The influence of physical fatigue on telephone-based neuropsychological test performance in COVID-19 survivors.

Fatigue has been characterized as a post COVID-19 condition known to persist months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with impaired cognitive function, including disorders in attention, memory, information processing, and executive functions. The objective of this study was to determine if post-COVID fatigue, manifested as tiredness while performing low-intensity physical activity, has a detrimental effect on neuropsychological performance, to achieve this, we randomly selected 20 participants with post-COVID fatigue and 20 SARS-CoV-2 negative age-matched controls from a database of 360 residents of Tijuana, Baja California in a cross-sectional study design. All 40 participants responded to a health survey, along with a neuropsychological assessment test via telephone call. Statistical analysis was performed using a multiple linear regression model including the following independent variables: study condition (post-COVID fatigue or negative control), sex, age, years of education, hypertension, asthma, administration of supplemental oxygen during COVID-19 recovery, and the hour at which the evaluation started. Significant regression analysis was obtained for all global parameters of the assessment, including BANFE-2 score (p = 0.021, R2 Adj. = 0.263), NEUROPSI score (p = 0.008, R2 Adj. = 0.319), and total errors (p = 0.021, R2 Adj. = 0.263), with significant regression coefficients for study condition on two global parameters, BANFE-2 score (p = 0.028, ß = - 0.371) and NEUROPSI score (p = 0.010, ß = -0.428). These findings suggest that the presence of post-COVID fatigue is a factor associated with a decrease in neuropsychological performance.

Micronutrient Deficiency Pre- and Post-bariatric Metabolic Surgery in Latin America: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Persons submitted to bariatric metabolic surgery present micronutrient deficiency before and after surgery, due to the lack of proper supplementation. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in people before and after bariatric metabolic surgery in Latin America. METHODS: This review was conducted in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA Guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies and 2135 participants were included. The highest prevalence of deficiency before surgery was reported for vitamin D (74%), zinc (71%), and hemoglobin (62%); after surgery, they were vitamin A (90.6%), vitamin D (90%), and zinc (68%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiency before and after bariatric metabolic surgery from Latin American persons; the micronutrients with the highest deficiency prevalence were vitamin D before and vitamin A after bariatric metabolic surgery.

Self-care model and body image in adults after a bariatric surgery. / Modelo de autocuidado e imagem corporal em adultos pós cirurgia bariátrica.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of the present article was to test a self-care model explained by the relationship between self-efficacy, body image, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression in people with bariatric surgery in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. METHOD: this was a correlational cross-sectional study carried out between August and December 2020. Validated instruments were administered to 102 participants to measure their self-care capacity, general self-efficacy, psychopathological symptoms, and body image perception and satisfaction. The variables of interest were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to develop a model using path analysis. RESULT: a significant model was obtained with adequate goodness-of-fit indicators (chi-square χ2 (8) = 11.451, p = .177; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)= 0.000; goodness-of-fit index (GFI)= 0.965; comparative fit index (CFI)= 0.985; parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI)= 0.509, and Akaike information criterion (AIC)= 37.451). Self-efficacy (Zß=0.294) and body image dissatisfaction (So= -0.376) were shown to influence self-care abilities while psychopathological symptoms influenced body dissatisfaction: obsessive-compulsive disorder (Zß=0.370) and depression (Zß=0.320). CONCLUSION: adequate levels of self-efficacy and body satisfaction predict a high capacity for self-care.

Ecuadorian adaptation and validation of the Scale ofRisk Factors Associated with Eating Disorders (EFRATA)

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y conocer la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad en la población ecuatoriana de la Escala EFRATA de Factores de Riesgo Asociados a los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria. Se utilizó una muestra no probabilística de 1172 participantes (edad: M = 21.99; DT = 2.49; 58.6% mujeres y 41.4% hombres). El primer estudio de análisis paralelo identificó siete factores interpretables que explican el 50% de la varianza. El segundo estudio de análisis factorial confirmatorio indica un ajuste aceptable (GFI = 0.96; AGFI = 0.95; NFI = 0,94; RMR = 0.08). Los coeficientes de confiabilidad para el alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald's fueron 0.89 y 0.90 respectivamente. La versión ecuatoriana de la EFRATA muestra buenas propiedades psicométricas y se adapta al contexto cultural de este país.(AU)

