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1.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536581

RESUMO

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar las variables que mejor predicen las medidas de agresión, empatía y perdón, como también las principales diferencias en contextos vulnerables, hostiles y seguros, en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes pertenecientes a una población vulnerable. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal con una muestra no probabilística incidental de 85 participantes, se emplearon medidas psicométricas para la empatía, agresión y perdón. Los participantes fueron convocados en una fundación de atención a víctimas para realizar una entrevista y aplicar el test. Resultados: Se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos entre las variables del modelo verificado, donde la empatía predice la agresión en el contexto hostil, pero no en el vulnerable y seguro. A su vez, la empatía predice el perdón en los contextos vulnerables y seguros, y la agresión predice el perdón en el modelo hostil, pero no es significativo su efecto en el contexto vulnerable y seguro. Además, la empatía tiene un papel clave en la comprensión del perdón, dado que se asocia a conductas agresivas en los contextos de hostilidad, mientras que un modelo de perdón debería ser diferencial en estos contextos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio brindan evidencia empírica que sustenta la importancia de la implementación de estrategias para mejorar las habilidades relacionadas con la empatía en niños y adolescentes, desde la perspectiva de la educación para la paz y el perdón. Además, se demostró que los aspectos como el clima familiar, las vulnerabilidades de los contextos de riesgo y la misma cultura, pueden determinar el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales que favorecen el perdón, empatía y otras capacidades interpersonales.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the variables that best predict measures of aggression, empathy, and forgiveness, as well as the main differences in vulnerable, hostile and safe contexts, in a sample of children and adolescents belonging to a vulnerable population. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with a non-probabilistic incidental sample of 85 participants. Psychometric measures of empathy, aggression, and forgiveness were used. The participants were invited to a victim assistance foundation for an interview and test application. Results: Statistically significant effects were found among the variables in the verified model, where empathy predicts aggression in the hostile context, but not in the vulnerable and safe context. In turn, empathy predicts forgiveness in the vulnerable and safe contexts, and aggression predicts forgiveness in the hostile model, but its effect in the vulnerable and safe context is not significant. Furthermore, empathy plays a key role in understanding forgiveness, given that it is associated with aggressive behaviors in the hostile contexts, whereas a forgiveness model should be differential in these contexts. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that supports the importance of implementing strategies to improve empathy-related skills in children and adolescents, from the perspective of peace education and forgiveness. In addition, it was shown that aspects such as family climate, vulnerabilities of risk contexts and culture itself, can determine the development of socioemotional skills that favor forgiveness, empathy, and other interpersonal skills.

2.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536597

RESUMO

Introduction/Objectives: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.


Introducción/Objetivos: La voluntad de perdonar ha sido estudiada en diferentes situaciones, sin embargo, no existen estudios publicados en Colombia con población indígena y teniendo en cuenta su cosmovisión. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar la voluntad a perdonar de personas de diversas minorías étnicas en Colombia como la comunidad Embera, Nasa, Pijao, Kaamash-Hu y centrándose en particular en la comunidad Wayuu. Método: Se presentaron una serie de escenarios a una muestra de 159 adultos indígenas (30% hombres) de entre 18 y 76 años. Dichos escenarios describían una situación común en la que una huerta era dañada por animales domésticos de un vecino. Se manipularon tres factores en cada escenario: la gravedad del daño, el nivel de descuido del dueño de los animales y, las explicaciones y el comportamiento de disculpa del dueño de los animales. Resultados: El análisis de clústeres arrojó cinco posiciones cualitativamente diferentes: Nunca perdona bajo ninguna circunstancia (6% de la muestra, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Embera), Depende de las disculpas y del descuido (15%), Depende de las disculpas, las consecuencias y el descuido (30%, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Kaamash-Hu), y Casi siempre perdona (36%, principalmente personas de la comunidad Wayuu). Conclusiones: Por tanto, existe una convergencia entre los resultados de este estudio y las observaciones antropológicas que condujeron a la decisión de la Unesco de considerar el sistema de justicia restaurativa de la comunidad Wayuu como un patrimonio inalterable.

