Diabetic acidosis with severe fetal hypoxia in pregnancy: Narrative review and case study.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancy could be a disastrous event with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. DKA can occur with a normal blood glucose level, known as euglycemic DKA. It particularly affects pregnant women with type I diabetes. Here, we report the case of a 28 year-old primigravid patient, with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for 8 years. This patient consulted our department at 29 weeks of gestation with a previous history of headaches, vomiting and diarrhea for 9 h. Blood glucose level was 8.8 mmol/L with a ketone test positive (>15 mg/dL). Blood test showed high anion gap (17.9 mmol/L) with low serum bicarbonate rate (21 mmol/L). Systemic examination and fetal heart rate (FHR) was reassuring. The patient was subsequently discharged. She returned to the clinic 19 h later with further symptoms of nausea, polyuria-polydipsia, asthenia and a weight loss of 4 kg since the day before. Blood sugar was 14.3 mmol/L and a ketone test was strongly positive. Cardiotocography showed fetal tachycardia and repeated late decelerations. A diagnosis of DKA was made and emergency cesarean was performed for fetal distress. At delivery, pH was acidosis (pH: 7.02, lactates: 6.2). The patient was successfully treated with intravenous hydration and insulin. Neonatal evolution was favorable. Pregnant women with type I diabetes can develop euglycemic DKA. Early recognition and prompt treatment could help prevent severe maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. DKA in pregnant women can induce fetal acidosis with abnormal FHR. In this situation, a cesarean can be performed to improve neonatal outcome even inducing a premature delivery. Prolonged pregnancy can lead to irreversible neonatal brain abnormalities.

[Induced abortion between 14 and 16th: Clinical context and complications]. / Étude prospective sur 46 patientes de la pratique de l'IVG chirurgicale entre 14 et 16 SA : parcours de soins et complications.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize the women's health care pathway and to evaluate the rate of complications during a surgical abortion according to the technique of dilatation and evacuation between 14 and 16 SA. METHOD: Single-center prospective study at the Armand Trousseau Hospital with inclusion of women who had an abortion between 14 and 16 GA in the Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of the Armand Trousseau Hospital between March 2 and October 31, 2022. RESULTS: Forty-six women underwent an abortion during this 8-month period. The average gestational age at which the abortions were performed was 15 weeks' gestation with an median delay of 14.0 days between the date of discovery of the pregnancy and the date of the abortion with more than half of the women (65.2 %, N=30) having consulted for the first time for an abortion request before 14 weeks' gestation. Of these women, 22 (48.9%) had to consult several hospitals before being treated. One woman (2.2% 95% CI [0.0-6.4]) had a haemorrhage defined by bleeding more than 500ml. Cervical suture for cervical tear was performed in four women (8.7% 95% CI [0.0-16.8]). There were no complications such as perforation, postoperative infection or surgical revision. No women were transfused. CONCLUSION: The introduction in our center of surgical abortion using the dilatation and evacuation technique performed between 14 and 16 weeks' gestation wasn't accompanied by significant morbidity. The women's pathway before the procedure probably contributed to the later performance of the abortion.

Incidence and risk factors for severe postpartum haemorrhage in women with anterior low-lying or praevia placenta and prior caesarean: Prospective population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and risk factors for severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in women with an anterior low-lying or praevia placenta, prior caesarean and no prenatal suspicion of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). DESIGN: Population-based study in 176 maternity units in France. POPULATION: All women with anterior low-lying (0-19 mm from the cervical internal os) or praevia placenta, diagnosed prospectively before birth, prior caesarean and no prenatal suspicion of PAS. METHODS: Multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for severe PPH in the main population and after exclusion of women with PAS diagnosed only at birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severe PPH defined by a composite criterion either estimated blood loss of ≥1500 ml, transfusion of ≥4 or more units of packed red blood cells, embolisation or surgical treatment. RESULTS: Of the 520 114 women constituting the source population, 230 (0.44/1000 women; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-0.50) met the inclusion criteria. Severe PPH rate was 24.8% (95% CI 19.2-30.4) overall, 27.5% (95% CI 21.8-33.3) in women with placenta praevia and 15.4% (95% CI 10.7-20.0) in women with low-lying placenta. PAS was diagnosed at birth in 22 women (9.9%; 95% CI 5.8-13.4), although previously unsuspected. After their exclusion, severe PPH incidence was 17.3% (95% CI 12.4-22.2). In multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with a higher severe PPH risk was placenta previa (aOR, 3.65; 95%CI, 1.20-15.8). CONCLUSION: Severe PPH is frequent among women with anterior low-lying or praevia placenta and prior caesarean, even after exclusion of women with PAS. The risk of severe PPH for those with praevia is nearly twice that with low-lying placenta.