The objective of this study was to adapt and know the factorial structure and reliability in the Ecuadorian population of the EFRATA Scale of Risk Factors Associated with Eating Disorders. A non-probabilistic sample of 1172 participants were used (age: M= 21.99; SD= 2.49; 58.6% women and 41.4% men). The first parallel analysis study iden-tified seven interpretable factors that explain 50% of the variance. The second confirmatory factor analysis study indicates an acceptable fit (GFI = 0.96; AGFI = 0.95; NFI = 0.94; RMR = 0.08). The reliability coeffi-cients for Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were 0.89 and 0.90 re-spectively. The Ecuadorian version of the EFRATA shows good psycho-metric properties and adapts to the cultural context of this country

Psychometric Assessment of an Online Self-Test Measuring Risky Eating Behavior, Depression, Social Anxiety, and Self-Injury in Mexican Adolescents.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of OTESSED, an online test for the self-detection and prevention of risk factors for eating disorders and related problems, such as depression, social anxiety, and self-injury, in samples of male and female adolescents. Participants formed a non-probability sample of N = 577 high school students. The mean ages of boys and girls were the same (Mage = 15.61; SD = 0.73). Among the main results, scales of depression, self-injury, social anxiety, and risky eating behavior (REB) with construct validity (CFA) were obtained. The first two showed the same structure (two factors per sex), with an appropriate reliability omega value (0.92), and a similar percentage of explained variance (≥50). The REB scale presented two factors for boys and three for girls, with an appropriate omega value (0.88) and explained variance percentage (0.56). The instrument validation process was completed, meeting the discriminant validity criterion for each scale of the OTESSED.

Modelo de autocuidado e imagem corporal em adultos pós cirurgia bariátrica / Self-care model and body image in adults after a bariatric surgery / Modelo de autocuidado e imagen corporal en adultos post-cirugía bariátrica

Resumo Objetivo: testar um modelo de autocuidado explicado pela relação entre autoeficácia, imagem corporal, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e depressão em pessoas com cirurgia bariátrica na cidade de Tijuana, no México. Método: estudo transversal correlacional realizado entre agosto e dezembro de 2020. Instrumentos validados foram aplicados a 102 participantes para medir sua capacidade de autocuidado, autoeficácia geral, sintomas psicopatológicos, e percepção e satisfação com a imagem corporal. As variáveis de interesse foram analisadas utilizando estatísticas descritivas e correlações de Pearson e Spearman para finalmente desenvolver um modelo utilizando a análise de caminho (path analysis). Resultados: foi obtido um modelo significativo com bons indicadores de bondade de ajuste (qui-quadrado χ 2 (8)= 11,451, p = 0,177; raiz quadrada da média do erro de aproximação (RMSEA)= 0,000; índice de bondade de ajuste (GFI)= 0,965; índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI)= 0,985; índice de ajuste normalizado parcimonioso (PNFI)= 0,509 e critério de informação de Akaike (AIC)= 37,451). A autoeficácia (Zβ= 0,294) e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal (Zβ= -0,376) demonstraram ter um efeito sobre as capacidades de autocuidado, enquanto os sintomas psicopatológicos influenciam a insatisfação corporal: transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (Zβ= 0,370) e depressão (Zβ= 0,320). Conclusão: níveis adequados de autoeficácia e satisfação corporal predizem uma alta capacidade de autocuidado.

Abstract Objective: the aim of the present article was to test a self-care model explained by the relationship between self-efficacy, body image, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression in people with bariatric surgery in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Method: this was a correlational cross-sectional study carried out between August and December 2020. Validated instruments were administered to 102 participants to measure their self-care capacity, general self-efficacy, psychopathological symptoms, and body image perception and satisfaction. The variables of interest were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to develop a model using path analysis. Result: a significant model was obtained with adequate goodness-of-fit indicators (chi-square χ2 (8) = 11.451, p = .177; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)= 0.000; goodness-of-fit index (GFI)= 0.965; comparative fit index (CFI)= 0.985; parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI)= 0.509, and Akaike information criterion (AIC)= 37.451). Self-efficacy (Zβ=0.294) and body image dissatisfaction (So= -0.376) were shown to influence self-care abilities while psychopathological symptoms influenced body dissatisfaction: obsessive-compulsive disorder (Zβ=0.370) and depression (Zβ=0.320). Conclusion: adequate levels of self-efficacy and body satisfaction predict a high capacity for self-care.