3.
Front Psychol ; 13: 827014, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35465477

RESUMO

Parental burnout is a unique and context-specific syndrome resulting from a chronic imbalance of risks over resources in the parenting domain. The current research aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) across Spanish-speaking countries with two consecutive studies. In Study 1, we analyzed the data through a bifactor model within an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) on the pooled sample of participants (N = 1,979) obtaining good fit indices. We then attained measurement invariance across both gender and countries in a set of nested models with gradually increasing parameter constraints. Latent means comparisons across countries showed that among the participants' countries, Chile had the highest parental burnout score, likewise, comparisons across gender evidenced that mothers displayed higher scores than fathers, as shown in previous studies. Reliability coefficients were high. In Study 2 (N = 1,171), we tested the relations between parental burnout and three specific consequences, i.e., escape and suicidal ideations, parental neglect, and parental violence toward one's children. The medium to large associations found provided support for the PBA's predictive validity. Overall, we concluded that the Spanish version of the PBA has good psychometric properties. The results support its relevance for the assessment of parental burnout among Spanish-speaking parents, offering new opportunities for cross-cultural research in the parenting domain.

4.
Av. psicol. latinoam ; 39(3): 1-16, sep.-dic. 2021. graf, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1367023

RESUMO

El presente artículo propone un enfoque empírico de la ética derivado de la teoría psicológica del juicio humano propuesta por Norman Anderson. Muestra cómo la metodología de esta teoría ­denominada medición funcional­ puede utilizarse para caracterizar las diversas posiciones personales que existen en todas las sociedades respecto a los problemas de salud pública. Los principales resultados de tres estudios realizados en tres países diferentes (Guinea, Francia y Colombia) se presentan como ilustración de lo que puede aportar este enfoque. Dichos análisis se centraron en tres problemas deliberadamente muy diferentes: (a) el deber de atender a los pacientes infectados, en caso de una epidemia que ponga en peligro la vida de los cuidadores; (b) la aceptabilidad de la reproducción postmortem, en el caso de los soldados que mueren en combate, y (c) la aceptabilidad del suicidio asistido por un médico


This paper presents the proposal of an empirical ap-proach to ethics derived from a psychological theory of human judgment proposed by Norman Anderson. It shows how the methodology specific to this theory ­functional measurement­ makes it possible to char-acterize the various personal positions that exist in all societies regarding public health problems. The main results of three studies carried out in three different countries (Guinea, France, and Colombia) on various problems are presented as an illustration of what this approach can offer. These analyses focused on three deliberately very different problems: (a) the duty to care for infected patients in the event of a pandemic that puts at risk the lives of the health professionals, (b) the acceptability of postmortem reproduction in the specific context of fallen soldiers, and (c) the accept-ability of physicianassisted suicide


Este artigo propõe uma abordagem empírica da ética derivada da teoria psicológica do julgamento humano proposta por Norman Anderson. Mostra como a metodo-logia dessa teoria ­ denominada medição funcional­ pode ser utilizada para caracterizar as diversas posições pessoais que existem em todas as sociedades em relação aos problemas de saúde pública. Os principais resulta-dos de três estudos, realizados em três países diferentes (Guiné, França e Colômbia), são apresentados como uma ilustração do que esta abordagem pode contribuir. Esses estudos se concentraram em três problemas de-liberadamente muito diferentes: (a) o dever de cuidar de pacientes infectados no caso de uma epidemia que ponha em risco a vida dos cuidadores, (b) a aceitabilida-de da reprodução postmortem no caso de soldados que morrem em combate, e (c) a aceitabilidade do suicídio assistido por médicos


Assuntos
Humanos , Ética , Teoria Psicológica , Saúde Pública , Suicídio Assistido , Julgamento
5.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 24(1): 141-153, Jan.-June 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1278130

RESUMO

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las representaciones sociales y las prácticas de consumo conspicuo en propietarios de perros en Colombia. Por tanto, se realizó un estudio mixto en una muestra de 96 hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años, con, primero, una fase cualitativa en la que se exploraron las asociaciones dadas a las representaciones sociales de perros criollos y de raza por parte de propietarios de mascotas y se abordaron los significados atribuidos a las prácticas de consumo conspicuo; y, segundo, una fase cuantitativa en la que se hicieron análisis descriptivos, con lo cual se confirmó la estructura de las representaciones sociales. Como resultados se encontró que se reconoce a los perros criollos y de raza con alto valor afectivo, y que el perro criollo se asocia a condiciones de vulnerabilidad y se reconoce como perro "todo terreno", mientras que el perro de raza involucra cuidado e inversión económica y se identifica como un perro "visible" en la sociedad. Al final se discute respecto a cómo las representaciones sociales acerca de la tenencia de un perro, además del valor afectivo, involucran actividades exhibitorias, de demostración social y, a su vez, un estatus social y moral.


