Management Strategies Aiming to Improve Horse Welfare Reduce Embryonic Death Rates in Mares.

The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of management strategies aiming to improve animal well-being on pregnancy and embryonic death (ED) rates. Breeding records of a cohort of 1206 Thoroughbred mares brought to a stallion station facility, to be bred with the stallions housed there, were evaluated during ten breeding seasons. Mares were blocked according to management strategies in two groups: Stress and Relax. Strategies used to improve animal well-being (Relax group) were as follows: stopping the teasing routine, reducing or eliminating stall confinement, reducing the number of mares per group and maintaining herd stability during the breeding season. In barren mares, the pregnancy rate was higher in the Relax group (91.8%) when compared to the observed in Stress group (84.7%). However, no difference in pregnancy rates were observed (Stress = 85.2% vs. Relax = 86.2) in foaling mares. ED rate was higher in barren and foaling mares of the Stress group mares (25.5% and 26.8%, respectively) compared with the Relax group (16.1% and 14.7%, respectively). No significant differences were observed on foal heat pregnancy rate between groups; yet, the embryo loss on foal heat was significant reduced in Relax mares (Relax = 8.7% vs Stress = 24.5%). In conclusion, management strategies aimed to reduce social stress can reduce early pregnancy losses and the average cycles per pregnancy, improving reproductive performance in mares.

Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: results in a large series.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an appropriate method for the evaluation of axillary status in cases of early breast cancer. We report our experience in treating cases evaluated using SLNB. We analyzed a total of 1192 cases assessed by means of SLNB from July 1999 to December 2007. SLNB processing was successfully completed in 1154 cases with the use of blue dye or radiolabeled 99mTc-Dextran-500, or both. Of these 1154 patients, 857 were N0(i-) (no regional lymph node metastasis, negative immunohistochemistry, IHC), 96 were N0(i+) (no regional lymph node metastasis histologically, positive IHC, no IHC cluster greater than 0.2 mm) and 201 were N1mi (greater than 0.2 mm, none greater than 2.0 mm). Most of the tumors (70%) were invasive ductal carcinomas and tumors were staged as T1 in 770 patients (65%). A total of 274 patients underwent SLNB and axillary dissections up to April 2003. The inclusion criteria were tumor size equal to or less than 3 cm in diameter, no clinically palpable axillary lymph nodes, no neoadjuvant therapy. In 19 cases, the SLN could not be identified intraoperatively. A false-negative rate of 11% and a negative predictive value of 88.2% were obtained for the 255 assessable patients. The overall concordance between SLNB and axillary lymph node status was 92%. SLNB sensitivity for nodes was 81% and specificity was 100%. The higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and lower false-negative rates of SLNB suggest that this method may be an appropriate alternative to total axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients.

Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: results in a large series

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an appropriate method for the evaluation of axillary status in cases of early breast cancer. We report our experience in treating cases evaluated using SLNB. We analyzed a total of 1192 cases assessed by means of SLNB from July 1999 to December 2007. SLNB processing was successfully completed in 1154 cases with the use of blue dye or radiolabeled 99mTc-Dextran-500, or both. Of these 1154 patients, 857 were N0(i-) (no regional lymph node metastasis, negative immunohistochemistry, IHC), 96 were N0(i+) (no regional lymph node metastasis histologically, positive IHC, no IHC cluster greater than 0.2 mm) and 201 were N1mi (greater than 0.2 mm, none greater than 2.0 mm). Most of the tumors (70 percent) were invasive ductal carcinomas and tumors were staged as T1 in 770 patients (65 percent). A total of 274 patients underwent SLNB and axillary dissections up to April 2003. The inclusion criteria were tumor size equal to or less than 3 cm in diameter, no clinically palpable axillary lymph nodes, no neoadjuvant therapy. In 19 cases, the SLN could not be identified intraoperatively. A false-negative rate of 11 percent and a negative predictive value of 88.2 percent were obtained for the 255 assessable patients. The overall concordance between SLNB and axillary lymph node status was 92 percent. SLNB sensitivity for nodes was 81 percent and specificity was 100 percent. The higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and lower false-negative rates of SLNB suggest that this method may be an appropriate alternative to total axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients.

