regards to primary vs. tertiary education, OR values were 1.08 and 0.25, respectively; for single vs. widowed individuals 8.22 and 12.35; while for rural vs. urban residents 1.60 and 1.15. Conclusion: There is a need to implement educational programmes, primarily designed for young people.

Dietary Antioxidants, Quality of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Characteristics among Omnivores, Flexitarians and Vegetarians in Poland-The Results of Multicenter National Representative Survey WOBASZ.

Several reports have shown that more plant-based dietary patterns provide a higher intake of antioxidants compared to diets rich in meat and animal products. Data on the intake of key nutrients in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in relation to particular diets in countries of Central and Eastern Europe are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess quality of nutrition and CVD characteristics in a representative sample of Polish adults following different dietary patterns. Special regard was paid to the intake of natural antioxidants. The study comprised 13,318 (7159 females) randomly selected adults aged ≥ 20 years participating in the National Multicentre Health Surveys WOBASZ and WOBASZ II. The subjects were categorized into groups of omnivores (92.4%), flexitarians (7.4%) and vegetarians (0.16%) according to type of diet using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall. The obtained results showed that neither flexitarians nor vegetarians represented better dietary habits or lifestyle behaviors compared to omnivores. Flexitarians had significantly lower daily energy intake than omnivores, but their diet was rich in total fat (above 30% of daily energy consumption) and low in fiber. Omnivores declared a higher consumption of fresh vegetables (p < 0.001), fresh fruit (p < 0.01), coffee (p < 0.01) and tea (p < 0.05, in women only) than flexitarians. Omnivores had significantly higher intake of natural antioxidants (vitamin C, E, zinc in both genders and vitamin A in men) as compared with flexitarians. Among women, the highest adherence to the intake of recommended amounts of antioxidant nutrients was noted among omnivores. Among men, vegetarians had the highest proportion of meeting the guidelines for vitamin A (77.8%), E (66.7%) and C (66.7%), while the lowest proportions were found in flexitarians (69.9%, 39.5% and 32.4%, respectively). The groups did not differ in terms of smoking and physical activity level. There were no significant differences in the analyzed CVD characteristics between omnivores and flexitarians. In women, vegetarians had substantially lower BMI than omnivores (p < 0.05) and flexitarians (p < 0.05) and a lower mean serum glucose compared with omnivores (p < 0.01) and flexitarians (p < 0.05). Vegetarians had lower prevalence of hypertension and obesity than meat eaters. In conclusion, the results of the current research showed an inappropriate intake of several nutrients, including highly potent antioxidants, irrespective of the dietary regimen. Flexitarians did not have a more favorable CVD profile than omnivores. Taking into account the growing popularity of diets with reduced animal products, there is a need to elaborate strategies providing Polish adults with guidance regarding properly balanced nutrition.

Mortality Trends Due to Skin Melanoma in Poland in the Years 2000-2020.

The aim of this article is to assess mortality trends due to skin melanoma in Poland between the years 2000 and 2020, taking into account gender and place of residence (urban, rural). The subject of the analyses was data on 25,061 deaths that occurred between 2000 and 2020 due to skin melanoma (C43 according to ICD-10). Mortality rates due to this cancer, both crude (CDR) and standardised (SDR), were calculated. Trends on the calculated rates were analysed using the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC), obtained from joinpoint regression models. Over the study period, the standardised death rate (SDR) due to skin melanoma in Poland increased from 3.60 to 4.03 per 100,000 population (AAPC = 1.1; p < 0.05), for urban residents it increased from 3.56 to 3.91 (APC = 1.2; p < 0.05) and for rural residents it increased from 3.00 to 4.24 (APC = 2.2; p < 0.05). A higher growth rate in terms of the SDR value between the years 2000 and 2020 was recorded in men compared to women and in rural when compared to urban residents. In Poland, mortality due to skin melanoma is on the rise. The early diagnosis of this cancer should become common practice in the Polish population.

