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1.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535408

RESUMO

Introducción: Los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes prevalecen sobre los derechos de los demás. Sin embargo, países de ingreso medio como Colombia tienen una alta tasa de homicidios para este grupo poblacional, esto deja en evidencia que la sociedad no es capaz de proteger efectivamente su derecho fundamental a la vida. Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de los homicidios de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia para el periodo 2010-2020. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron los microdatos anonimizados de las defunciones no fetales de las estadísticas vitales del DANE y calcularon las tasas de homicidios para los menores de 19 años. Resultados: Durante el periodo analizado, los homicidios de los niñas, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia se redujeron, al pasar de 2485 en el año 2010 a 1360 en el 2020. Discusión: Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que los homicidios tienen diferencias significativas por grupo de edad, sexo y departamento, las cuales tienen determinantes que las explican, pero que es necesario abordar a profundidad en posteriores investigaciones. Conclusiones: Es indispensable seguir con esta tendencia decreciente para lograr garantizar el derecho a la vida de este grupo poblacional.


Introduction: The rights of children and adolescents prevail over others. However, middle-income countries such as Colombia have a high homicide rate for this population group, showing that society is not able to effectively protect their fundamental right to life. Objective: To describe the trend of homicides of children and adolescents in Colombia for the period 2010-2020. Materials and methods: We used anonymized microdata of non-fetal deaths from DANE vital statistics and calculated homicide rates for children under 19 years of age. Outcomes: During the period analyzed, homicides of children and adolescents in Colombia decreased from 2485 in 2010 to 1360 in 2020. Discussion: The results of this study show homicides have significant differences by age group, sex, and department, which have determinants that describe them but need to be addressed in depth in further research. Conclusions: It is essential to continue with this decreasing trend to guarantee the right to life for this population group.

2.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev ; 8: CD004834, 2020 08 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32853410

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: On the American continent, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (CL and MCL) are diseases associated with infection by several species of Leishmania parasites. Pentavalent antimonials remain the first-choice treatment. There are alternative interventions, but reviewing their effectiveness and safety is important as availability is limited. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2009. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions for all immuno-competent people who have American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ACML). SEARCH METHODS: We updated our database searches of the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and CINAHL to August 2019. We searched five trials registers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing either single or combination treatments for ACML in immuno-competent people, diagnosed by clinical presentation and Leishmania infection confirmed by smear, culture, histology, or polymerase chain reaction on a biopsy specimen. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo only, or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our key outcomes were the percentage of participants 'cured' at least three months after the end of treatment, adverse effects, and recurrence. We used GRADE to assess evidence certainty for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS: We included 75 studies (37 were new), totalling 6533 randomised participants with ATL. The studies were mainly conducted in Central and South America at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and research centres. More male participants were included (mean age: roughly 28.9 years (SD: 7.0)). The most common confirmed species were L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. mexicana. The most assessed interventions and comparators were non-antimonial systemics (particularly oral miltefosine) and antimonials (particularly meglumine antimoniate (MA), which was also a common intervention), respectively. Three studies included moderate-to-severe cases of mucosal leishmaniasis but none included cases with diffuse cutaneous or disseminated CL, considered the severe cutaneous form. Lesions were mainly ulcerative and located in the extremities and limbs. The follow-up (FU) period ranged from 28 days to 7 years. All studies had high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain (especially performance bias). None of the studies reported the degree of functional or aesthetic impairment, scarring, or quality of life. Compared to placebo, at one-year FU, intramuscular (IM) MA given for 20 days to treat L. braziliensis and L. panamensis infections in ACML may increase the likelihood of complete cure (risk ratio (RR) 4.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 21.38; 2 RCTs, 157 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), but may also make little to no difference, since the 95% CI includes the possibility of both increased and reduced healing (cure rates), and IMMA probably increases severe adverse effects such as myalgias and arthralgias (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.96; 1 RCT, 134 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). IMMA may make little to no difference to the recurrence risk, but the 95% CI includes the possibility of both increased and reduced risk (RR 1.79, 95% CI 0.17 to 19.26; 1 RCT, 127 participants; low-certainty evidence). Compared to placebo, at six-month FU, oral miltefosine given for 28 days to treat L. mexicana, L. panamensis and L. braziliensis infections in American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) probably improves the likelihood of complete cure (RR 2.25, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.38), and probably increases nausea rates (RR 3.96, 95% CI 1.49 to 10.48) and vomiting (RR 6.92, 95% CI 2.68 to 17.86) (moderate-certainty evidence). Oral miltefosine may make little to no difference to the recurrence risk (RR 2.97, 95% CI 0.37 to 23.89; low-certainty evidence), but the 95% CI includes the possibility of both increased and reduced risk (all based on 1 RCT, 133 participants). Compared to IMMA, at 6 to 12 months FU, oral miltefosine given for 28 days to treat L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis and L. amazonensis infections in ACML may make little to no difference to the likelihood of complete cure (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.23; 7 RCTs, 676 participants; low-certainty evidence). Based on moderate-certainty evidence (3 RCTs, 464 participants), miltefosine probably increases nausea rates (RR 2.45, 95% CI 1.72 to 3.49) and vomiting (RR 4.76, 95% CI 1.82 to 12.46) compared to IMMA. Recurrence risk was not reported. For the rest of the key comparisons, recurrence risk was not reported, and risk of adverse events could not be estimated. Compared to IMMA, at 6 to 12 months FU, oral azithromycin given for 20 to 28 days to treat L. braziliensis infections in ACML probably reduces the likelihood of complete cure (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.76; 2 RCTs, 93 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Compared to intravenous MA (IVMA) and placebo, at 12 month FU, adding topical imiquimod to IVMA, given for 20 days to treat L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis and L. peruviana infections in ACL probably makes little to no difference to the likelihood of complete cure (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.80; 1 RCT, 80 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Compared to MA, at 6 months FU, one session of local thermotherapy to treat L. panamensis and L. braziliensis infections in ACL reduces the likelihood of complete cure (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95; 1 RCT, 292 participants; high-certainty evidence). Compared to IMMA and placebo, at 26 weeks FU, adding oral pentoxifylline to IMMA to treat CL (species not stated) probably makes little to no difference to the likelihood of complete cure (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.18; 1 RCT, 70 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence certainty was mostly moderate or low, due to methodological shortcomings, which precluded conclusive results. Overall, both IMMA and oral miltefosine probably result in an increase in cure rates, and nausea and vomiting are probably more common with miltefosine than with IMMA. Future trials should investigate interventions for mucosal leishmaniasis and evaluate recurrence rates of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its progression to mucosal disease.