Resumen Objetivo: probar un modelo de autocuidado explicado por la relación entre autoeficacia, imagen corporal, obsesión-compulsión y depresión en personas con cirugía bariátrica de la ciudad de Tijuana, B.C. Método: estudio transversal correlacional realizado entre agosto y diciembre de 2020. Se aplicaron instrumentos validados a 102 participantes para medir su capacidad de autocuidado, autoeficacia general, síntomas psicopatológicos, percepción y satisfacción de la imagen corporal. Las variables de interés fueron analizadas mediante estadística descriptiva y correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman para finalmente elaborar un modelo mediante análisis de ruta (Path Analysis). Resultados: se obtuvo un modelo significativo con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste (chi-cuadrado χ 2 (8)= 11.451, p = .177; error de aproximación raíz-media-cuadrada (RMSEA)= 0.000; índice de bondad de ajuste (GFI)= 0.965; índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI)= 0.985; índice de ajuste normado parsimonioso (PNFI)= 0.509 y criterio de información de Akaike (AIC)= 37.451). Se demostró que la autoeficacia (Zβ= 0.294) y la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal (Zβ= -0.376) tienen un efecto sobre las capacidades de autocuidado mientras que los síntomas psicopatológicos influyen sobre la insatisfacción corporal: obsesión-compulsión (Zβ= 0.370) y depresión (Zβ= 0.320). Conclusión: los niveles adecuados de autoeficacia y satisfacción corporal predicen una alta capacidad de autocuidado.

Efficacy of a multivitamin adherence program based on cognitive dissonance for bariatric patients: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among bariatric patients; this study aimed to determine whether a cognitive dissonance-based virtual program improved adherence to multivitamin use in bariatric patients from northern Mexico. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial of the supplementation strategy was conducted over three months. The participants were randomized to an intervention or waitlisted control group and received two psycho-educative and four cognitive dissonance virtual sessions. Multiple linear regression was used to determine standardized estimates of associations between the intervention and dependent variables. Two path analyses were evaluated considering baseline and post-test measurements. RESULTS: Intervention was associated with higher concentrations of Hb (ß=0.758, p<0.001), vitamin D (ß=0.577, p<0.001), iron (ß=0.523, p<0.001), folate (ß=0.494, p<0.01), calcium (ß=0.452, p<0.01), higher adherence (ß=0.467, p<0.001), and level of knowledge (ß=0.298, p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The dissonance-based intervention potentiated the level of supplementation adherence. A higher level of adherence was reflected in micronutrient concentrations, thus providing confirmation of intervention. Thus, support is found for a multidisciplinary clinical practice that enhances nutrition status after bariatric surgery for obesity.

Association between Stress and Metabolic Syndrome and its Mediating Factors in University Students.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we evaluated the association between perceived stress and indicators of metabolic syndrome and how this association is mediated by sleep problems, unhealthy eating habits, and night eating syndrome, in addition to serum levels of ghrelin and cortisol in university students. METHODS: We recruited 192 students from a public university in Mexico. Weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were taken in accordance with standard protocols. Validated questionnaires were used to assess perceived stress, sleep quality and eating habits. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure ghrelin, cortisol, triglycerides, glucose and HDL-C. RESULTS: Path Analysis indicated direct positive effects of stress over PSQI (ß = 0.341) and NES (ß = 0.443); PSQI over NES (ß = 0.233) and NES over glucose (ß = 0.170), triglycerides over LDL-C (ß = 0.215), waist circumference over SBP (ß = 0.259). Likewise, standardized negative regression weights of PSQI over Diet Quality Index (ß = -0.239) and ghrelin concentrations (ß = -0.132), ghrelin over Diet Quality Index (ß = -0.188) and waist circumference (ß = -0.147). Diet Quality Index over triglycerides (ß = -0.184); sleep duration over systolic blood pressure (ß = -0.242); waist circumference over HDL-C (ß = -0.256). CONCLUSION: Psychological stress leads to increased indicators of MetS via decreased sleep quality, inadequate eating habits and eating behavior in university students.

