Victimization, polyvictimization, and depression symptoms among immigrants and native children and youth in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Migration exposes children and youth to vulnerabilities, including uprooting, lack of protection, limited access to services, and violence. Previous studies have shown that victimization experiences impact the mental health of migrant children, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. This study aims to examine the co-occurrence of multiple forms of maltreatment (polyvictimization) among migrant and Chilean children and youth and its association with depressive symptoms, addressing a research gap in Latin America. METHODS: Secondary data from the National Polyvictimization Survey (NPS) conducted by the Chilean Ministry of the Interior were analyzed. Measures assessing polyvictimization and depressive symptoms were administered to a sample of 1362 participants, with equal group sizes for migrants and Chilean-born individuals. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, group comparisons, correlation analyses, and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The study revealed marked differences in experiences of conventional crime victimization and polyvictimization between migrant and Chilean-born participants, with migrants facing slightly higher incidences. Correlational analysis indicated variable strengths of association between victimization types and depressive symptoms across groups, with Chilean-born individuals showing stronger correlations for certain victimization forms. Multiple regression analysis highlighted gender, polyvictimization, child maltreatment, internet victimization, sexual victimization, and peer/sibling victimization as significant predictors of depressive symptoms across the sample. Notably, an interaction was observed between child maltreatment and migrant status, indicating a mitigated impact of maltreatment on depressive symptoms among migrant adolescents. This suggests the potential for unique resilience or coping mechanisms in this group. CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates the varied victimization experiences of migrant children and youth in Chile, with a notable emphasis on the mitigating effect of migrant status on the relationship between child maltreatment and depressive symptoms. It highlights the resilience and potential adaptive strategies of migrant minors facing adversity. The findings underscore the necessity of developing support and intervention strategies that recognize the specific needs and strengths of migrant children and youth, advocating for policies that protect and empower this vulnerable demographic amidst new environmental challenges.

Adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile: the moderating role of the attachment style.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the underlying mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect (ACEs) the mental health of adolescents is of paramount importance for disease prevention in later stages of life. OBJECTIVE: The present study examines the relationship between ACEs and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile and how attachment style (abandonment anxiety and intimacy avoidance) may moderate this relationship. A total of 154 schooled adolescents aged 12 to 17 (M = 15.08, SD = 1.64) completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), Experiences in Close Relationships- Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), and Youth Self Report (YSR-18). RESULTS: The data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25, which included descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analysis. To address moderation analysis, the PROCESS macro extension version 4.1 was employed. In this process, the bootstrap method was applied to construct confidence intervals, and the pick-a-point approach was used to define the levels of the moderating variable. According to the results, 80.3% of the sample experienced one or more ACEs, and 16.4% reported experiencing at least three. Furthermore, the variables under study exhibited significant correlations with each other, except for intimacy avoidance, which showed no correlation with ACEs (rho = -0.10; p = 0.273). When considering abandonment anxiety as a moderating variable, the direct effect of ACEs on externalizing symptoms showed statistically significant changes (ß = 0.60, p = 0.03). No other moderating effects were found according to the proposed models. CONCLUSION: In childhood, the accumulation of ACEs is associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile, specifically with the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that lower levels of abandonment anxiety could mitigate the effects of ACEs on adolescent psychopathology, while higher levels of abandonment anxiety could exacerbate these effects on psychopathology.

Psychological Distress in Young Chilean Adults Exposed to Parental Alienating Behaviors during Childhood/Adolescence.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological distress of young adults exposed to alienating behaviors during childhood/adolescence. Four hundred and sixteen adults responded to the online survey. A brief sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Scale, and a questionnaire on adverse childhood experiences were included. The analyses revealed that individuals who experienced one or more alienating behaviors exhibited higher levels of anxiety, depression, somatization, and overall psychological distress. Furthermore, even after controlling for the effect of other adverse childhood experiences, alienating behaviors had a significant impact on psychological distress in adulthood. This highlights an understudied aspect of alienating behaviors, i.e., their conjunction or parallelism with other adverse childhood experiences.