[Pelvic exam in gynecology and obstetrics: Guidelines for clinical practice]. / Examen pelvien en gynécologie et obstétrique : recommandations pour la pratique clinique.

OBJECTIVE: To provide guidelines for the pelvic clinical exam in gynecology and obstetrics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multidisciplinary experts consensus committee of 45 experts was formed, including representatives of patients' associations and users of the health system. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any funding. The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. METHODS: The committee studied 40 questions within 4 fields for symptomatic or asymptomatic women (emergency conditions, gynecological consultation, gynecological diseases, obstetrics, and pregnancy). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and the evidence profiles were produced. The literature review and recommendations were made according to the GRADE® methodology. RESULTS: The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 27 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 17 present a strong agreement, 7 a weak agreement and 3 an expert consensus agreement. Thirteen questions resulted in an absence of recommendation due to lack of evidence in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The need to perform clinical examination in gynecological and obstetrics patients was specified in 27 pre-defined situations based on scientific evidence. More research is required to investigate the benefit in other cases.

Home Blood Pressure Measurement and Self-Interpretation of Blood Pressure Readings During Pregnancy: Hy-Result e-Health Prospective Study.

Introduction: Hy-Result is a rule management system designed to help patients to be compliant with the home blood pressure measurement (HBPM) monitoring schedule and to understand their BP readings. The aim of the Hy-Result e-Health prospective study is to evaluate the practice and experience of women using the Hy-Result coaching app for self-interpretation of BP readings during and after pregnancy. Methods: Participants were asked to: i) measure their BP at home; ii) use the Hy-Result app and send their PDF report to the researcher; iii) answer anonymously to 3 online independent questionnaires (Q). Results: A total of 107 women accepted to measure their BP and use the app. Among them 82 (77%) performed HBPM and used successfully the system and 72 (88%) shared to the investigator their PDF report by email. Of these, 95% declared the software was "easy" or "very easy" to use; 93% believe the software helps them to monitor their BP more effectively (74% agree, 18% somewhat agree); 94% that the color code classification was "clear"; 76 (93%) affirmed that the app helped them when consulting their physician for their BP evaluation. Majority (87%) perceived the software to be reliable. Furthermore, 71 (87%) said they trust the system and 51 (62%) declared that performing HBPM and self-interpret their readings was "reassuring" whereas 6 (7%) felt that it was "a concern". Conclusion: This study shows that the majority (88%) of pregnant women performed HBPM and successfully used the Hy-Result software for self-interpretation of the BP readings. The use of the validated Hy-Result system by pregnant women may thus be recommended in common practice by healthcare professionals and patient associations.

The Endometrial Immune Profiling May Positively Affect the Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.

Introduction: The endometrial immune profiling is an innovative approach based on the analysis of the local immune reaction occurring in the endometrium at the time of the embryo implantation. By documenting the local immune activation during the period of uterine receptivity, we aim to detect and correct potential imbalances before and at the very beginning of placentation. The main objective of the study was to analyze in women with a history of repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) the association of personalized strategies based on immune dysregulations with live birth rates. The secondary objective was to highlight the main prognostic factors for live births. Methods: This is an observational retrospective analysis of 104 patients with RPL, included between January 2012 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria included a spontaneous fertility with at least three miscarriages, an assessment including a three-dimension ultrasound scan, an endometrial biopsy for uterine immune profiling and a follow-up over at least 6 months with personalized care if indicated after the complete assessment. We defined as a success if the patients had a live birth after the suggested plan, as a failure if the patient either did not get pregnant or experienced a new miscarriage after the targeted therapies. Results: Uterine immune profiling was the only exploration to be significantly associated with a higher live birth rate (LBR) if a dysregulation was identified and treated accordingly (55% vs 45%, p=0.01). On the contrary, an absence of local dysregulation (resulting in an apparently balanced immune environment) was associated with a higher risk of a new miscarriage, suggesting that the cause inducing RPL still needed to be identified. Independently of age and AMH level, dysregulated immune profile is significatively associated with 3 times higher LBR than a non-deregulated profile (OR=3.4 CI 95%1.27-9.84) or five times in case of an overactive profile treated by immunotherapy (OR=5 CI 95% 1.65-16.5). The usage of ART was significantly associated with lower LBR regardless of the presence of a subfertility factor (p=0.012). Personalization of medical care using natural cycle or simple hormonal stimulation is associated with a significantly higher LBR than personalization including ART treatments regardless of maternal age and AMH level (OR= 2.9 CI 95% 1.03-8.88). Conclusion: Our study suggests that some endometrial immune profiles with targeted management of RPL are associated with a higher rate of LBR. ART may be negatively associated with LBR.