Abstract This research aimed to identify social representations and conspicuous consumption practices in dog owners in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The sample included 96 men and women over the age of 18. A mixed study was carried out including first, a qualitative phase in which the social representations of dogs' owners - both creole and breed- were explored, as well as the meanings attributed to conspicuous consumption practices. Secondly, in the quantitative phase, descriptive analyses were carried out and thus the structure of social representations was confirmed. The results showed that the affective value of both the creole and breed dogs was acknowledged and that the creole dog is associated with conditions of vulnerability and regarded as an all-terrain dog, whereas breed dogs imply care and economic investment and are identified as "visible" dogs in society. It is discussed how social representations about dog ownership, in addition to the affective value, involve exhibition activities, social demonstration, and in turn, social and moral status.

6.
Front Psychol ; 12: 639578, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33716908

RESUMO

Positive Youth Development (PYD) is an approach that promotes resilience and focuses on youth strengths rather than their weaknesses as done by the traditional deficit-based perspective. Research in Europe and North America show that developmental assets are associated with school success, psychological well-being, and lower health risks among youth and young adults. However, not much research has been done on these associations in Latin American contexts. The purpose of this research study is to assess the association between substance use behaviors, such as drunkenness and the use of illicit drugs, and mental health, together with the mediating role of developmental assets representing youth strengths (e.g., social competence) and contextual resources (e.g., social support at home or school). Cross-national data was collected from Colombian (n = 210; 70.4% females) and Peruvian (n = 349; 66.5% females) 1st year university students. Results shed light on the protective role of developmental assets regarding substance use behaviors and mental well-being. Specifically, the results showed direct negative associations between developmental assets and substance use behaviors and positive associations of developmental assets with mental health indicators. Internal assets appear to be a stronger predictor of social, emotional, and psychological well-being compared to external assets. We did not find any statistical significance in the association of substance use behavior and mental health. We discuss implications regarding research, policy, and practice.

7.
Psychol Trauma ; 13(5): 555-564, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33570988

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Early traumatic experiences are related to profound and long-lasting negative effects on mental and physical health. Colombia has been involved in a war for the last six decades. Thus, the main objective was to adapt and validate the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form in Colombia, as well as assess trauma prevalence in this country. METHOD: For this purpose, a total of 2,080 Colombians participated in this study (57.3% women and 42.4% men). Age ranged from 18 to 77 years old. They answered the 27-item version of the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form and a sociodemographic evaluation tool. Web-based sampling was carried out between March 16 and March 30, 2020. RESULTS: Original four factor structure was successfully explored and confirmed here. Reliability indexes were good with alphas ranging from .69 to .93. Items properties were also adequate. Most of the assessed sample suffered trauma in their early stages (99.8%). Gender differences were analyzed observing significant differences. As expected, sexual abuse is more prevalent in women. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the Colombian population has suffered the highest prevalence of early trauma experiences so far when compared to other countries. Emotional and social implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Autorrelato , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem
8.
Suma psicol ; 27(2): 125-141, jul.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, Index Psicologia - Periódicos, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1145122

RESUMO

Resumen El cáncer de cuello uterino es la cuarta causa de cáncer en mujeres, siendo el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) su mayor factor de riesgo. Este virus produce, además, otros tipos de cáncer e infecciones que afectan a hombres y a mujeres. La vacuna del VPH ha mostrado eficacia y seguridad en su prevención, sin embargo, se han evidenciado barreras que disminuyen su aceptación en las comunidades. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las estrategias más efectivas en la intervención comunitaria con el fin de mejorar la aceptabilidad de la vacunación contra el VPH. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Medline y Google Académico de junio a julio de 2019, sin restricciones temporales, en idioma inglés y español. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que evaluaran estrategias para mejorar la vacunación contra el VPH. Se revisaron 22 estudios que evaluaban estrategias de intervención comunitaria y se identificaron, principalmente tres: el uso de información y formación de tipo virtual, el involucramiento tanto de padres, madres o cuidadores como del personal sanitario, así como el involucramiento de los hombres y de las personas de orientación sexual diversa como población objetivo.


