RAGE Mediates Cholesterol Efflux Impairment in Macrophages Caused by Human Advanced Glycated Albumin.

We addressed the involvement of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the impairment of the cellular cholesterol efflux elicited by glycated albumin. Albumin was isolated from type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) diabetes mellitus (HbA1c > 9%) and non-DM subjects (C). Moreover, albumin was glycated in vitro (AGE-albumin). Macrophages from Ager null and wild-type (WT) mice, or THP-1 transfected with siRNA-AGER, were treated with C, DM1, DM2, non-glycated or AGE-albumin. The cholesterol efflux was reduced in WT cells exposed to DM1 or DM2 albumin as compared to C, and the intracellular lipid content was increased. These events were not observed in Ager null cells, in which the cholesterol efflux and lipid staining were, respectively, higher and lower when compared to WT cells. In WT, Ager, Nox4 and Nfkb1, mRNA increased and Scd1 and Abcg1 diminished after treatment with DM1 and DM2 albumin. In Ager null cells treated with DM-albumin, Nox4, Scd1 and Nfkb1 were reduced and Jak2 and Abcg1 increased. In AGER-silenced THP-1, NOX4 and SCD1 mRNA were reduced and JAK2 and ABCG1 were increased even after treatment with AGE or DM-albumin. RAGE mediates the deleterious effects of AGE-albumin in macrophage cholesterol efflux.

Aerobic exercise training enhances the in vivo cholesterol trafficking from macrophages to the liver independently of changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid flux in macrophages and aorta.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise prevents and regresses atherosclerosis by improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant defenses. Exercise ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), an antiatherogenic system that drives cholesterol from arterial macrophages to the liver for excretion into bile and feces. In this study we analyzed the role of aerobic exercise on the in vivo RCT and expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux and inflammation in peritoneal macrophages, aortic arch and liver from wild type mice. METHODS: Twelve-week-old male mice were divided into sedentary and trained groups. Exercise training was performed in a treadmill (15 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week). Plasma lipids were determined by enzymatic methods and lipoprotein profile by fast protein liquid chromatography. After intraperitoneal injection of J774-macrophages the RCT was assessed by measuring the recovery of (3)H-cholesterol in plasma, feces and liver. The expression of liver receptors was determined by immunoblot, macrophages and aortic mRNAs by qRT-PCR. (14)C-cholesterol efflux mediated by apo A-I and HDL2 and the uptake of (3)H-cholesteryl oleoyl ether ((3)H-COE)-acetylated-LDL were determined in macrophages isolated from sedentary and trained animals 48 h after the last exercise session. RESULTS: Body weight, plasma lipids, lipoprotein profile, glucose and blood pressure were not modified by exercise training. A greater amount of (3)H-cholesterol was recovered in plasma (24 h and 48 h) and liver (48 h) from trained animals in comparison to sedentary. No difference was found in (3)H-cholesterol excreted in feces between trained and sedentary mice. The hepatic expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and LDL receptor (B-E) was enhanced by exercise. We observed 2.8 and 1.7 fold rise, respectively, in LXR and Cyp7a mRNA in the liver of trained as compared to sedentary mice. Macrophage and aortic expression of genes involved in lipid efflux was not systematically changed by physical exercise. In agreement, (14)C-cholesterol efflux and uptake of (3)H-COE-acetylated-LDL by macrophages was similar between sedentary and trained animals. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise in vivo accelerates the traffic of cholesterol from macrophages to the liver contributing to prevention and regression of atherosclerosis, independently of changes in macrophage and aorta gene expression.

Inibição do estresse oxidativo em macrófagos previne a redução no conteúdo do receptor ABCA-1 induzida por albumina modificada por glicação avançada / Inhibition of macrophage oxidative stress prevents the reduction of ABCA-1 transporter induced by advanced glycated albumin

Produtos de glicação avançada (AGE) prejudicam o transporte reverso de colesterol, por diminuírem o efluxo de colesterol de macrófagos, mediado por HDL. Neste estudo, avaliamos o papel da albumina modificada por glicação avançada (albumina-AGE) sobre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) pela mitocôndria e pelo sistema NADPH oxidase, e sua implicação sobre o conteúdo do receptor de HDL (ABCA-1) em macrófagos. Albumina-AGE foi preparada pela incubação com glioxal (GO), metilglioxal (MGO) ou glicolaldeído (GAD) e albumina controle (albumina C), com tampão fosfato apenas. Albumina C e AGE foram incubadas com macrófagos, ao longo do tempo, para determinação da produção de ROS e do conteúdo de ABCA-1, por citometria de fluxo. Macrófagos tratados com albumina-GO, MGO e GAD apresentaram aumento na produção de ROS de, respectivamente, 24%, 25% e 24%, em comparação às células tratadas com albumina C. A elevação na produção de ROS foi prevenida pelo tratamento celular com inibidor de NADPH oxidase ou desacoplador mitocondrial, evidenciando o papel da NADPH oxidase e da mitocôndria na geração de ROS induzida pela albumina-AGE. Em comparação com as células tratadas com albumina-C, a respiração mitocondrial basal, determinada por oxigrafia, foi reduzida em 35% e 46% nas células expostas, respectivamente, à albumina-GO e albumina-GAD e não foi restabelecida após tratamento celular com desacoplador mitocondrial. O conteúdo total de proteínas carboniladas aumentou 41% em macrófagos tratados com albumina-GAD, em comparação à albumina-C. A redução no conteúdo de ABCA-1, observada após 8 horas de tratamento com albumina-GAD, foi paralela ao incremento na produção de ROS, sendo prevenida pelo tratamento com aminoguanidina, a qual também diminuiu a geração de ROS em macrófagos tratados com albumina-AGE. Por outro lado, a benfotiamina não conseguiu restaurar o conteúdo de ABCA-1, o que foi associado à menor redução na geração de ROS, promovida por este...

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) impair reverse cholesterol transport, by decreasing the HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. We evaluated the role of advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, and its implication on the HDL receptor (ABCA-1) level in macrophages. AGE-albumin was prepared by incubation with glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO) or glycolaldehyde (GAD) and control albumin (C-albumin) with phosphate buffered saline alone. C and AGE-albumin were incubated along time with J774 macrophages in order to determine ROS production and ABCA-1 protein level by flow citometry. Macrophages treated with GO, MGO and GAD-albumin presented, respectively, 24%, 25% and 24% increased ROS production compared to cells treated with C-albumin. The increase in ROS production was prevented by cell treatment with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor or mitochondrial uncoupler, demonstrating a role of NADPH oxidase and mitochondria in AGE-albumin-induced ROS generation. Compared to cells treated with C-albumin, basal mitochondrial respiration, determined by oxygraphy, was 35% and 46% reduced in cells exposed, respectively, to GO and GAD-albumin and was not restored after cell treatment with mitochondrial uncoupling. Intracellular carbonyl content increased 41% in macrophages treated with GAD-albumin as compared to C-albumin. In macrophages treated with GAD-albumin, the reduction in ABCA-1 content observed after 8 hours of treatment was accompained by the increase of ROS production. Aminoguanidine that prevented ROS generation was able to restore ABCA-1 levels. On the other hand, benfotiamine failed to restore ABCA-1 protein levels which was ascribed to a lesser reduction in ROS generation by this compund. These results point to a role of AGE-albumin on the reduction of cellular cholesterol efflux, notably by diminishing ABCA-1 protein level in macrophages which is associated with...