Assuntos
Leishmaniose Cutânea/terapia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Antiprotozoários/administração & dosagem , Antiprotozoários/efeitos adversos , Azitromicina/administração & dosagem , Azitromicina/efeitos adversos , Vacina BCG/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertermia Induzida , Imunocompetência , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Intravenosas , Interferon gama/uso terapêutico , Vacinas contra Leishmaniose/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Mucocutânea/terapia , Masculino , Antimoniato de Meglumina/administração & dosagem , Antimoniato de Meglumina/efeitos adversos , Pentoxifilina/administração & dosagem , Pentoxifilina/efeitos adversos , Fosforilcolina/administração & dosagem , Fosforilcolina/efeitos adversos , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto
5.
Bogotá; IETS, Fundación Colombiana del Corazón, Cardiecol; 2018. 59 p.
Monografia em Espanhol | LILACS, PIE | ID: biblio-1047656

RESUMO

Objetivo: El propósito de este resumen de evidencias para política (policy brief) fue sintetizar en un formato amigable, la evidencia de investigación de mejor calidad disponible respecto al uso de sistemas electrónicos con o sin dispensación de nicotina y similares, y sobre los efectos de cuatro opciones de abordaje de regulación seleccionadas por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Estas intervenciones podrían mejorar lo que actualmente se está haciendo en materia de regulación de sistemas electrónicos con o sin dispensación de nicotina y similares en Colombia, especialmente para la protección de grupos vulnerables como son los niños y adolescentes quienes actualmente pueden acceder a estos dispositivos sin ninguna restricción, exponiéndose a temprana edad a sustancias como la nicotina y el propilenglicol, las cuales están asociadas con cáncer y otras enfermedades. El presente documento da cuenta de cuatro opciones de abordaje en términos de sus beneficios, daños y consideraciones acerca de la implementación, monitoreo, evaluación y equidad: • Opción 1: regulación de los SEAN, los SSSN y similares como productos sucedáneos del tabaco, en el marco de la legislación vigente; • Opción 2: regulación de los SEAN y similares como medicamentos para la cesación tabáquica; • Opción 3: regulación específica para los SEAN, los SSSN y similares como productos de consumo humano; • Opción 4: prohibición total para la fabricación, exportación, importación, comercialización, uso, consumo, publicidad, promoción y patrocinio de los SEAN, los SSSN y similares.