Abstract Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer in women, with the human papillomavirus (HPV) being its major risk factor. This virus also produces other types of cancer and infections that affect men and women. The HPV vaccine has shown efficacy and safety in its prevention, however, barriers have been evident that decrease its acceptance in communities. The objective of this study is to identify the most effective strategies in community intervention to improve the acceptability of HPV vaccination. A systematic review was conducted in Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Medline, and Google Scholar from June to July 2019, without time constraints, in English and Spanish. We included clinical trials evaluating strategies to improve HPV vaccination. We reviewed 22 studies evaluating community intervention strategies, and identified mainly three: the use of virtual information and training, involvement of parents and/or caregivers as well as health personnel, and involvement of men and people of diverse sexual orientation as a target population.


Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus
9.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 51(3): 226-235, sep.-dic. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1094049

RESUMO

Abstract We examined the Colombian people's positions on forgiving perpetrators of offenses against women during the armed conflict, and the relationship between willingness to forgive and attitudes towards the peace process. The majority of participants (61%) were quite unwilling to forgive. Among participants who were not completely hostile, three positions were found. For 18%, forgiving mainly depended on the type of crime, for 8%, it depended on the subsequent apologetic behaviour, and for 8%, forgiving was unconditional. Participants who did not reject the possibility of forgiveness expressed significantly more positive views regarding the current peace process than participants who expressed rejection.


Resumen Este estudio examinó la disposición a perdonar de personas comunes colombianas frente a los crímenes en contra de las mujeres, durante el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. También estudió las relaciones entre la disposición a perdonar y las actitudes frente al proceso de paz. Se observó que la mayoría de los participantes (61%) tienen muy baja disposición a perdonar. Entre los participantes que no fueron completamente hostiles, se observaron tres posiciones: un 18% estaba dispuesto a perdonar en función del tipo de crimen, para el 8% su disposición a perdonar dependía de la conducta de disculpas por parte del ofensor, y para el 8% el perdón fue incondicional. Los participantes que no rechazaban la posibilidad de perdonar, expresaron de manera significativa perspectivas más positivas frente al actual proceso de paz que los aquellos quienes expresaron rechazo.


Assuntos
Conflitos Armados , Violência contra a Mulher , Perdão
10.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 50(1): 71-78, jan.-abr. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-978646

RESUMO

Abstract We examined Colombian people's determinants of willingness to forgive. A sample of 104 adults was presented with 24 scenarios depicting a situation in which a medical error resulted in severe consequences for a patient. Four factors were manipulated in the scenarios: (a) the severity of consequences of the error (e.g., extremely severe, including the risk of death), (b) the degree of negligence associated with the physician's act, (c) apologies or contrition for the act from the physician (e.g., direct apologies at the bed of the patient), and (d) the patient's current health status (e.g., consequences fully canceled). Through cluster analysis, four qualitatively different positions were found: (a) never forgive, irrespective of circumstances (15% of the sample), (b) depends on the circumstances of the offense (55%), (c) almost always forgive (24%), and (d) undetermined (5%). As regards forgiveness, therefore, Colombians' views and practices were similar to people from other cultures' ones. If most participants in previous studies on Colombians' willingness to forgive expressed extreme positions -- either never forgive or always forgive, irrespective of circumstances, it was because they deliberately wished to express strong opinions regarding the proper treatment that, in their view, the violent people depicted in the scenarios - paramilitary, guerillas, and members of drug cartels - deserved.


Resumen Hemos examinado los determinantes del perdón en una muestra de 104 adultos colombianos, utilizando una técnica de escenarios. Cada escenario describía una situación de error médico que tuvo consecuencias graves para el paciente. Los factores manipulados en los escenarios eran: (a) la gravedad de las consecuencias (e.g., muy grave incluyendo el riesgo de muerte), (b) el nivel de negligencia por parte del médico, (c) la presencia de excusas o contrición por parte del médico (e.g., excusas personales frente al paciente en su cama del hospital), y (d) el estado de salud presente (e.g., el paciente ha vuelto a casa y las consecuencias han desaparecidas). A través de un análisis en clústeres, cuatro posiciones, cualitativamente distintas, fueron encontradas: (a) jamás perdonar, independientemente de las circunstancias (15% de la muestra), (b) depende de las circunstancias del daño ocurrido (55%), (c) casi siempre perdonar (24%), y (d) no sé (5%). En relación con el perdón entonces, los colombianos no difieren de las otras personas que pertenecen a otras culturas. Si en los estudios previos, la voluntad de los colombianos a personar ha sido tan escasa, esto se debe al contexto de posconflicto de estos estudios.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Testamentos Quanto à Vida , Conflitos Armados , Médicos , Perdão , Imperícia
11.
Univ. psychol ; 16(1)Jan.-Mar. 2017. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-904618