Victimization and risk factors in children and adolescents admitted into outpatient protection center in northern Chile

The present study aimed to identify the proportion of victimization, types of victimization, and risk factors associated to children and adolescents who were admitted into an outpatient protection center for children and adolescents in northern Chile during the years 2016 and 2017. Secondary data from the database pertaining to the protection center was used. The sample was non-probabilistic and included 6,499 cases. The research was descriptive-comparative with a non-experimental retrospective cross-sectional design. The results showed a higher percentage of victimization by neglect, followed by witnessing domestic violence and child sexual abuse. The sociodemographic variables showed a higher percentage of victimization at the age of 6 to 9 and 14 to 17 years old, in children and adolescents who were in the first and second cycle of elementary school and were Chilean. It was found that children victimized by child sexual abuse and bullying also had a drug diagnosis record. Logistic regression analyses showed that gender, age, schooling, nationality, and a drug diagnosis record increase the probability of occurrence of certain types of victimization. The results showed the magnitude of the problem concerning victimizations experienced by children and adolescents in northern Chile and the need to generate prevention strategies for this population.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la proporción de victimización, tipos de victimización y factores de riesgo asociados a los niños, niñas y adolescentes que ingresaron a un Centro de Protección a la infancia en el norte de Chile durante los años 2016 y 2017. Se utilizaron datos secundarios de la base de datos del sistema de protección a la infancia. La muestra fue no probabilística e incluyó 6.499 casos. La investigación fue descriptiva-comparativa con un diseño no experimental retrospectivo de corte transversal. Los resultados mostraron un mayor porcentaje de victimización por negligencia, seguido por presenciar violencia doméstica y abuso sexual infantil. Las variables sociodemográficas mostraron un mayor porcentaje de victimización en la edad de 6 a 9 y de 14 a 17 años, en niños y adolescentes que cursaban el primer y segundo ciclo de primaria y eran chilenos. Se encontró que los niños víctimas de abuso sexual infantil y bullying también tenían un registro de diagnóstico de drogas. Los análisis de regresión logística mostraron que el género, la edad, la escolaridad, la nacionalidad y un registro de diagnóstico de drogas aumentan la probabilidad de ocurrencia de ciertos tipos de victimización. Los resultados evidencian la magnitud del problema de las victimizaciones que sufren los niños, niñas y adolescentes del norte de Chile y la necesidad de generar estrategias de prevención para esta población.

Adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile: the moderating role of the attachment style

Abstract Background Identifying the underlying mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect (ACEs) the mental health of adolescents is of paramount importance for disease prevention in later stages of life. Objective The present study examines the relationship between ACEs and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile and how attachment style (abandonment anxiety and intimacy avoidance) may moderate this relationship. A total of 154 schooled adolescents aged 12 to 17 (M = 15.08, SD = 1.64) completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), and Youth Self Report (YSR-18). Results The data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25, which included descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analysis. To address moderation analysis, the PROCESS macro extension version 4.1 was employed. In this process, the bootstrap method was applied to construct confidence intervals, and the pick-a-point approach was used to define the levels of the moderating variable. According to the results, 80.3% of the sample experienced one or more ACEs, and 16.4% reported experiencing at least three. Furthermore, the variables under study exhibited significant correlations with each other, except for intimacy avoidance, which showed no correlation with ACEs (rho = −0.10; p = 0.273). When considering abandonment anxiety as a moderating variable, the direct effect of ACEs on externalizing symptoms showed statistically significant changes (β = 0.60, p = 0.03). No other moderating effects were found according to the proposed models. Conclusion In childhood, the accumulation of ACEs is associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile, specifically with the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that lower levels of abandonment anxiety could mitigate the effects of ACEs on adolescent psychopathology, while higher levels of abandonment anxiety could exacerbate these effects on psychopathology.

Victimization by Caregivers: Prevalence and Risk Factors in Chilean Children and Adolescents.

This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated to victimization by caregivers in a national large sample of Chilean children and adolescents. 19,687 children and adolescents aged 12-17, selected by random probability sampling of 699 public schools in Chile who were surveyed by trained interviewers. Victimization by Caregivers was evaluated through a module of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). The prevalence (12 months) for physical abuse were (12.9%), for emotional abuse (27.9%), neglect (5.3%) and parental interference (3.5%). The results suggest as risk factors, sex, age, migration status, disability, geographical location, and type of school. The findings highlight the urgent need to address the issue of child maltreatment and victimization by caregivers in Chilean society and minimize its impact.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peer Victimization in a National Sample of Chilean Children and Youth.