The role of NO-cGMP pathway and potassium channels on the relaxation induced by clonidine in the rat mesenteric arterial bed.

The mechanisms involved in the vasodilation action of clonidine have not yet been completely elucidated. We investigated the potential mechanisms that seem to be involved in the clonidine vasodilator effect using rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). In precontracted MAB, clonidine (10-300 pmol) induced a dose-dependent relaxation, that was inhibited by endothelium removal (deoxycholic acid - 2.5 mM) and reduced by the alpha(2) adrenoceptor inhibitors yohimbine (1-3 microM) and rauwolscine (1 microM). The endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by clonidine was reduced by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME (0.3 mM) and guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (10 microM) but was not affected by indomethacin (3-10 microM) alone. High K+ (25 mM) solution reduced the vasodilator effect of clonidine that was further attenuated by L-NAME. In the presence of high K+ plus L-NAME, the residual vasodilator effect of clonidine was further reduced by indomethacin (3 microM). The Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel (K+(Ca2+)) inhibitors, charybdotoxin (ChTx; 0.1 microM) plus apamin (0.1 microM), also reduced the vasodilation induced by clonidine, however this response was not further reduced in the presence of L-NAME as observed with acetylcholine (10 pmol). In the presence of ATP-dependent K+ channel (K+(ATP)) blocker, glibenclamide (10 microM), the inhibitory effect of ChTx plus apamin plus L-NAME was increased. In contrast, the vasodilation induced by clonidine was not affected by voltage-dependent K+ channels (K(V)) blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that clonidine activates alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in rat MAB and that the endothelium-dependent vasodilation is mediated by activation of NO-cGMP pathway, hyperpolarization due to activation of K+(Ca) and K+(ATP) channels. Prostaglandins might participate in the vasodilator effect of clonidine when NO and EDHF mechanisms are blunted.

Captopril reverses the reduced vasodilator response to bradykinin in hypertensive pregnant rats.

1. Pregnancy in rats is characterized by a reduction in arterial pressure that is associated with a decreased response to vasoconstrictors. However, the responses to vasodilators in isolated vessels remain controversial and are not well established in hypertensive pregnant rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effect of pregnancy on the bradykinin (BK)-induced vasodilator responses of the isolated mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) from Wistar normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and determined the role of nitric oxide (NO), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in these responses. 3. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) in pregnant normotensive and pregnant hypertensive rats (93 +/- 1 and 122 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively) was lower than in non-pregnant controls (128 +/- 1 and 163 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). In MAB isolated from normotensive rats and precontracted with phenylephrine, the effects of bradykinin, acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroglycerine (NG) were not influenced by pregnancy. In contrast, the vasodilator responses to BK were significantly reduced in pregnant compared with non-pregnant SHR and seemed to be specific to BK. 4. The ACE inhibitor captopril potentiated BK vasodilator responses and abolished the differences between pregnant and non-pregnant SHR. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) significantly reduced the vasodilator effect of BK in all groups. In the presence of l-NAME plus high K+ solution (47 mmol/L), BK-induced vasodilation was completely blocked. The NO-dependent component of the responses seems to be more important in hypertensive rats and pregnancy does not modify this profile. 5. Our results suggest that increased ACE activity may be involved in the pregnancy associated reduction in vasodilator responses to BK in the MAB of hypertensive rats. Pregnancy does not modify the relative contribution of the EDHF and NO to the vasodilator effect of BK.

Carnitine supplementation in diphtheria.

We studied the effect of carnitine supplementation in patients with diphtheria. Six hundred and twenty five children of diphtheria received either DL-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day in two divided doses orally for four days), or no carnitine, in addition to the routine treatment for diphtheria. The patients receiving carnitine (n = 327) and controls (n = 298) were matched for age, sex, duration of symptoms, grade of toxemia and immunization status. Patients receiving carnitine showed a significant reduction in incidence of myocarditis as compared to controls (p = 0.001). Cases with myocarditis receiving carnitine therapy showed a significant reduction in mortality as compared to controls (p < 0.001). In view of a significant decline in incidence and mortality of myocarditis in cases of diphtheria, we recommended that all cases with diphtheria should receive carnitine supplementation.