RESUMO

RESUMEN La vida cotidiana demanda la toma de juicios o decisiones constantes. Algunas de ellas pueden ser más o menos complejas, dependiendo de factores éticos, sociales, históricos y políticos del contexto social y, de la interacción de estos factores en los sujetos que juzgan. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer cómo la Teoría Funcional de la Cognición permite hacer un análisis detallado del proceso cognitivo de toma de decisión, en el que operan: la valoración de los estímulos, la integración de la representación psicológica de esos estímulos y, finalmente, la respuesta explícita. Este proceso de juicio cumple con tres reglas: adición, multiplicación y promedio, que permiten observar las funciones que se generan entre los factores implicados en las decisiones y la emisión de un juicio. Esta teoría tiene importantes aplicaciones en las áreas de la psicología clínica y de la salud, la psicología política, la psicología del deporte y la psicología del desarrollo, áreas en las cuáles el artículo presenta los hallazgos más relevantes.


ABSTRACT Daily life demands constant making judgments or decisions. Some of those decisions may be more or less complex depending on ethical, social, historical and political context of social factors and the interaction of these factors with subjects who judge. The aim of this article is to show how Functional Theory of Cognition allows detailed cognitive decision making process analysis, in which they operate: the valuation of stimuli, integration of psychological representation of these stimuli and finally, explicit answer. This process of judgment meets three rules: addition, multiplication, average, for observing the functions that are generated between the factors involved in decisions and issuing a judgment. This theory has had important applications in the areas of clinical psychology and health, political psychology, sports psychology and developmental psychology, areas in which the paper presents the most relevant findings.


Assuntos
Psicologia Clínica , Saúde , Psicologia do Desenvolvimento
12.
Interv. psicosoc. (Internet) ; 25(3): 179-186, dic. 2016. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-161117

RESUMO

La corrupción es definida como el abuso del poder para obtener una ganancia privada. A excepción de Chile, Uruguay y la Guayana Francesa, el territorio centro y sudamericano muestran altos índices de corrupción. Esta investigación buscó evidenciar las creencias de los ciudadanos comunes sobre la corrupción y la relación existente entre sus narraciones y el partido político con el que simpatizan. Para desarrollar el estudio se contó con la participación de 325 personas, 166 mujeres con edades entre los 18 y 69 años (M=35.88, DE=13.44) y 159 hombres con edades entre los 19 y 74 años (M=36.09, DE=13.02), con un nivel de escolaridad de primaria, secundaria, técnica o tecnóloga, universitaria, posgrado y sin ningún nivel de estudios, quienes respondieron a una breve entrevista de 30 minutos aproximadamente. Las narraciones se analizaron con métodos unidimensionales y multidimensionales utilizando el software SPAD. Las variables que se emplearon para el análisis fueron (textuales): significado de la corrupción, casos de corrupción y gravedad de la corrupción, y (categóricas): sexo, nivel educativo, nivel socioeconómico y partido político de preferencia. Los principales resultados mostraron que los significados y definiciones de corrupción parten de los verbos beneficiar, poder, obtener, aprovecharse, robar, sobornar y amenazar. También se observó la mención a actos de corrupción divulgados en los medios de comunicación y en los que se implicaron personas del Gobierno y grandes sumas de dinero. Un tercer resultado fue la evidencia de que las variables sociodemográficas como el sexo y nivel de estudios están estrechamente relacionadas con las percepciones de lo que puede o no ser corrupto. De igual manera, la simpatía con un grupo político influencia el juicio sobre los actos corruptos del grupo oponente y del mismo al que se sigue. En la discusión se desarrollaron, en primer lugar, las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres sobre los hechos y los significados de la corrupción; en segundo lugar, que los hechos de corrupción (grandes y pequeños) son percibidos como graves o no en relación con los niveles de educación de los ciudadanos, y finalmente, que las actitudes y los juicios que se emiten con respecto a un acto ilegal son considerados más o menos corruptos dependiendo del grupo social o político con el que los ciudadanos se identifiquen