This research aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of peer victimization (PV) in a national sample of Chilean children and youth. We worked with secondary data of Encuesta Nacional de Polivictimización (2017). The sample was probabilistic and included 19,684 participants between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.7, SD = 1.59) from all Chilean regions. The participants answered an adapted version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire to assess different violence forms. However, for the present study, only five items related to PV were considered. The results showed that a lifetime and the last 12 months' prevalence of PVwerevery high. More than half of the adolescents (60.3%) reported at least one type of victimization by peers throughout a lifetime. Gender differences were found; females have the highest rates of PV than males. These results have discussed the magnitude of this issue and promote the generation of prevention strategies.

Un modelo para favorecer la ética y las buenas prácticas en investigación global e intercultural: aplicaciones en méxico y chile / A model to promote ethics and good practices in global and intercultural research: applications in méxico and chile / Um modelo para favorecer a ética e as boas práticas em pesquisa global e intercultural: aplicativos no méxico e no chile

Resumen La investigación intercultural plantea desafíos éticos complejos. Por ello, en el año 2019 se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de conflictos éticos en colaboración con más de 200 investigadores de más de 30 países. Este modelo parece pertinente para América Latina. El modelo propone que los desafíos éticos (y sus soluciones) dependen de cuatro factores presentes durante todo el proceso de investigación: el lugar donde se realiza la investigación, las personas involucradas, los principios éticos relevantes y los precedentes de investigaciones pasadas. En este artículo hacemos un análisis de la aplicabilidad de dicho modelo mediante dos análisis de casos referidos a la investigación con pueblos originarios en Chile y al trabajo con latinos migrantes en la frontera México-Estados Unidos.

Abstract Intercultural research poses critical ethical challenges. In 2019, in collaboration with more than 200 researchers from more than 30 countries, a group of researchers developed an ethical conflict analysis model that seems relevant for Latin America. The model proposes a flexible frame of reference where ethical challenges (and their solutions) depend on four factors present throughout the research process: the place where the research is carried out, the people involved, the relevant ethical principles, and the precedents from previous research. This article discusses the applicability of this model through two case analyses: one study with Indigenous peoples in Chile and the other with Latin-American migrants on the border between Mexico and US.

Resumo A pesquisa intercultural apresenta desafios éticos complexos. Por isso, em 2019, foi desenvolvido um modelo de análise de conflitos éticos em colaboração com mais de 200 pesquisas de mais de 30 países. Esse modelo parece pertinente para a América Latina, pois propõe que os desafios éticos (e suas soluções) dependem de quatro fatores presentes durante todo o processo de pesquisa: o lugar onde a pesquisa é realizada, as pessoas envolvidas, os princípios éticos relevantes e os precedentes de pesquisa passadas. Neste artigo, fazemos uma análise da aplicabilidade desse modelo mediante duas análises de casos referidos à pesquisa com povos originários no Chile e ao trabalho com latinos migrantes na fronteira México-Estados Unidos.

Unemployment and mental health in a community population from a border city in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The constant changes in the global economy generate instability in the markets, favoring the closing of companies, dismissals of personnel, job losses. Unemployment has been associated with adverse psychological effects, serving as a predictor of poor mental health. OBJECTIVE: The main goal was to analyze the relation between work status and mental health. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out with a sample of community population, inhabitants of the urban area of a Mexican city. The sample consisted of 1351 participants, being 577 men (43%) and 774 women (57%) with an average age of 41.46 (SD = 17.00). The participants were selected by a quota sampling, in 13 representative points of Matamoros' city urban area. Home surveys were applied; the Spanish version of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used for mental health assessment. RESULTS: The model explaining the relation between work status and mental health (GFI) was significant (p < 0.01). Unemployment was related to higher scores in all sub-scales of psychopathologies evaluated by the SCL-90, in comparison with the rest of work status categories. CONCLUSIONS: The unemployed, followed by housewives, presented indicators of poorer mental health, while the retired and those in strikes or lockouts showed the best mental health indexes.

Online sexual harassment and depression in Chilean adolescents: Variations based on gender and age of the offenders.