Excess mortality in Poland during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyse excess deaths by major causes of death and associated changes in the mortality pattern of the Polish population in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study used data on all deaths in Poland which occurred between 2010 and 2020 (N = 3,912,237). 10-year mortality trends for 2010-2019 were determined. An analysis of time trends has been carried out with joinpoint models and Joinpoint Regression Program. Based on the determined regression models, the number of deaths expected in 2020 and the number of excess deaths due to selected causes were calculated. Results: The crude death rates of all-cause deaths increased from 2000 to 2019 at an average annual rate of 1% (p = 0.0007). The determined regression model revealed that the number of deaths in 2020 should have been 413,318 (95% CI: 411,252 to 415,385). In reality, 477,355 people died in Poland that year. The number of excess deaths was therefore 64,037 (15.5%). According to data from Statistics Poland the number of COVID-19-related deaths was 40,028, the number of non-COVID-19 deaths was 24,009. The largest percentage increase over the expected number of deaths was observed for suicide (12.5%), mental and behavioral disorders (7.2%) and diseases of circulatory system (5.9%). A lower than expected number of deaths was observed for malignant neoplasms (-3.2%) and transport accidents (-0.1%). Conclusion: The difference between expected and observed non-COVID-19 deaths in 2020 indicates a need for further analysis of the causes of excess mortality.

Twenty-Year Mortality Trends in Patients with Kidney Disease in Poland with the Use of the Years of Life Lost Measure, 2000-2019.

Due to the significant socioeconomic burden of kidney diseases, we decided to analyse years of life lost (YLLs) from this cause in Poland between the years 2000 and 2019. The standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) measure was used to calculate the number of YLLs, the value of which was related to the size of the study population and calculated per 100,000 persons (SEYLLp). A time trend analysis was performed using the Joinpoint regression method. In 2000, the number of YLLs for the entire population was 72,795 (SEYLLp = 190.3 years). After a period of minor changes between 2000 and 2011 (increasing at 0.9% per year), the YLL index rapidly declined between 2011 and 2015 (at -15.4% yearly) and then increased in the last years of the study period (at 12.5% yearly). These changes resulted in a decrease in the number of YLLs to 57,278 in 2019 (SEYLLp = 149.2). The deteriorating health status of Poles after 2015 most likely was caused by the aging of the population, as well as the increasing incidence of risk factors, in particular diabetes and arterial hypertension.

Decreasing Trends in Road Traffic Mortality in Poland: A Twenty-Year Analysis.

The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to road traffic accidents in Poland between 1999 and 2018. The study material was a database including 7,582,319 death certificates of all inhabitants of Poland who died in the analyzed period (104,652 people died of transport accidents). Crude deaths rates (CDR), standardized death rates (SDR) and joinpoint models were used. Annual percentage change (APC) for each segment of broken lines and average annual percentage change (AAPC) for the whole study period were calculated. CDR decreased from 19.7 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 9.6 per 100,000 population in 2018; APC was -4.1% (p < 0.05) while SDR decreased from 20.9 to 10.9 per 100,000; APC was -4.1% (p < 0.05). Large differences in traffic accident-related mortality were observed between men and women. An analysis by gender and age shows that the decline in the number of deaths due to traffic accidents has been slowed down in the oldest age group, 65+, in both males and females. There is a need for in-depth analyses aimed at introducing effective preventive solutions in the field of road traffic safety in Poland. Legal regulations should particularly refer to the most endangered groups of road users.

Years of life lost due to viral hepatitis in Poland, 2000-2014.

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis often affects young people; it therefore seems reasonable to analyze the phenomenon of premature mortality due to this reason, using Years of Life Lost (YLLs) measurement. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze YLLs due to viral hepatitis in Poland in 2000-2014. For the years 2002 and 2011, socio-economic variables (marital status, level of education, working status, place of residence) were included. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research material was a database containing information from 5,601,568 death certificates of Polish citizens from 2000-2014. The data on deaths caused by viral hepatitis, i.e. coded as B15-B19 according to the ICD-10, was used for the analysis. The Standard Expected Years of Life Lost measure was used to calculate YLLs. Analysis of time trends was performed with the linear regression method using the joinpoint model. RESULTS: In the studied period, 3.628 deaths of Polish citizens were caused by viral hepatitis (0.06% of all deaths), which translated to 92,845.70 YLLs (16.17 years per 100,000 inhabitants). The number of YLLs increased over time (p<0.05), reaching its highest value in the last analyzed year - 22.14 years per 100,000. The YLLs average per one death was 25.59 years. Among the risk group there were individuals living in urban areas, divorced/separated, with lower than secondary education, and economically inactive. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that Poland belongs to a group of countries with low mortality due to viral hepatitis, this disease is a serious social problem as measured with YLLs. The study provides the basis for policymakers to implement more effective methods to prevent premature deaths caused by this disease.