Induction of labour with unfavourable local conditions for suspected fetal growth restriction after 36 weeks of gestation: Factors associated with the risk of caesarean.

INTRODUCTION: Induction of labour in women with an unfavourable cervix is associated with a risk of caesarean delivery. When a diagnosis of fetal growth restriction (FGR) is also involved, the risk of intrapartum fetal acidosis increases. The main objective was to identify prognostic factors for the risk of caesarean delivery after induction for suspected FGR after 36 weeks of gestation with an unripe cervix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-centre (Port Royal, Paris, France) study of women with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation, with labour induced at or after 36 weeks for suspected FGR diagnosed during second or third trimester of pregnancy with an unripe cervix (Bishop score under 6) who gave birth between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019. A multivariable analysis was performed to identify the factors related to an increased risk of caesarean section. RESULTS: Of the 146 women included, 56 (38.4 %) had caesarean deliveries. After adjustment, the factors significantly associated with the risk of caesarean were maternal age greater than 39 years (ORa = 4.33 [1.22-17.2], reference: 25-39 years), nulliparity (ORa = 3.49 [1.25-11.2]), and an abnormal fetal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry (ORa = 3.50 [1.47-8.70]). The risk of poor neonatal condition did not differ significantly between women with vaginal and caesarean deliveries (2.3 % vs 7.3 %, P = 0.21). CONCLUSION: When FGR is suspected at 36 weeks of gestation and later, induction of labour is a reasonable option, even if the cervix is unripe, as the risk of caesarean delivery appears acceptable and neonatal status is good and similar with both modes of delivery.

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Is a screening for differential diagnoses necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefit of performing a screening for differential diagnoses by hepatobiliary ultrasound and viral serologies, in case of suspected intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). METHODS: Retrospective single-center study in a tertiary maternity unit, including all women with a suspected ICP between January 2012 and September 2018. The primary outcome was the differential diagnosis rate obtained through initial screening. We described women characteristics, symptoms, and blood results that led to ICP suspicion. We evaluated the rate of differential diagnosis established by the initial screening. We described the population of women presenting with an ICP differential diagnosis. RESULTS: The study included 254 women. Prevalence of differential diagnosis was 2 %. ICP was suspected in more than 50 % of cases in third trimester of pregnancy (79.5 %). Women presented with pruritus in 90.9 % of cases. Bile acid levels were between 20 and 40 µmol/L in 56.3 % of cases and above 40 µmol/L in 12.2 % of cases. The screening to rule out differential diagnosis of ICP was performed in half of the cases. When performed, the screening did not lead to the diagnosis of any differential disease. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, among the 254 women, one (0.4 %) would have been wrongly diagnosed with ICP if the initial screening for differential diagnosis had not been performed. Screening for differential diagnosis does not seem to provide any benefit regarding the management of suspected ICP and could therefore only be performed in case of atypical clinical presentation of ICP, resistance to treatment or persisting abnormal liver function tests in the postpartum period.

Is laterality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia a reliable prognostic factor? French national cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess whether the laterality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was a prognostic factor for neonatal survival. METHODS: This was a cohort study using the French national database of the Reference Center for Diaphragmatic Hernias. The principal endpoint was survival after hospitalization in intensive care. We made a comparative study between right CDH and left CDH by univariate and multivariate analysis. Terminations and stillbirths were excluded from analyses of neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 506 CDH were included with 67 (13%) right CDH and 439 left CDH (87%). Rate of survival was 49% for right CDH and 74% for left CDH (P < .01). Multivariate analysis showed two factors significantly associated with mortality: thoracic herniation of liver (OR 2.27; IC 95% [1.07-4.76]; P = .03) and lung-to-head-ratio over under expected (OR 2.99; IC 95% [1.41-6.36]; P < .01). Side of CDH was not significantly associated with mortality (OR 1.87; IC 95% [0.61-5.51], P = .26). CONCLUSION: Rate of right CDH mortality is more important than left CDH. Nevertheless after adjusting for lung-to-head-ratio and thoracic herniation of liver, right CDH does not have a higher risk of mortality than left CDH.