BACKGROUND: Online sexual harassment in adolescence is associated with depressive symptoms. There is, however, a dearth of research investigating variability of symptom profiles in this population in relation to offender gender and age. OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of adolescents reporting online harassment by different types of offenders and compare their levels of depression. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were 18,872 Chilean students aged 12 to 17 years (3.063 of them online sexually harassed). METHODS: The study involved a secondary analysis of self-report data on online sexual harassment, poly-victimization, and depression collected as part of the National Poly-victimization Survey. RESULTS: In 37.6% of the cases the offender was male under 18, in 22.4% an adult male, in 14.5% a female under 18, and in 2.9% an adult female. In 22.5% of cases the offender could not be identified. An ANCOVA demonstrated levels of poly-victimization across the lifespan and frequency of online sexual harassment in the last year to predict depressive symptomatology. In females, higher levels of depressive symptoms were observed among those sexually harassed by either a female under 18, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or an adult male. In males, higher levels of depression were observed among those harassed by either an adult male, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or a male under 18. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the importance of offender's age and gender in predicting depression levels in adolescent victims of online sexual harassment.

Perspectivas y tendencias actuales del concepto de alienación parental: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Current perspectives and trends of the concept of parental alienation: a systematic review of the literature

Resumen: Antecedentes: Son diversos las/os investigadoras/es que se han interesado por el fenómeno de la alienación parental. No obstante, esta compleja dinámica relacional no ha estado exenta de controversias. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de las perspectivas y tendencias actuales del concepto de alienación parental, sus características y efectos en la población que experimentan estas circunstancias. Método: Se utilizó la metodología PRISMA-P para llevar a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva de artículos publicados entre el año 2016 y junio de 2020 en revistas indexadas Scopus y/o WOS. Se contemplaron 95 estudios, de los cuales 11 fueron considerados para la revisión, de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión preestablecidos. Se identificó un amplio campo investigativo en el cual se circunscribe la alienación parental, como dinámica relacional. Resultados: Los 11 estudios seleccionados establecían relaciones entre la experiencia de alienación parental e indicadores de salud mental, tanto en niños, niñas, adolescentes, como adultos que experimentan o experimentaron estas dinámicas. Así también, se relacionó con maltrato psicológico. Conclusiones: La alienación parental es un fenómeno con una importante prevalencia en la población y se ha vinculado con un deterioro en la salud mental de las personas que la experimentan o la han experimentado.

Abstract: Background: Several researchers have been interested in the phenomenon of parental alienation. However, this complex relational dynamic has not been without controversy. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of current perspectives and trends on the concept of parental alienation, its characteristics and effects on the population experiencing these circumstances. Method: PRISMA-P methodology was used to conduct an exhaustive literature search of articles published between 2016 and June 2020 in Scopus and/or WOS indexed journals. Ninety-five studies were contemplated, of which 11 were considered for the review, according to the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. A broad field of research was identified in which parental alienation is circumscribed as a relational dynamic. Results: The 11 selected studies established relationships between the experience of parental alienation and mental health indicators, both in children, adolescents and adults who experience or have experienced these dynamics. Thus, it was also related to psychological maltreatment. Conclusions: Parental alienation is a phenomenon with a significant prevalence in the population and has been linked to a deterioration in the mental health of people who experience or have experienced it.

Self-Reported Sexual Victimization Among Chilean Children and Youth.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual victimization among a representative sample of children and youth from Chile and to analyze the sex and age differences. The First National Survey of Poly-victimization collected cross-sectional data via a self-report survey of 19,648 children and youth (aged 12-18 years). Lifetime victimization was reported by 31.9% of children and youth (23.9% of males and 39.7% of females) and 21.9% reported victimization in the past year (16.8% of males and 26.9% of females). Girls presented higher percentages of lifetime sexual victimization with and without physical contact in practically all of the items. However, boys had a higher prevalence in statutory rape. Younger participants reported a prevalence of sexual victimization of 23.1%, while older participants reported a prevalence of 40.0%. Youth between the ages of 15 and 18 years had a higher prevalence of lifetime sexual victimization in practically all its forms, except for verbal sexual harassment. The results show that Chilean children and youth are exposed to sexual victimization in an extensive way, which demands an immediate response by public policy.

Child Victimization and Polyvictimization Among Young Adults in Northern Chile.

This study examined the prevalence of victimization and polyvictimization and gender differences in young adults from Arica in northern Chile. In all, 718 college students participated (46.9% men, 53.1% women), aged between 17 and 28 years old (M = 21.6; SD = 4.11). The Spanish version of Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire ( JVQ) was used to access five categories of child victimization (conventional crime, child maltreatment, peer and siblings victimization, sexual victimization, and indirect victimization). In total, 98.7% of young adults reported at least one type of victimization throughout their life. In general, males are more exposed to victimization for conventional crimes and indirect victimization and women to sexual victimization and bullying. A total of 89.1% of the sample was considered polyvictims (i.e., experienced five or more forms of victimization). This research provides information about the epidemiology of victimization and polyvictimization in young adults in the international context, and is the first study from this point of view in a South American country. The results show that young adults in northern Chile experience a high level of victimization, even mostly higher than others studies realized in the international context. Gender is a variable that has a significant influence and must be taken into account in the analyses of this complex subject of study.