Body Image, Anxiety, and Bulimic Behavior during Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on weight, shape-related appearance behaviors (body image dissatisfaction), and bulimic symptoms in nonclinical participants is poorly evaluated. This study aimed to identify the relationship between labor status, confinement degree due to COVID-19, dissatisfaction with body image, and anxiety and to discover its effect on bulimic behavior in Mexican adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 276 participants via an online survey. Questions addressed their anxiety, body image dissatisfaction, and bulimic behavior. RESULTS: The path analysis showed direct effects on the confinement degree (ß = -0.157); of the labor situation (ß = -0.147) and gender (ß = 0.129) on anxiety; of dissatisfaction on bulimic behavior (ß = 0.443) and anxiety about bulimic behavior (ß = 0.184); and dissatisfaction (ß = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: The confinement, gender, and labor status are predictors of anxiety, while anxiety and body dissatisfaction directly influence bulimic behavior.

Multi-Validity Process and Factor-Invariance. Perceived Self-Efficacy-Scale for the Prevention of Obesity in Preteens.

Given the lack of scales with a robust psychometric assessment of self-efficacy related to obesity in early adolescence, we aimed to obtain an instrument with high-quality validity and reliability items. Nonrandom samples (N = 2371) classified boys (1174, M = 12.83, SD = 0.84) and girls (1197, M = 12.68, SD = 0.78) from Mexico City and some cities of the Mexican Republic with obesity rates near to the national level mean. A multi-validity process and structural invariance analysis using the Perceived Self-efficacy Scale for Obesity Prevention were performed. A two-factor-physical activity and healthy eating-model with high effect-sized values-girls R2 (0.88, p < 0.01) and boys R2 (0.87, p < 0.01)-were obtained. Each factor explained more than half of the variance with high-reliability coefficients in each group and acceptable adjustment rates. The self-efficacy scale proved to have only girls, an invariant factor structure, or a psychometric equivalence between the groups. The obtained scale showed that a two-factor structure is feasible and appropriate, according to the highest quality of validity and reliability.

Escala de Adicción a Internet de Lima: Propiedades psicométricas con adolescentes mexicanos / Lima Internet Addiction Scale (EAIL): psychometric properties in Mexican adolescent students

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Adicción al Internet de Lima (EAIL) con escolaresmexicanos de educación media superior. La muestra estuvo formada por 1596 estudiantes (57% mujeres) con edades entre 14 y 20 años (M =15.94; DE = 1.07). Se administró la EAIL en nueve centros escolares distribuidos en todas las delegaciones de Tijuana. Los resultados muestranque el instrumento posee buena consistencia interna con α = .82 y ω = .83. Aunque la escala original tiene estructura bifactorial, en esta inves-tigación presentó una estructura de tres factores que explican el 58.6% de la varianza total. El análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó unos índicesGFI = .95; CFI = .93, RMSEA = .07, NFI = .91, AGFI = .92, RMR = .03. Se concluyó que la Escala de Adicción al Internet de Lima posee buenaspropiedades psicométricas y es útil para la evaluación precoz de la adicción a internet en estudiantes mexicanos.(AU)

The aim of this research was to evaluate the psy-chometric properties of the Lima Internet Addiction Scale (EAIL) with Mexican teenagers’ students of high school education. The sample consistedof 1,596 students (57% female) aged between 14 and 20 years (M = 15.94; SD = 1.07). The EAIL was administered in nine schools distributed inall the delegations of Tijuana. The results show that the measure has good internal consistency with α = .82 and ω = .83. The original scale that hasa bifactorial structure, in this research it presented a structure of 3 factors that explain 58.6% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysisfound: GFI = .95; CFI = .93; RMSEA = .07; NFI = .91; AGFI = .92; RMR = .03. It was concluded that the Lima Internet Addiction Scale has goodpsychometric properties and is useful for the prior evaluation of internet addiction in students.(AU)

Online Test of Risk Self-Detection of Eating Disorders.

This study's central aim was to examine the effectiveness of an online test of the Risk Self-Detection of Eating Disorders through the evaluation of (1) its psychometric properties, the significant probability of predicting risk eating behavior and the correct classification of membership to the risk or non-risk group and (2) the ability to measure users' risk self-awareness through a group of statements and explore the expected responses through frequency analysis of the content provided by the users. The non-probability sample was comprised of n = 541 women aged 15 to 25 (M = 18.3; SD = 2.4). The instrument showed good psychometric properties, a structure of three predictive risk factors, and proper effect sizes (R2 = 0.67-0.69). Among the most critical findings were high percentages of correct classification (94-97%) and expected responses (61%). The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of presenting eating disorders was higher if the participants smoked, consumed alcohol, had sexual experiences before the age of 15, and if those sexual experiences were non-consensual. Evidence is presented about the promising results of the online data collection method and its potential benefits.