Corruption is defined as the abuse of power in order to obtain personal benefit. Central and South America, with the exception of Chile, Uruguay and the French Guiana, show high rates of corruption. This study sought to find the meanings that ordinary people attach to corruption as well as the relationship between their narratives and sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex and educational level, and political standpoints, such as their political party affiliation. A total of 325 people participated, 166 females aged 18-69 (M=35.58, SD=13.44) and 159 males aged 19-74 (M=36.09, SD=13.02). All education levels (primary, secondary, technical, university, postgraduate and none) were represented in the sample. Narratives were analysed via uni- and multidimensional methods and using the SPAD software programme. Variables used for the analysis were: meaning of corruption, corruption cases, seriousness of corruption (textual), and sex, educational level, socioeconomic level, political party affiliation (categorical). The primary results suggested that the meanings and definitions of corruption frequently feature the following verbs: to benefit, power, to obtain, to take advantage of, to steal, to bribe, and to threaten. Participants also mentioned acts of corruption that they learned about via mass media, and that involved the participation of government agents and large amounts of money. A third result was evidence that sociodemographic characteristics such as sex and education level are closely related with perceptions of what is and is not corrupt. Likewise, identification with a political party influences the judgments made on acts of corruption by both the opposing group and the group to which participants belong. We first discuss the gender difference in terms of the facts and meanings of corruption, and then we discuss how the facts of corruption (big and small) are perceived as serious or not depending on the education level of the citizens. Finally, we discuss how the attitudes and judgements expressed regarding an illegal act are considered more or less corrupt depending on the social or political group with which the citizens identify


Assuntos
Humanos , Sistemas Políticos , Imperícia/tendências , Imperícia , Fatores Culturais , Fatores de Risco
13.
Univ. psychol ; 15(3): 1-26, jul.-set. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-963185

RESUMO

We present, in a synthetic way, some of the main findings from ten studies that were conducted in the field of ethics in politics, using the Functional Measurement framework. These studies were about (a) Angolan and Mozambican people's views about the legitimacy of military-humanitarian interventions, (b) French people's perspectives regarding the government's responsibility for the health of consumers of illicit substances, (c) Togolese people's views about the acceptability of political amnesties in a time of political transition, (d) the perspective of victims of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda regarding the attribution of guilt by association to offspring of perpetrators, (e) slave descendants' views about the acceptability of national policies on reparations for slavery, (f) Colombian people's willingness to forgive perpetrators of violence who harmed family members during the civil war, (g) the attitudes of French and Colombian people about national drug control policies, (h) Indian students' views about the appropriateness of the death penalty for murder or rape, (i) Colombian people's perspectives regarding corruption, and finally (j) Venezuelan people's conceptualization of human rights. The main findings are discussed in reference to six of the foundations of Moral Foundations Theory.


Este texto presenta, de forma resumida, algunos de los principales resultados de diez estudios que se realizaron en el campo de la ética y la política, en el marco de la Medición Funcional. Estos estudios trataron de: (a) los puntos de vista de la gente de Angola y Mozambique sobre la legitimidad de las intervenciones militares-humanitaria; (b) las perspectivas de los franceses con respecto a la responsabilidad del gobierno con la salud de los consumidores de sustancias ilícitas; (c) las perspectivas de las personas de Togo acerca de la aceptabilidad de amnistías políticas en un momento de transición política; (d) las perspectivas de las víctimas del genocidio de los Tutsis en Ruanda en cuanto a la atribución de culpabilidad a los descendientes de los perpetradores de violencia; (e) los puntos de vista de los descendientes de esclavos acerca de la aceptabilidad de las políticas nacionales de reparaciones por la esclavitud; (f) la disposición de los colombianos a perdonar autores de la violencia que causaron daño a miembros de la familia durante el conflicto armado interno; (g) las actitudes de los franceses y colombianos acerca de las políticas nacionales de control de drogas; (h) los puntos de vista de los estudiantes indios acerca de la idoneidad de la pena de muerte por asesinato o violación; (i) las perspectivas de los colombianos con respecto a la corrupción, y, finalmente, (j) la conceptualización de los derechos humanos en la población venezolana. Los principales resultados se discuten en relación con seis de los fundamentos de la Teoría de los Fundamentos Morales.