Assuntos
Colômbia , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Formulação de Políticas , Controle Social Formal , Grupos de Risco , Criança , Adolescente
6.
PLoS One ; 12(8): e0180857, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28854236

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To generate and evaluate an indicator of the health system's performance in the area of maternal and reproductive health in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An indicator was constructed based on variables related to the coverage and utilization of healthcare services for pregnant and reproductive-age women. A factor analysis was performed using a polychoric correlation matrix and the states were classified according to the indicator's score. A path analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the indicator and social determinants, with the maternal mortality ratio as the response variable. RESULTS: The factor analysis indicates that only one principal factor exists, namely "coverage and utilization of maternal healthcare services" (eigenvalue 4.35). The indicator performed best in the states of Atlantic, Bogota, Boyaca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Risaralda and Santander (Q4). The poorest performance (Q1) occurred in Caqueta, Choco, La Guajira, Vichada, Guainia, Amazonas and Vaupes. The indicator's behavior was found to have an association with the unsatisfied basic needs index and women's education (ß = -0.021; 95%CI -0031 to -0.01 and ß 0.554; 95%CI 0.39 to 0.72, respectively). According to the path analysis, an inverse relationship exists between the proposed indicator and the behavior of the maternal mortality ratio (ß = -49.34; 95%CI -77.7 to -20.9); performance was a mediating variable. DISCUSSION: The performance of the health system with respect to its management of access and coverage for maternal and reproductive health appears to function as a mediating variable between social determinants and maternal mortality in Colombia.


Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Materna , Saúde Reprodutiva , Adulto , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Materna , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Saúde Reprodutiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
8.
Rev Saude Publica ; 50: 56, 2016 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27598786

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: A search was structured to identify articles presenting strategies to approach the judicialization of health. A survey was designed, which included actors of the health system and judiciary sector. We prioritized the strategies qualified by more than the 50.0% of the participants as "very relevant". Strategies were categorized according to: governance, provision of services, human resources, information systems, financing, and medical products. RESULTS: We included 64 studies, which identified 50 strategies, related to the sub-functions and components of health systems. Of the 165 people who answered the survey, 80.0% were aged 35-64 years. The distribution of men and women was homogeneous. Half of the respondents were from Colombia (20.0%), Uruguay (16.9%), and Argentina (12.7%). We prioritized strategies that addressed aspects of generation of useful scientific evidence for decision making according to the health needs of the population, empowerment for the society, and creating spaces for discussion of measures of inclusion or exclusion of health technologies. The executive and judiciary decision makers prioritized questions that dealt with strategies that would ensure accountability. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study contribute to the identification of effective strategies to approach the phenomenon of judicialization of health, guaranteeing the right to health. OBJETIVO: Describir estrategias que contribuyan al abordaje integral de la judicialización de la salud en países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS: Se estructuró una búsqueda para identificar artículos que presentaran estrategias para el abordaje de la judicialización en salud. Se diseñó una encuesta, en donde se incluyeron actores del sistema de salud y del sector judicial. Se priorizaron las estrategias calificadas por más del 50,0% de los participantes como "muy relevantes". Se categorizaron las estrategias según: gobernanza, prestación de servicios, recursos humanos, sistemas de información, financiación y productos médicos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 64 estudios en los cuales se identificaron 50 estrategias, relacionadas con las sub-funciones y componentes de los sistemas de salud. De las 165 personas que respondieron la encuesta, el 80,0% tenían entre 35-64 años. La distribución de hombres y mujeres fue homogénea. La mitad de los respondientes fue de Colombia (20,0%), Uruguay (16,9%) y Argentina (12,7%). Se priorizaron mayormente las estrategias que abordaron los aspectos de generación de evidencia científica útil para toma de decisión según las necesidades de salud de la población, el empoderamiento para la sociedad, y la generación de espacios de discusión de las medidas de inclusión o exclusión de tecnologías de salud. Los tomadores de decisión de la rama ejecutiva y judicial priorizaron las preguntas que abordaron las estrategias que garantizaran la rendición de cuentas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la identificación de estrategias efectivas para el abordaje del fenómeno de la judicialización en salud, garantizando el derecho a la salud.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Prioridades em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Região do Caribe , Feminino , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
9.
Bogotá; IETS; jun. 2016. 423 p. tab, ilus.
Monografia em Espanhol | BRISA/RedTESA, LILACS | ID: biblio-847277