Assessment of Alcohol Consumption and Anxiety as Predictors of Risk of Anorexia and Bulimia in Non-Clinicals Samples.

The objective of this study is to assess the effect of alcohol consumption, anxiety, and food restriction before and after consuming alcohol and body image on the risk of anorexia and bulimia in college students from Tijuana, Baja California, through predictive statistical models. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design and a non-probabilistic sample of 526 college students from Tijuana, Baja California, México were used. Application of the scales (with acceptable psychometric properties) was conducted in classrooms. Through path analyses, four models were found with adequate indicators of goodness of fit: (1) risk of anorexia in women [Chi Square (X2) = 5.34, p = 0.376, Adjusted Determination Coefficient (R2)= 0.250]; (2) anorexia risk for men (X2 = 13.067, p = 0.192, R2 = 0.058); (3) risk of bulimia in women (X2 = 3.358, p = 0.645, R2 = 0.202); and bulimia risk for men (X2 = 14.256, p = 0.075, R2 = 0.284). The findings provide empirical evidence for the food and alcohol disturbance model.

Imagen y peso corporal en universitarios: Estudio comparativo México-España / Image and body weight in college students: Mexico-Spain comparative study

Resumen Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron: a. Comparar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) e imagen corporal ([IC] alteración e insatisfacción) dependiendo del sexo y la nacionalidad (española vs. mexicana); y b. Comparar el grado de alteración de la IC dependiendo del IMC y la nacionalidad. Participaron 169 estudiantes universitarios, a quienes se les aplicó el Test de Siluetas de Thompson y Gray (1995), además de obtener su peso y estatura. Los principales hallazgos indican diferencias significativas en el IMC dependiendo de la nacionalidad, no así por sexo; se encontraron altas cifras de sobrepeso y obesidad entre los mexicanos, y altos porcentajes de peso normal entre los españoles. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la insatisfacción corporal por sexo, y en la alteración por nacionalidad y sexo. Las mujeres de ambas naciones están más insatisfechas que los hombres, mismos que subestiman más sus cuerpos que las mujeres. Los mexicanos alteran en mayor medida que los españoles. Existe mayor subestimación en las personas con sobrepeso y obesidad, relación significativa en la muestra mexicana, pero no en la española. Resultados que son parcialmente congruentes con la literatura previa.

Abstract The objectives of this study were: a. Compare the body mass index (BMI), alteration of body image and body dissatisfaction depending on sex and nationality (Spanish vs. Mexican); y b) Compare the level of body image alteration depending on BMI and nationality. 169 Spanish and Mexican college students participated. To measure body image the silhouettes test of Thompson and Gray (1995) was used, obtaining weight and height. The main findings indicate significant differences in BMI depending of nationality, not like that for sex; high figures of overweight and obesity among Mexicans were found and high percentages of normal weight among Spaniards. Significant differences were found in body dissatisfaction by sex and in the alteration by nationality and sex. Women from both nations are more dissatisfied than men, men underestimate their bodies more than women, Mexican alter to a greater extent than Spaniards. There is greater underestimation in people with overweight and obesity, significant relationship between the Mexican sample, not in the Spanish. The results are partially congruent with the previous literature.

Association of Food Parenting Practices on Child BMI z Score and Waist Circumference in Mexican Preschool Children After 1 Year of Follow-Up.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between food parenting practices (FPPs) and weight status among preschoolers and the directionality of this association at 1-year follow-up. METHODS: A longitudinal exploratory study was conducted using linear regression and structural equation modeling to determine directional associations between FPPs and children's body mass index z score and waist circumference. The FPPs were estimated using Child Feeding Questionnaire subscales. RESULTS: A total of 91 parent-child dyads completed the study. In structural equation modeling analysis, when identifying the FPPs in a latent variable with its indicators of indulgent feeding, food as a reward and restriction predicted higher body mass index z score at follow-up. Higher baseline waist circumference was also negatively associated with the use of food as a reward. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Feeding-weight associations are likely bidirectional. Understanding them, as well as the pathways between them, is critical to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Farmers Associated with Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in a Rural Village of Northwest México.