14.
Interv. psicosoc. (Internet) ; 25(1): 19-25, abr. 2016. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-187641

RESUMO

El perdón y la reconciliación son 2 factores importantes y determinantes en la transformación de las prácticas culturales en los procesos de paz. Este estudio buscó indagar las ideas y creencias sobre el perdón y la reconciliación de los colombianos. Esta fue una investigación de corte cualitativo, que se desarrolló usando el método de la teoría fundamentada, con la participación de 45 hombres y mujeres de edades entre los 18 y los 65 años, pertenecientes a las clases sociales baja, media y alta. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. De acuerdo con el análisis de las narrativas de los participantes, emergieron como categorías de análisis: las definiciones del perdón, los factores que facilitan el perdón, las definiciones de la reconciliación, las condiciones para la reconciliación y las competencias ciudadanas involucradas en el perdón y la reconciliación. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se observaron opiniones en las que se definía el perdón como un proceso de reemplazo de las emociones negativas hacia un agresor por emociones positivas y también como olvido del agravio. La reconciliación es entendida en el sentido del reinicio de las interacciones con el agresor y en diversos casos se consideró que no había ninguna diferencia entre perdonar y reconciliarse. Tanto para perdonar como para reconciliarse, los participantes hicieron mención a la necesidad del diálogo, también al compromiso de no repetición de la ofensa, y en otros casos, a la exigencia de que los ofensores experimenten una consecuencia por sus agravios


Forgiveness and reconciliation are important in the transformation of cultural practices within peace processes. This study aimed to find ideas and beliefs that Colombians have about forgiveness and reconciliation. It is a qualitative study that used Grounded Theory and was performed with a sample of 45 men and women aged 18-65 from low, middle and high layers of society. Data was collected by means of a semi-structured interview. We analysed the narratives of participants and found the following emerging analytical categories: definitions of forgiveness, facilitating factors for forgiveness, definitions of reconciliation, conditions for reconciliation, and citizen skills involved in forgiveness and reconciliation. Main findings included definitions of forgiveness as a process of replacing negative emotions felt towards an aggressor with positive emotions and forgetting the aggression. In several cases, there seemed to be no significant differences between forgiveness and reconciliation. Participants highlighted dialogue as an important need for both forgiveness and reconciliation, and they also identified a commitment to not repeat the aggression and the need for the aggressors to experience consequences for their offenses as key factors


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Conflitos Armados/psicologia , Perdão , Participação da Comunidade/psicologia , Psicologia Social , Colômbia
15.
Psicológica (Valencia, Ed. impr.) ; 35(3): 635-651, 2014. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-127976

RESUMO

The present study investigated the views regarding governmental policies for the control of drugs in people living in Bogota. It used the methodology of Functional Measurement. Participants were not instructed to judge the acceptability of components of drug policies (e.g., acceptability of needle exchange programs) but the acceptability of the policy itself (e.g., acceptability of a policy of complete prohibition). One hundred eighty-five participants (mean age = 35) who lived in different areas of the city were presented with a series of 12 vignettes. These vignettes were composed according to a two within-subject orthogonal factor design: (a) existence of information campaigns regarding the dangerousness of drugs, and (b) current state policy regarding soft and hard drugs (e.g., complete laissez-faire, complete prohibition, regulation policy for both soft and hard drugs). The question was «To what extent do you think that, in these circumstances, the position of the State is politically acceptable?». Through K-means analyses, an interpretable six-cluster solution was identified. These clusters were called radical constructionists (5 1%), progressive prohibitionists (22%), free trade libertarians (11%), undecided (10%), and cultural conservatives (6%). Public opinion in Bogota seems to be at variance with public policy regarding the management of the illicit drug issue (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Julgamento , Política Pública , Opinião Pública , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/tendências , Psicologia Experimental , Colômbia/epidemiologia
16.
Ter. psicol ; 30(3): 103-117, dic. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-660095