Informal Dementia Caregivers: Current Technology Use and Acceptance of Technology in Care.

(1) Background: Given the increased social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the challenges faced by informal dementia caregivers have increased. An increasing use of technology, both in care and dementia clinical trials, depends upon caregivers' abilities as a user. Accordingly, the aim of our study was to verify the current technology (smartphone and computer) use and acceptance in care, regarding socio-demographic variables; (2) Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 102 dementia caregivers, mostly of patients with moderate dementia; (3) Results: The majority of participants were women (63%), and large number of them used technological devices such as a smartphone (91%) or computer (81%). Results revealed differences between age, gender, and education level on technology acceptance. Interestingly, smartphone use and acceptance seemed to be feasible, regardless of age, whereas computer use was negatively correlated with age. Technology was perceived by respondents as most useful for patients' activities including locomotion, toileting, and meals; (4) Conclusions: The future of technology use in dementia care should indicate solutions tailored to individual characteristics such as new technology solutions (GPS trackers, smartphone apps, dietary intervention, and meal planning apps).

Ten-year changes in adherence to a healthy lifestyle: the results of the WOBASZ surveys.

INTRODUCTION: The evidence on the beneficial role of low­risk characteristics is well established. However, data on trends in lifestyle patterns in Central Europe are limited. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this report was to determine changes in lifestyle patterns among adults in Poland between 2003 and 2014. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised 12 857 adults aged 20 to 74 years (5986 men and 6871 women) participating in 2 nationwide representative surveys, the WOBASZ (2003-2005) and WOBASZ II (2013-2014). Low­risk characteristics included: nonsmoking, nonobese waist circumference, satisfactory physical activity, good-quality diet, and low saturated fat intake. The 5 characteristics cre­ ated a lifestyle index ranging from 0 to 5. A poor lifestyle was defined as the lifestyle index from 0 to 1. RESULTS: About 2% of the participants followed a healthy lifestyle, and 25%, a poor lifestyle in both surveys. The proportion of nonsmokers significantly increased (from 57.8% to 66.9% for men and from 72.6% to 77.1% for women). There was a significant decrease in the prevalence of nonobese waist circumference (from 75.4% to 71.3% among men and from 61.2% to 57.9% among women), adequate physical activity (from 37.5% to 27.5% among men and from 31.5% to 29% among women), and low saturated fat consumption (from 23.4% to 20.2% among men and from 26.1% to 23.7% among women). Lower educational attainment was the strongest sociodemographic factor contributing to a poor lifestyle (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ultimate goal for the healthcare system should be to implement more effective interventions focused on promoting healthy lifestyle as a whole.

Years of life lost due to malignant neoplasms of the digestive system in Poland during 10 years of socioeconomic transformation.

The aim of the study was to analyse years of life lost due to selected malignant neoplasms of the digestive system (colorectum, stomach, and pancreas) in Poland, a post-communist country in Central Europe, according to socioeconomic variables: sex, age, level of education, marital status, working status, and place of residence. The study included a dataset comprising death certificates of Polish citizens from 2002 (N = 359 486) and 2011 (N = 375 501). The data on deaths caused by malignant neoplasms of the digestive system, that is, coded as C15-C26 according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, was analyzed. The standard expected years of life lost meter was used to calculate years of life lost. In 2002, malignant neoplasms of the digestive system caused 25 024 deaths among Polish citizens (7.0% of all deaths), which translated into a premature loss of 494 442.1 years of life (129.4 years per 10 000 people). In 2011, the number of deaths increased to 26 537 (7.1% of all deaths) and the number of years of life lost rose to 499 804.0 (129.7 years per 10 000). The most important causes of mortality and years of life lost were colorectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers. In both studied years, the socioeconomic features with an adverse effect on years of life lost due to each considered malignant neoplasm of the digestive system included male gender, lower than secondary education, widowed marital status, economic inactivity, living in urban areas. Years of life lost analysis constitutes a valuable part of epidemiological assessment of health inequalities in society. It appears that the observed inequalities may have many causes; however, further research is needed to better understand their full extent.