RESUMO

Introducción: el cáncer de cuello uterino es en Colombia el segundo cáncer con mayor frecuencia y mortalidad en mujeres. Las vacunas contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) han mostrado efectividad para prevenir la infección por el virus y las lesiones precancerosas asociadas, sin embargo, se han reportado eventos negativos en salud, posiblemente asociados con la aplicación de la vacuna. Objetivo: examinar la seguridad del uso de la vacuna profiláctica contra el VPH. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, IBECS, LILACS y fuentes complementarias. La selección de estudios se realizó por dos revisores independientes de acuerdo con criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos. Se incluyeron estudios experimentales, observacionales analíticos y observacionales descriptivos que reportaran desenlaces de seguridad y efectividad de la vacuna contra el VPH. La calidad de los estudios analíticos fue valorada mediante herramientas previamente definidas, de acuerdo a cada diseño. Los estudios descriptivos fueron considerados con alta probabilidad de sesgo. La calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada para cada desenlace reportado mediante la etodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Los resultados por cada desenlace fueron reportados de forma narrativa y presentados en perfiles de evidencia GRADE (estudios analíticos) y tablas de evidencia genéricas (estudios descriptivos). Resultados: fueron seleccionados 112 estudios que reportaron 305 resultados de desenlaces de seguridad reportados \r\nposterior a la aplicación de la vacuna contra el VPH, que incluyeron desenlaces para los cuales la vacunación mostró asociación estadísticamente significativa como factor de riesgo, desenlaces para los cuales la vacunación no mostró asociación como factor de riesgo, y desenlaces para los cuales la vacunación mostró resultados inconsistentes. La calidad de la evidencia fue baja y muy baja para la mayoría de los resultados reportados. Discusión y conclusión: Las principales debilidades de la evidencia identificada fueron falta de periodos adecuados de seguimiento para eventos de aparición tardía, falta de precisión de los resultados, y limitaciones en la medición de los desenlaces, verificación del periodo de latencia de \r\nlos mismos y control de los potenciales factores de confusión. Los determinantes más relevantes de \r\nla calidad fueron la falta de precisión de los resultados, probablemente por la baja frecuencia de los \r\neventos, y el carácter observacional de los estudios que evaluaron la mayor parte de los desenlaces \r\nreportados. Los resultados de asociación reportados no permiten establecer causalidad entre los \r\neventos y la vacunación. La baja calidad de la evidencia no implica que los resultados no sustenten \r\nla existencia, o no, de las asociaciones evaluadas; ni que los resultados no sean suficientes para \r\norientar decisiones; sino que es probable que estudios con mayor rigor metodológico muestren \r\nresultados diferentes. La mejor evidencia disponible hasta la fecha sustenta un adecuado perfil de \r\nseguridad de la vacuna contra el VPH, similar al reportado por la OMS para otras vacunas, que apoya \r\nsu utilización teniendo en cuenta los beneficios reportados en la literatura; sin que sea posible descartar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos graves raros, por lo cual es recomendable la \r\nimplementación de un sistema de vigilancia posvacunación, que garantice un apropiado reporte, \r\ndiagnóstico, seguimiento, análisis y retroalimentación a los usuarios, de los posibles eventos adversos de la vacunación, con enfoque en los eventos descritos en esta evaluación. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Papillomaviridae , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/efeitos adversos , Imunização , Resultado do Tratamento , Colômbia , Tecnologia Biomédica , Avaliação de Medicamentos
10.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 67(4): 288-298, 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-909938