This study aims to determine the degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neurological symptoms for each of the psychiatric disorders diagnosed in the farm workers of a rural population in the state of Baja California, Mexico. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 140 agricultural workers (exposed participants). The study was run using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Diagnostic Test (MINI), a pre-established questionnaire to diagnose the mental state of each agricultural worker. Analysis of enzymatic activity was carried out using the modified Ellman method. The results showed that, among agricultural workers with slightly inhibited enzymatic activity, 25% met the criteria for the diagnosis of major depression with suicidal attitudes, 23.9% with inhibited enzymatic activity showed generalized anxiety, 23.5% showed combined depression⁻anxiety, and 22% met the criteria for major depression and no psychiatric diagnosis disorder. These results suggest the need for the development of effective public-health strategies to inform farm workers about integrated pesticide management in order to prevent serious health complications.

Psychometric Properties of The Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) In Ecuadorian Population.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of validity and reliability of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) in Ecuadorian university students, since a cultural validation of the instrument has not been found in Ecuador. The study population consisted of a non-probabilistic sample of 600 participants (59.6% women and 40.4% men, M = 21 years, SD = 2.82). The factorial structure was examined with the method of extraction by Parallel Analysis of unweighted least squares (ULS) and of prominent rotation. In both, internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficients and composite reliability. Like the original version, both subscales have a factorial structure of one dimension and are considered good in terms of reliability, which concludes that the scale meets the criteria of validity and reliability in Ecuador.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de validez y fiabilidad de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EAD-G) en estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos, ya que no se ha encontrado una validación cultural en Ecuador del instrumento. La población estudiada estuvo conformada por una muestra no probabilística de 600 participantes (59.6% de mujeres y 40.4% de hombres; M=21 años, DT = 2.82). La estructura factorial se examinó con el método de extracción por Análisis Paralelo de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados (ULS) y de rotación promin. En tanto a la consistencia interna se evaluó por coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach y fiabilidad compuesta. Al igual que la versión original ambas subescalas presentan una estructura factorial de una dimensión y es considerada buena en términos de fiabilidad, lo cual se concluye que la escala cumple con los criterios de validez y confiabilidad para la cultura ecuatoriana.

Validación de un instrumento de autoeficacia para la prevención de obesidad en niños escolares / Validation of an instrument of self-efficacy for the prevention of obesity in school children

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y evaluar, desde una perspectiva psicométrica, un instrumento dirigido a medir la autoeficacia relativa al control del peso en niños de enseñanza básica. Mediante laboratorios cognoscitivos, los ítems del instrumento original se adaptaron para su uso en niños de edad escolar, y posteriormente fueron validados por un panel de jueces. Esta versión del instrumento fue aplicada a 1,151 participantes, mujeres y varones, de entre 8 y 13 años de edad (M = 10.2, DE = 0.98), y examinada a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura de cuatro factores, con 25 ítems (α = 0.90), mientras que el AFC derivó un modelo de tres factores, con 20 ítems (α = 0.88), el cual mostró buen ajuste (χ 2 /gl= 2.47; AGFI = 0.95; NFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.95; GFI = 0.96; RMSEA= 0.03, 90% [IC 0.034-0.042]). Se obtuvo un instrumento parsimonioso, con validez y consistencia interna aceptables, el cual permite medir tres componentes básicos de la autoeficacia relativa a la prevención del sobrepeso, que son: actividad física, alimentación y control sobre la alimentación emocional, aspectos no abordados en instrumentos precedentes.

The objective of this study was to adapt and evaluate, from a psychometric perspective, an instrument aimed at measuring self-efficacy and weight control in elementary school children. Through cognitive laboratories, the items of the original instrument are adapted for children of school age, and subsequently validated by a panel of judges. This version of the instrument was applied to 1151 participants, girls and boys of between 8 and 13 years old (M = 10.2, SD = 0.98), and examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA derived a four-factor structure, with 25 items (α = 0.90), while the CFA derived a three factor model, with 20 items (α = 0.88), which showed a good fit (χ 2 /gl = 2.47, AGFI = 0.95, NFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.03, 90% [IC 0.034-0.042]). A parsimonious instrument with acceptable internal validity and consistency was obtained, which allows to measure three basic components of self-efficacy relative to the prevention of overweight, which are: physical activity, feeding and control over emotional feeding, not addressed in previous instruments.