Invarianza factorial de una escala breve para evaluar abuso sexual online en adolescentes de España y chile / Factorial invariance of a brief scale to evaluate online sexual abuse in adolescents in Spain and Chile

El auge de Internet ha traído nuevas formas de victimización infantojuvenil, entre las que destaca el abuso sexual online. El estudio de esta forma de victimización es cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial, pero existe escasez de instrumentos breves, en lengua española, que además ofrezcan buenas propiedades psicométricas. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la estructura e invarianza factorial intercultural de una escala breve de abuso sexual online. Participaron 1.502 adolescentes de España y Chile de entre 15 y 17 años. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios con una proporción de la muestra española (n = 698) sugieren que la escala de 12 ítems posee un único factor y adecuada consistencia interna. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios con una segunda proporción de la muestra española (n = 402) y con la muestra chilena (n = 402) corroboran la estructura unifactorial en ambos países. Los análisis apoyan la invarianza factorial configuracional, pero se desecha la existencia de invarianza factorial estricta. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados al utilizar la escala y hacer comparaciones entre ambos países

The extended use of the Internet has produced new forms of victimization for children and youth, among which online sexual abuse stands out. The study of this form of victimization is frequent worldwide, but there is a lack of brief instruments in Spanish language which also offer good psychometric properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the factorial structure and intercultural factorial invariance of a brief scale of online sexual abuse. The participants were 1,502 adolescents from Spain and Chile between 15 and 17 years. The results of exploratory factor analyses with a proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 698) suggest that the 12-item scale has a single factor structure and adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analyses with a second proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 402) and with the Chilean sample (n = 402) corroborate the unifactorial structure in both countries. The results support the configurational factorial invariance, but not the strict factorial invariance. We discuss the implications of the results when using the scale in both countries and making comparisons between them

Malestar psicológico como mediador entre la homofobia interiorizada y riesgo suicida en hombres chilenos / Psychological distress as mediator between internalized homophobia and suicidal risk among Chilean men

Este trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar el efecto mediador del malestar psicológico entre la homofobia interiorizada y el riesgo suicida en una muestra de hombres que pertenecen a minorías sexuales en Arica (Chile). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 157 hombres de entre 18 y 53 años de edad (M= 24,4; DT= 5,49), reclutados por disponibilidad y técnica de bola de nieve, a los que se administraron la "Escala de homofobia interiorizada", el "Inventario breve de síntomas" y la "Escala de riesgo suicida". Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de un efecto mediador del malestar psicológico entre la homofobia interiorizada y el riesgo suicida. Es decir, se incrementa el riesgo suicida, en la medida que se incluyen en el modelo la homofobia interiorizada y el malestar psicológico como tercera variable. Se destaca la importancia de que en las intervenciones psicosociales con hombres chilenos de minorías sexuales se consideren la disminución de la homofobia interiorizada y el malestar psicológico, con el propósito de hacer aportaciones al desarrollo de la salud mental de este colectivo

The aim of this research was to evaluate the mediating effect of psychological distress, between internalized homophobia and suicidal risk in a sample of men belonging to sexual minorities in the city of Arica (Chile). The sample consisted of 157 men between 18 and 53 years of age (M= 24.4, DT= 5.49), recruited by availability and snowball technique. The Internalized Homophobia Scale, the Symptom Inventory and the Scale of Suicide Risk were applied. The results obtained account for a mediating effect of psychological distress between internalized homophobia and suicidal risk, that is, the suicidal risk increases when internalized homophobia and psychological discomfort as a third variable are included in the model. In conclusion, the importance of the reduction of internalized homophobia and psychological distress should be emphasized in psychosocial interventions with men of sexual minorities with the purpose of contributing to the development of their mental health

Resiliencia psicológica: una aproximación hacia su conceptualización, enfoques teóricos y relación con el abuso sexual infantil / Psychological resilience: an approach to the concept, theoretical framework and relation with child sexual abuse

El abuso sexual infantil constituye un grave problema de salud pública y una violación reiterada de los derechos humanos de miles de niños, niñas y adolescentes alrededor del mundo. Una prolífera investigación se ha desarrollado al respecto para determinar la magnitud del problema, los efectos psicológicos, los factores de riesgo y de protección. En ese contexto, cobra relevancia el enfoque de resiliencia al explicar los mecanismos que favorecen la adaptación positiva ante la adversidad. En el presente artículo, se expone, en una primera parte, el análisis del concepto de resiliencia y sus diferentes etapas de investigación a través del tiempo. Finalmente, se realiza una integración de este modelo positivo en la comprensión y abordaje de la victimización infanto-juvenil...