RESUMO

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de asistencia a la consulta odontológica durante el embarazo de las mujeres que asisten al primer control neonatal y que tuvieron su parto en la misma institución, y explorar asociaciones entre hábitos de higiene oral, hábitos de salud, conocimientos y creencias, y la asistencia a la consulta odontológica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo. Se incluyeron 682 mujeres que asistieron al primer control neonatal y cuyo parto fue atendido en la misma institución entre los años 2011 y 2012, en un hospital de segundo nivel de complejidad, ubicado en una localidad de ingreso socioeconómico bajo en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, factores relacionados con comportamientos de salud oral, estilos de vida, conocimientos sobre la salud oral y el embarazo; se exploró el conocimiento sobre el efecto del embarazo en la salud oral y sobre el efecto de una pobre salud oral en el desenlace del embarazo. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para explorar asociaciones entre hábitos de higiene oral, hábitos de salud, conocimientos y creencias, y la asistencia a la consulta odontológica. Resultados: La prevalencia de asistencia al odontólogo fue 75,9 %; la variable que más asociación positiva tuvo, respecto a la asistencia a la consulta odontológica, fue remisión al odontólogo (OR = 25,90; IC 95 %: 14,60-45,96). La variable que tuvo mayor asociación negativa fue desconocimiento sobre el efecto de la enfermedad periodontal en los resultados perinatales (OR= 0,61; IC 95 %: 0,38-0,97) y la no asistencia regular al odontólogo antes del embarazo (OR= 0,49; IC 95 %: 0,29-0,82). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de asistencia a la consulta odontológica durante el embarazo fue elevada. Es importante educar a la paciente sobre las posibles consecuencias de la mala salud oral sobre el buen curso del embarazo.


Objective: To determine the frequency of attendance to the dental care clinic during pregnancy in women coming to their first neonatal follow-up visit in the same institution where they were delivered, and to explore associations between oral hygiene habits, health habits, knowledge and beliefs, and attendance to dental care appointments. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 682 women coming to the first neonatal follow-up visit and who were delivered in the same Level II institution located in a low-income area in Bogotá, during 2011 and 2012. The variables measured included social and demographic factors, factors associated with oral health, life-style, knowledge about oral health and pregnancy. The knowledge about the effect of pregnancy on oral health and about the effect of poor oral health on the outcome of pregnancy was explored. A logistic regression model was used to explore associations between oral hygiene habits, health habits, knowledge and beliefs, and attendance to the dental care clinic. Results: Prevalence of attendance to the dental care clinic was 75.9 %. The variable with the highest positive association with attendance to the dental clinic was referral to the dentist (OR = 25,90; 95 % CI: 14.60-45.96). The variable with the highest negative association was lack of knowledge of the impact of periodontal disease on perinatal outcomes (OR= 0.61; 95 % CI: 0.38-0.97) and failure to visit the dentist regularly before pregnancy (OR= 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.29-0.82). Conclusions: The prevalence of attendance to the dental care clinic during pregnancy was high. It is important to educate patients regarding the potential consequences of poor oral health for the good course of the pregnancy.


Assuntos
Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Odontologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal
11.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 50: 56, 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-962195

RESUMO

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS A search was structured to identify articles presenting strategies to approach the judicialization of health. A survey was designed, which included actors of the health system and judiciary sector. We prioritized the strategies qualified by more than the 50.0% of the participants as "very relevant". Strategies were categorized according to: governance, provision of services, human resources, information systems, financing, and medical products. RESULTS We included 64 studies, which identified 50 strategies, related to the sub-functions and components of health systems. Of the 165 people who answered the survey, 80.0% were aged 35-64 years. The distribution of men and women was homogeneous. Half of the respondents were from Colombia (20.0%), Uruguay (16.9%), and Argentina (12.7%). We prioritized strategies that addressed aspects of generation of useful scientific evidence for decision making according to the health needs of the population, empowerment for the society, and creating spaces for discussion of measures of inclusion or exclusion of health technologies. The executive and judiciary decision makers prioritized questions that dealt with strategies that would ensure accountability. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to the identification of effective strategies to approach the phenomenon of judicialization of health, guaranteeing the right to health.


RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir estrategias que contribuyan al abordaje integral de la judicialización de la salud en países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS Se estructuró una búsqueda para identificar artículos que presentaran estrategias para el abordaje de la judicialización en salud. Se diseñó una encuesta, en donde se incluyeron actores del sistema de salud y del sector judicial. Se priorizaron las estrategias calificadas por más del 50,0% de los participantes como "muy relevantes". Se categorizaron las estrategias según: gobernanza, prestación de servicios, recursos humanos, sistemas de información, financiación y productos médicos. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 64 estudios en los cuales se identificaron 50 estrategias, relacionadas con las sub-funciones y componentes de los sistemas de salud. De las 165 personas que respondieron la encuesta, el 80,0% tenían entre 35-64 años. La distribución de hombres y mujeres fue homogénea. La mitad de los respondientes fue de Colombia (20,0%), Uruguay (16,9%) y Argentina (12,7%). Se priorizaron mayormente las estrategias que abordaron los aspectos de generación de evidencia científica útil para toma de decisión según las necesidades de salud de la población, el empoderamiento para la sociedad, y la generación de espacios de discusión de las medidas de inclusión o exclusión de tecnologías de salud. Los tomadores de decisión de la rama ejecutiva y judicial priorizaron las preguntas que abordaron las estrategias que garantizaran la rendición de cuentas. CONCLUSIONES Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la identificación de estrategias efectivas para el abordaje del fenómeno de la judicialización en salud, garantizando el derecho a la salud.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atenção à Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Prioridades em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Região do Caribe , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , América Latina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
12.
Salud UNINORTE ; 31(2): 309-328, mayo-ago. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-769283