Laparoscopic Management of Ureteral Endometriosis and Hydronephrosis Associated With Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if laparoscopic treatment of ureteral endometriosis is feasible, safe, and effective and to determine if ureteral dilatation and/or the number of incisions increases complications. DESIGN: An institutional review board-approved retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who underwent surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis involving the ureter with hydronephrosis (Canadian Task Force classification III). SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Of 658 patients who had surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis between November 2004 and December 2013, 198 of the 658 patients had ureteral endometriosis and required ureterolysis, and 28 of the 198 patients were identified with ureteral dilatation and hydronephrosis associated with endometriosis. INTERVENTIONS: Of these 28 cases, 15 ureterolyses, 12 reanastomoses, and 1 reimplantation were performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Medical, operative, and pathological data on the evolution of pain, urinary complaints, fertility, complications, and recurrences were collected from clinical records. Additionally, telephone interviews were performed for the follow-up of long-term outcomes. All 28 patients had concomitant surgical procedures because of endometriosis elsewhere in the pelvis or abdomen; 12 (42.9%) underwent surgery of the bowel, whereas 5 (17.9%) had bladder surgery. The evolution of pain after surgery showed a positive response (mean dysmenorrhea evaluation measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale from 0-10 preoperatively at the short-term follow-up and the long-term follow-up: 7.25-1.73 and 0.25, respectively). Three complications were noted in the group of 28 patients with ureterohydronephrosis; 1 required surgical reintervention. Logistic regression analyses found vaginal incision (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% CI 0.92-4.73), bladder incision (odds ratio = 8.77; 95% CI 3.25-23.63), number of incisions (odds ratio = 2.12; 95% CI 1.29-3.47), and number of previous surgeries (odds ratio = 1.26; 95% CI 0.93-1.71) as independent risk factors for complications in the group of 198 patients. Three patients underwent reoperation in the group of 28 patients: 1 for ureterovaginal fistula, 1 for persistent ureter dilatation and hydronephrosis, and 1 for persistent pain. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopically assisted ureterolyses, ureteral reanastomoses, and ureteral reimplantation are feasible, safe, and effective treatments for ureteral endometriosis. Complete laparoscopic excision is possible with minimal complications, which seem to be associated with the number of incisions. Ureteral endometriosis should be suspected in all cases of deep infiltrating endometriosis.

A comparison of vaginal ultrasound and digital examination in predicting preterm delivery in women with threatened preterm labor: a cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of digital examination in addition to ultrasonic measurement of cervical length for predicting spontaneous preterm delivery in women with threatened preterm labor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study in Strasbourg University Hospital, France, between January 2013 and January 2015. All women with a singleton pregnancy hospitalized with threatened preterm labor between 23 and 34 weeks of gestation were included. Cases of iatrogenic preterm delivery were excluded. A multivariable logistic regression model to estimate the significant predictive parameters of spontaneous preterm delivery was performed. The primary endpoint of our study was a preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: A total of 395 women were included in our study. The rate of preterm delivery before 34 weeks was 13%. In univariate analysis every single cervical parameter assessed by the digital examination and all the ultrasound parameters were significantly associated with preterm delivery. The final model included five variables predicting preterm birth: visualization of the membranes at the speculum examination (OR 15.8, 95% CI 2.43-146), ultrasound cervical length (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.89), signs of inflammation (OR 6.23, 95% CI 2.07-22.9), gestational age on admission (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-1.0), and presence of vaginal infection (OR 4.28, 95% CI 1.52-12.7). None of the cervical parameters assessed by the digital examination provided additional predictive value of preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that digital examination does not add to the information given by vaginal ultrasound evaluation in predicting preterm labor.

Pyomyoma after abortion: Uterus conserving surgery is possible to maintain fertility. Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Pyomyoma is a rare complication associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report the case of a 28-year-old nulligravida patient presenting pyomyoma following a spontaneous abortion at fourteen weeks and four days. Fourteen days following spontaneous miscarriage she was referred to the hospital with abdominal pain and fever. An antibiotic treatment was initiated. However, after ten days, the patient's condition deteriorated and a decision for an emergency laparotomy made. The pyomyoma was successfully resected and the patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful. A new pregnancy was confirmed two years later. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of pyomyoma can be difficult but surgical treatment is often indicated. Performing a prompt myomectomy avoids the need for hysterectomy, preserving future fertility. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is possible following uterine sparing treatment of pyomyoma.