Changes in mortality and years of life lost due to lung cancer in Poland, 2000-2016.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate trends of mortality and the number of years of life lost due to lung cancer in Poland, in the period 2000-2016. METHODS: The study material was 375,151 death certificates of all inhabitants of Poland who died in the period 2000-2016 due to lung cancer. In order to calculate the number of years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLLd (per deaths), APC (Annual Percentage Change) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). RESULTS: The standardized death rate (SDR) due to lung cancer decreased in the analyzed period from 74.5 to 68.3 per 100,000 population (AAPC = -0.6%). The most rapid decrease was noted in the years 2008-2011 (APC = -2.2%). With regards to males, SDR decreased from 148.8 to 114.5 (AAPC = -1.7%), whereas in females, it increased from 25.7 to 37.6 (AAPC = 2.3%). The SEYLLp index, calculated per 100,000 inhabitants, increased from 1189.9 in the year 2000 to 1250.5 in the year 2016. The trend and pace of changes fluctuated. In 2000-2008, the SEYLLp index was increasing at a pace of 0.7%. This growth was followed by a decrease at a pace of -1.2%, noted in 2008-2011. After the year 2011, the indices started to grow at an annual pace of 0.4%. AAPC in the whole study period was 0.3%. Increased mortality in females was responsible for the increase in the number of lost years of life. SEYLLp values in this sex group increased from 464.8 in the year 2000 to 774.7 in the year 2016 (APC = 3.3%).With regards to males, SEYLLp values, calculated for 100,000 male population, decreased in the analyzed period from 1961.1 to 1758.3. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer still poses a serious epidemiological problem in Poland and the number of years of life lost due to this cause reflects social and economic implications of premature lung cancer-related mortality. There is a great need to educate, particularly women, and show effective ways of quitting smoking.

[Trends in excess male mortality in the working age population in a region with the highest mortality rates in Poland]. / Trendy nadumieralnosci mezczyzn w wieku produkcyjnym w województwie o najwyzszych wspólczynnikach zgonów w Polsce.

BACKGROUND: The intensity of premature deaths in the Lódz region in 2014 amounted to 40 per 10 000, and was the highest in the country (the average rate for Poland was 32). Excess mortality of men aged <65 continues to be a major medical and social problem. The aim of the study is to analyze time trends of excess male mortality in the working age population in the Lódz region, both in general and due to the most important causes of deaths. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research material consists of information on 144 589 deaths of the Lódz region inhabitants aged 20-64 in 1999-2014. Crude and standardized mortality rates were calculated, as well as excess male mortality rates both in general and by cause of death. Standardization was carried out using the direct method according to the standard European population. A study of time trends was performed with the use of the joinpoint regression analysis. Average annual percentage rates of changes were estimated. RESULTS: The excess mortality rate of men at the productive age decreased from 2.9 to 2.8 in the Lódz region in 1999-2014. The most important causes of death among men aged 20-64 in 2014 were (rates per 10 000): cardiovascular diseases (19.1), malignant neoplasms (16.6) and external causes of death (12.3). Among women, the most significant were malignant neoplasms (11.1), cardiovascular diseases (5.1) and diseases of the digestive system (2.1). The excess mortality rate of men aged 20-64 in the analyzed period reached the highest values due to external causes of death (5.1-7.3) and cardiovascular diseases (3.0-3.7). The highest rate of the decline in excess male mortality in 1999-2014 was recorded due to malignant neoplasms, on average 1.4% per year (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the fastest growth concerned external causes of death, on average 1.0% per year (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in the mortality rates among both sexes, excess male mortality due to external causes of death and cardiovascular diseases increased. Med Pr. 2020;71(3):325-35.