RESUMO

Objetivo: Evaluar y sintetizar la evidencia científica que presente información sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones preventivas realizadas por los trabajadores comunitarios en salud materna y salud infantil a nivel hogar. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda se realizó desde 1966 a 2014 en las diferentes bases de datos: Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane, CINHAL, OMS series y google schollar. Se incluyeron estudios tipo experimental o cuasi experimentales que abordaran la incorporación de trabajadores comunitarios en intervenciones de prevención primaria para salud materna e infantil. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de los resultados. Resultados: se identificó un total de 12 560 referencias; de estas se tamizaron 6234. Se incluyeron en esta revisión, posterior a una evaluación de calidad metodológica, 19 estudios. De estos se identificaron diseños como ensayos clínicos controlados, ensayos por conglomerados, estudios de antes y después, estudios observacionales analíticos tipo casos y controles y estudios de corte transversal. Se identificaron actividades de promoción y prevención para malaria, adherencia a la lactancia materna, cuidados del recién nacido, cuidados y soporte para el momento del parto. En todos los escenarios se demostró efectividad de la inclusión del trabajador comunitario en los desenlaces de adherencia y reducción de mortalidad materna e infantil. Conclusiones: La inclusión de los trabajadores comunitarios es efectiva en la reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Además de ello, mejora el acceso y la cobertura a los servicios de salud de poblaciones vulnerables.


Objective: To evaluate and synthesize scientific evidence that reports on the effectiveness of preventive interventions by community workers in maternal and child health at the household level. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. The search was conducted from 1966-2014 in different databases: Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane, CINAHL, WHO and google Schollar series. Experimental or quasi-experimental studies that addressed the incorporation of community workers in primary prevention interventions for maternal and child health were included. A narrative summary of the results was performed. Results: A total of 12 560 references were identified, of these 6234 references were screened. They were included in this review, after an assessment of methodological quality, 19 studies. Of these 19 studies designs as controlled clinical trials, cluster tests, before and after studies, analytical observational case-control studies and cross-sectional studies we were identified. Advocacy and malaria prevention, adherence to breastfeeding, newborn care, care and support during childbirth were identified. In all scenarios, including the effectiveness of Community worker in the outcomes of adherence and reduction of maternal and infant mortality it was demonstrated. Conclusions: Inclusion of community workers is effective in reducing maternal and infant mortality in low- and middle-income. Moreover it is improving access and coverage of health services to vulnerable populations.

13.
PLoS One ; 10(3): e0120747, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25822246

RESUMO

AIMS: To assess the association of social determinants on the performance of health systems around the world. METHODS: A transnational ecological study was conducted with an observation level focused on the country. In order to research on the strength of the association between the annual maternal and child mortality in 154 countries and social determinants: corruption, democratization, income inequality and cultural fragmentation, we used a mixed linear regression model for repeated measures with random intercepts and a conglomerate-based geographical analysis, between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: Health determinants with a significant association on child mortality(<1year): higher access to water (ßa Quartile 4(Q4) vs Quartile 1(Q1) = -6,14; 95%CI: -11,63 to -0,73), sanitation systems, (Q4 vs Q1 = -25,58; 95%CI: -31,91 to -19,25), % measles vaccination coverage (Q4 vs Q1 = -7.35; 95%CI: -10,18 to -4,52), % of births attended by a healthcare professional (Q4 vs Q1 = -7,91; 95%CI: -11,36 to -4,52) and a % of the total health expenditure (Q3 vs Q1 = -2,85; 95%CI: -4,93 to -0,7). Ethnic fragmentation (Q4 vs Q1 = 9,93; 95%CI: -0.03 to 19.89) had a marginal effect. For child mortality<5 years, an association was found for these variables and democratization (not free vs free = 11,23; 95%CI: -0,82 to 23,29), out-of-pocket expenditure (Q1 vs Q4 = 17,71; 95%CI: 5,86 to 29,56). For MMR (Maternal mortality ratio), % of access to water for all the quartiles, % of access to sanitation systems, (Q3 vs Q1 = -171,15; 95%CI: -281,29 to -61), birth attention by a healthcare professional (Q4 vs Q1 = -231,23; 95%CI: -349,32 to -113,15), and having corrupt government (Q3 vs Q1 = 83,05; 95%CI: 33,10 to 133). CONCLUSIONS: Improving access to water and sanitation systems, decreasing corruption in the health sector must become priorities in health systems. The ethno-linguistic cultural fragmentation and the detriment of democracy turn out to be two factors related to health results.