Child sexual abuse is a serious public health problem and a violation of human rights from children and adolescents. A prolific research has been developed to determine the magnitude of the problem, psychological effects, risk factors and protective factors. In this context, resilience approach becomes important by explain the mechanisms that promote positive adaptation to adversity. In this paper, it is discussed in the first part, the analysis of the concept of resilience and its various stages of investigation over time. Finally, an integration of this model in understanding and approaching child and adolescent victimization is done...

Competencias parentales: una visión integrada de enfoques teóricos y metodológicos / Parental competences: an integrated view of theoretical and methodological approaches

Las competencias parentales pueden ser entendidas desde múltiples enfoques y perspectivas teóricas, lo que se traduce en diferentes metodologías de evaluación. El presente artículo persigue ser un aporte teórico a dicha diversidad, ofreciendo una mirada integral desde distintos enfoques y metodologías asociadas a una crianza positiva y segura.

Parenting skills can be understood from multiple approaches and theoretical perspectives, which have an effect on different assessment methodologies. This article aims to be a theoretical contribution to this diversity, offering an integral perspective of different approaches and methodologies that are associated with a positive and secure upbringing.

Aproximación a la psicoterapia con niños, niñas y adolescentes sobrevivientes de abuso sexual / Approach to psychotherapy with surviving children and adolescents of sexual abuse

El siguiente artículo es una síntesis de los principales elementos a considerar al momento de poner en marcha un proceso de intervención con niños, niñas y adolescentes sobrevivientes de abuso sexual. En este trabajo se revisan principalmente los aspectos psicoterapéuticos, a la vez que se pretende entregar un acercamiento hacia las bases del inicio de un proceso de cambio y de modificación de conductas en niños y adolescentes, que presentan daños asociados a las experiencias de abuso sexual. Los fundamentos teóricos, en los cuales se basa el trabajo, provienen, principalmente, del Modelo Ecológico de Brofenbrenner (1979), de la aplicación al campo de la violencia que realiza Belsky (1980), y de los aportes de la terapia estratégica breve (De Shazer, 1982), incluyendo los fundamentos sobre la comunicación humana desarrollada por Gregory Bateson (Bateson, Jackson, Haley y Weakland, 1956), y la teoría de la cognición de los biólogos Chilenos Humberto Maturana y Francisco Varela (1980). Se presenta una propuesta de modelo que utiliza como método la revisión y sistematización de una década de atención psicoterapéutica de casos clínicos, junto a una revisión del estado del arte actual sobre la materia, y a una aplicación práctica de los hallazgos de investigación. Como conclusión se señala que, tanto la relación terapéutica como la competencia técnica y habilidad personal del terapeuta, son elementos de suma importancia para una intervención efectiva en la complejidad que significa la reparación del abuso sexual infantil.

The following article is a summary of the main elements to consider when starting a process of intervention treatment with children and adolescent survivors of sexual abuse. This paper mainly reviews the psychotherapeutic aspects of this treatment, while we seek to offer an approach to the basics of beginning a process of change and behavior modification in children and adolescents, who have been harmed by their experience of sexual abuse. The theoretical bases of this work mainly originate from Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model, the application in the field of violence carried out by Belsky (1980), as well as the contributions of brief strategic therapy (De Shazer, 1982), including the basics of human communication developed by Gregory Bateson (Bateson, Jackson, Haley and Weakland, 1956), and the theory of cognition of the Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela (1980). A proposed model is presented whose method is the review and systemization of psychotherapeutic care of clinical cases, along with a review of the state of exisiting work on this subject. The practical application of research findings is also presented. In conclusion it is noted that both the therapeutic relationship as well as the the technical and personal skills of the therapist, are of the utmost importance for effective treatment in the complex area that is the healing of child sexual abuse.