Ansiedad como predictor del riesgo de anorexia y bulimia: Comparación entre universitarios de Baja California y Ciudad de México / Anxiety as a predictor of anorexia and bulimia risk: Comparison between universitaries of Baja California and Mexico City

Aunque la ansiedad parece ser una constante en los pacientes con trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, poco se sabe sobre su interacción con otras variables. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar el riesgo de anorexia nerviosa (AN) y bulimia nerviosa (BN) en función del sexo, el grado de ansiedad y la ciudad de residencia. Se trabajó con un diseño no experimental-transversal y una muestra no probabilística conformada por 857 estudiantes universitarios (67% mujeres y 33% hombres), con edad promedio de 21.96 años (DE = 4.84), el 42% residentes en la Ciudad de México y el 58% en la ciudad de Ensenada. Los participantes completaron dos escalas de autorreporte, una para evaluar el riesgo de AN y BN, y otra para medir la ansiedad. Los hallazgos evidencian que el grado de ansiedad difiere en función de la ciudad de residencia, siendo mayor en Ensenada. Además, se encontró una interacción significativa entre las variables; por ejemplo, en los residentes en la ciudad de Ensenada, el riesgo de BN se incrementa cuando la ansiedad aumenta. Por tanto, se confirma no solo la relevancia del sexo y la ansiedad sobre los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, sino también de la interacción de dichas variables con la ciudad de residencia.

Although anxiety seems to be a constant in patients with eating disorders, little is known about its interaction with other variables. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare the risk of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nerviosa (BN) based on the sex of participants, degree of anxiety and city of residence. The study is a non-experimental and cross-sectional design. The sample was nonrandom and consisted of 857 college students (67% female and 33% male) with a mean age of 21.96 years (SD = 4.84), 42% were Mexico City residents and 58% were from Ensenada city. Participants completed two self-report scales, one for assessing risk of AN and BN, and other to measure anxiety. The findings show that the degree of anxiety differs according to the city of residence, being higher in Ensenada city. In addition, a significant interaction was found between the variables; for instance, the risk of BN in Ensenada city residents increases as anxiety increases. Therefore, it is confirmed not only the importance of sex and anxiety on eating disorders, but also the interaction of these two variables with the city of residence.

Un estudio preliminar de una prueba de autodetección a distancia. Riesgo en trastornos alimentarios / A preliminary study of an online self-detection test. Risk in eating disorders

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de una prueba de autodetección de riesgo en trastornos alimentarios a distancia (PARTAD), desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, determinando su validez predictiva y poder de clasificación y una cualitativa, analizando el contenido de las opiniones y sugerencias de las usuarias. De la muestra total (n = 3,501) 3,059 eran adolescentes (13-19 años) y jóvenes (20-35 años); 394 mujeres adultas (36-50 años); y 48 adultas maduras (51-60 años). Se construyó un instrumento de 30 ítems dicotómicos y de opción múltiple y se agregaron 2 preguntas abiertas con propósitos de retroalimentación para mejorarlo y para la evaluación cualitativa. El análisis discriminante arrojó una función con fuerte poder discriminatorio entre grupos, con alto y bajo riesgo en trastornos alimentarios, que explica hasta el 88% de la varianza y el 100% de clasificación correcta. También se obtuvo un 23% de comentarios (706), el análisis y clasificación de sus contenidos mostraron los efectos esperados. Los resultados permiten responder afirmativamente en relación con la utilidad del PARTAD.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an Online Test of Self-Detection in Risk for Eating Disorder (OTSDRED) from a quantitative perspective (determining its predictive validity and classification power) and from a qualitative one (analyzing the opinions and suggestions of users). From the total sample (N = 3501) of women, 3059 were adolescents (13- 19 years), youth (20-35 years); 394 adult (36-50 years); and 48 mature adult (51-60 years). An instrument of 30 dichotomous items and multiple choice was built. Two open questions with feedback for improvement purposes and for the qualitative assessment were added. The Discriminant Analysis yielded strong discriminatory power function between groups with high and low risk for eating disorders, explaining up to 88% of the variance and 100% of correct classification. With regard to the qualitative perspective a 23% of comments (706) were obtained; the analysis and classification of its contents showed the expected effects. The results from the quantitative and qualitative analysis allowed affirmative answer regarding the usefulness of OTSDRED.