Trends of mortality due to breast cancer in Poland, 2000-2016.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years of life due to breast cancer in the female population in the years 2000-2016, with consideration given to differences regarding the level of education and place of residence. METHODS: The analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 92,154 death certificates of all Polish female inhabitants who died in the period 2000-2016 due to breast cancer. The SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), the SEYLLd (per deaths), the APC (Annual Percentage Change), the AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change) were calculated to determine years of life lost. RESULTS: The mean age of women who died from breast cancer increased in the study period from 64.7 years to 69.7. The SEYLLp index (per 100,000) increased to 776.8 years in 2016 (AAPC = 0.5%). The most unfavorable changes were observed in the group of women with secondary education. In 2004, the SEYLLp values started to grow at a rate of 2.3% and since 2011, they have been higher than amongst women with elementary education. In the years 2000-2016, the authors observed that SEYLLp was steadily declining (APC = -1.0%) in the group of inhabitants of rural areas, whereas with regards to city dwellers, the SEYLLp index has been increasing since 2004 (APC = 0.5%), which has resulted in increased disproportions regarding the place of residence. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that breast cancer is becoming a serious epidemiological problem in Poland. There is the need to intensify activities among women at highest risk group and it should be the starting point for making key decision in combating breast cancer.

Vitamin D - dietary intake, supplementation and metabolic status of Polish adults

OBJECTIVES: Contrary to popular opinion on the preventive properties of vitamin D, results of previous studies have been inconclusive. The aim of this research was to evaluate the associations between the intake of vitamin D and metabolic abnormalities in a representative sample of Polish adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Within the framework of the Multi-Center National Population Health Examination Survey (referred to as WOBASZ), a random sample of 2381 adult residents of Poland (53.8% of whom were women) was examined. All the study subjects were extensively reviewed, including 24-h dietary recall. The intake of vitamin D was assessed on the basis of dietary and supplements reviews. Metabolic abnormalities were evaluated using measurements of waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), serum triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting glycemia. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS: Of all the study participants, about 4.4 % of women and 2.6% of men declared a regular supplementation of vitamin D. Among women, a significant inverse correlation between vitamin D supplementation and the mean systolic BP was found (p < 0.01). A more substantial relationship was noted after dividing the study subjects according to their body mass. Among obese men, there was a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D intake and the mean systolic BP (p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (p < 0.05), as well as a positive correlation with HDL-C (p < 0.05). Among obese women, a negative correlation was found between vitamin D supplementation and the mean systolic BP (p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (p < 0.05), and a positive correlation with TG (p < 0.05). Among non-obese male subjects, a negative correlation between vitamin D intake and WC was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained findings suggest that the correlation between vitamin D intake and metabolic abnormalities may depend on the obesity status. A higher vitamin D intake may reduce BP and increase HDL-C in obese subjects. The positive relationship between vitamin D intake and TG concentration in women needs further investigation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(1):107-18.

Standard Expected Years of Life Lost Due to Malignant Neoplasms in Poland, 2000-2014.

The aim of the study was an analysis of mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms in Poland. The study material was a database, consisting of 1,367,364 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland who died during the period 2000-2014 due to malignant cancer. To calculate years of life lost, the SEYLLp index (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) was applied. We also calculated AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLLp index (per 10,000 population) due to malignant neoplasms in Poland in males decreased from 586.3 in 2000 to 575.5 in 2014, whereas in females it increased from 398.6 in 2000 to 418.3 in 2014. The greatest number of lost years of life in 2014 was attributed to lung cancer (174.7 per 10,000 males and 77.3 per 10,000 females), breast cancer in females (64.5) and colorectal cancer in males (39.0). The most negative trends were observed for lung cancer in females (AAPC = 3.5%) and for colorectal cancer (AAPC = 1.8%) and prostate cancer (AAPC = 1.6%) in males. Many lost years could have been prevented by including a greater number of Polish inhabitants in screening examinations, mostly targeted at malignant neoplasm, whose incidence is closely connected with modifiable risk factors.