RESUMO

Las políticas para el manejo de las drogas en el mundo han sido principalmente prohibicionistas, han tenido un alto costo social, político y económico y pobres resultados en la disminución de la producción, el tráfico y el consumo de drogas. Este estudio piloto indagó la aceptabilidad frente a diversas políticas de drogas de 100 ciudadanos y ciudadanas corrientes de Bogotá-Colombia muestreados aleatoriamente. Para recoger los datos se usó un instrumento de 12 escenarios con dos conceptos fundamentales: el compromiso del Estado con la prevención y educación, y los tipos de políticas de los Estados. Los resultados se obtuvieron con análisis de varianzas y un análisis de componentes principales. Encontramos que las personas tienen un mayor nivel de aceptabilidad hacia las políticas de reglamentación, menor aceptabilidad hacia las políticas de libre mercado y que las personas tienen mayor aceptabilidad cuando el Estado se compromete con campañas de educación y prevención.


Drugs policies around the world have been mainly prohibitionists. It have had a high social, political and economic price and poor results in decreasing production, trafficking and drugs consumption. In this pilot research, we studied the level of acceptability of various drugs policies, among 100 ordinary people, men and women, sampled randomly. To collect data we used 12 scenarios with two fundamental concepts: State's commitment with prevention and education and drugs policies. The results were extracted by variance analysis and a principal component analysis. We found that people had a major level of acceptability with regulatory policies than of free market policies. Moreover people had a major level of acceptability when the State was commitment with education and prevention.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação em Saúde , Legislação de Medicamentos , Política de Saúde , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Análise de Componente Principal , Análise de Variância , Colômbia , Drogas Ilícitas , Redução do Dano
17.
Psicológica (Valencia, Ed. impr.) ; 33(3): 655-663, 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-102529

RESUMO

A pilot study examined lay people’s willingness to forgive acts that were committed by actors of the armed conflicts in Colombia. The participants (100 persons living in Bogota) were shown vignettes describing cases in which a member of the guerilla or a member of the former paramilitary forces asks for forgiveness to a victim’s family, and were instructed to judge of the degree to which they would be willing to forgive if they were a family member. The concrete cases were constructed using a 3 x 3 x 3 orthogonal design: Degree of Responsibility x Severity of the Negative Acts Committed x Apologies. In half of the cases, the actor was a former member of the guerilla, whereas in the other half the actor was a former member of the paramilitary forces. The four factors had an impact on willingness to forgive, and several meaningful interactions were detected. Overall, a former member of the paramilitary forces has a reasonable chance of being forgiven (a) if he did not directly take part to offenses to people (e.g., killings) or offenses to property perpetrated by his companions, and (b) if he has sincerely begged for forgiveness and offered to partly compensate the harm done. A former member of the guerilla has few chance of being forgiven(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Conflito Psicológico , Conflitos Armados , Distúrbios de Guerra/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Análise de Variância , Perdão/ética
18.
Ter. psicol ; 28(2): 155-160, Dec. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-577550

RESUMO

El presente artículo expone algunos de los conceptos que sobre las estrategias de atención posterior a desastres que han sido publicadas en los últimos 5 años en PsicoRedalyc y APA PsyArticles. De la revisión se destaca el hecho de que en habla hispana las publicaciones son mínimas en contraste con las más de 100 catástrofes ocurridas entre 2001 y 2010. Se presentan también modelos sistematizados sobre la experiencia de catástrofes ocurridas alrededor del mundo y de las que se han generado diferentes guías para la asistencia de los profesionales en salud mental a las víctimas. Se distingue una tendencia en la aplicación de técnicas propias de las terapias cognitivo-conductuales y un interés en la prevención del Trastorno de Estrés Post Traumático.


This article describes some of the concepts of care strategies after disasters that have been published over the past 5 years in PsicoRedalyc and APA PsyArticles. From the review highlights the fact that Hispanic publications are minimal in contrast to the more than 100 disasters occurred between 2001 and 2010. Systematized models are also presented on the experience of disasters occurring around the world and which have generated different guidelines for the care of mental health professionals to victims. It distinguishes a trend in the application of techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy and an interest in the prevention of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.


Assuntos
Humanos , Desastres Naturais , Intervenção em Crise/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Modelos Teóricos , Primeiros Socorros , Socorro em Desastres , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/prevenção & controle
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