Assuntos
Saúde da Criança/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança , Feminino , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Mortalidade Materna
14.
Cien Saude Colet ; 19(7): 2207-14, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25014299

RESUMO

Social capital is considered a structural determinant of social development and wellbeing. Its cognitive component assesses the degree of confidence of the population in their systems for social organization, as well as community interactions to coordinate social responses to social problems. There are few available scales for measuring this construct. This work presents the adaptation to Spanish and psychometric validation of a scale for measuring social capital in a rural setting. The Wang Social Cognitive Scale was also adapted to Spanish. 1200 questionnaires were applied to adults in 12 villages of the municipality of Tierra Alta, (Colombia) recruited by random sampling. Factor analysis of the scale was performed based on a polychoric correlation matrix. Exploratory factor analysis suggests the existence of two principal factors distributed as follows: 7 items for factor 1, trust (eigenvalue 3.23) and 2 items, for factor 2, distrust (eigenvalue 1.40). As observed by Wang, Q9 and Q10 could be ambiguous questions which do not contribute enough to either of the factors. The first factor validation to Spanish language of the Wang Social Capital Scale is presented in the social context of rural Colombia.


Assuntos
Capital Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural
15.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 35(1): 1-7, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24626441

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of the relationship among public health expenditures, income inequality, and the marginalization index on maternal and child mortality in Mexico, to determine the effect of these factors on health system performance from a technical efficiency perspective. METHODS: An ecological study of 32 Mexican states. Correlations were estimated between maternal and infant mortality and public health expenditures in total per capita, federal per capita, and state per capita for the years 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Gini coefficient and marginalization index). Linear regressions were used to explore the association of these variables with health indicators in the state systems. RESULTS: Negative correlations were observed for the marginalization index and Gini coefficient with regard to life expectancy at birth (-0.62 and -0.28 respectively). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation of 0.59 between the marginalization index and infant mortality (P <0.05). Multiple linear regression models revealed a negative effect of the marginalization index and Gini coefficient on health out-comes. Federal funding had a positive effect on system performance in terms of health indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Health system reform in Mexico has had a positive impact on the country's health indicators; federal financial investment seems to be effective in this regard. Social determinants have an important effect on health system performance, and analysis using multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches are needed in addressing them.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/economia , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/economia , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Renda , Saúde Pública , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores Socioeconômicos
16.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 35(1): 1-7, ene. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-704768

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Se evalúa el efecto de la relación entre el gasto público en salud, la desigualdad en el ingreso y el índice de marginación sobre la mortalidad materna e infantil en México, con el propósito de determinar el efecto de estos factores sobre el desempeño del sistema de salud, desde una perspectiva de eficiencia técnica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico de 32 entidades federativas mexicanas. Se estimaron las correlaciones entre la mortalidad materna y la mortalidad infantil, y el gasto público en salud per cápita total, per cápita federal y per cápita estatal correspondientes a los años 2000, 2005 y 2010 (coeficiente de Gini e índice de marginación). Se utilizaron regresiones lineales para explorar la asociación de dichas variables con los indicadores de salud en los sistemas de los estados. RESULTADOS: Se observaron correlaciones negativas para el índice de marginación y el coeficiente de Gini en relación a la esperanza de vida al nacer (-0,62 y -0,28 respectivamente). Asimismo, se registró una correlación positiva de 0,59 entre el índice de marginación y mortalidad infantil (P < 0,05). Los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple revelan un efecto negativo del índice de marginación y el coeficiente de Gini sobre los resultados en salud. El financiamiento por parte del ente federal tuvo un efecto positivo en el desempeño del sistema en términos de indicadores de salud. CONCLUSIONES: El proceso de reforma del sistema de salud de México ha tenido un impacto positivo en los indicadores sanitarios del país; la inversión financiera por parte del ente federal pareciera ser efectiva en este aspecto. Los determinantes sociales tienen un efecto importante sobre el desempeño de los sistemas de salud, y su abordaje requiere de análisis con enfoques multisectoriales y multidisciplinares.


OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of the relationship among public health expenditures, income inequality, and the marginalization index on maternal and child mortality in Mexico, to determine the effect of these factors on health system performance from a technical efficiency perspective. METHODS: An ecological study of 32 Mexican states. Correlations were estimated between maternal and infant mortality and public health expenditures in total per capita, federal per capita, and state per capita for the years 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Gini coefficient and marginalization index). Linear regressions were used to explore the association of these variables with health indicators in the state systems. RESULTS: Negative correlations were observed for the marginalization index and Gini coefficient with regard to life expectancy at birth (-0.62 and -0.28 respectively). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation of 0.59 between the marginalization index and infant mortality (P <0.05). Multiple linear regression models revealed a negative effect of the marginalization index and Gini coefficient on health out-comes. Federal funding had a positive effect on system performance in terms of health indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Health system reform in Mexico has had a positive impact on the country’s health indicators; federal financial investment seems to be effective in this regard. Social determinants have an important effect on health system performance, and analysis using multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches are needed in addressing them.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atenção à Saúde/economia , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/economia , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Renda , Saúde Pública , México , Fatores Socioeconômicos
18.
Value Health Reg Issues ; 1(2): 190-200, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29702900

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different screening strategies for colorectal cancer in Colombia. METHODS: We designed a Markov model to compare the clinical and economic impact in terms of reducing the incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC). Six screening strategies for adults were compared: fecal occult blood (FOBT) immunochemical and guaiac type, conventional colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and FOBT guaiac and immunochemical type more sigmoidoscopy. We used the third-party payer perspective, including only direct costs, the time horizon was the life expectancy of the Colombian population. We estimated cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) and incremental cost-effectiveness (ICER). Were performed deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic. We applied a discount rate of 3% in the costs and health outcomes. RESULTS: The screening strategy more cost-effective was the FOBT biennial guaiac type. The cost per life year gained was US$10,347.37, US$18,380.64, and US$45,158.05. For FOBT guaiac biennial, FOBT guaiac annual and FOBT inmunoquímica biennial respectively. The ICER is sensitive to the percentage of false positive test for FOBT guaiac type values greater than 10%, and the cost of the test. CONCLUSIONS: The screening strategy more cost-effective for Colombia is the FOBT biennial guaiac type, using as a threshold the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Colombia.

19.
Univ. med ; 52(2): 178-190, abr.-jun. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-620380

RESUMO

Introducción. Dado el incremento de los pacientes con edades superiores a los 80 años que son llevados a cirugía cada año en nuestra institución, consideramos importante conocer el comportamiento en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad tempranas de los pacientes octogenarios sometidos a endarterectomía carotídea. Objetivo. Evaluar los resultados a 30 días de pacientes octogenarios con enfermedad carotídea grave, sintomática y asintomática, sometidos a endarterectomía carotídea, comparados con una cohorte histórica de pacientes de menor edad operados desde 1995 en la Fundación Cardio Infantil. Se registraron como variables dependientes la mortalidad y el accidente cerebrovascular. Resultados. Se registraron 218 endarterectomías carotídeas, 189 (86,6 por ciento) en pacientes menores de 80 años y 30 (13,4 por ciento) en pacientes octogenarios. En pacientes octogenarios no se presentaron accidentes cerebrovasculares (0 por ciento) y la mortalidad fue de 3,3 por ciento.. En el grupo de pacientes menores de 80 años se presentaron accidentes cerebrovasculares (1,7 por ciento) y muerte (1,1 por ciento)...


Background: Given the increase in patients over 80 years old who are taken to surgery each year inour institution we considered important to know the behavior in terms of early morbidity andmortality of those taken to carotid endarterectomy. Objective: To assess outcomes at 30 days in octogenarians with symptomatic and asymptomatic severe carotid disease taken to carotid endarterectomy compared to a historiccohort of younger patients operated since 1995 at Fundación Cardio Infantil. End points were mortality and stroke. Results: A total of 218 carotid endarterectomies, 189 (86,6 percent)...


Assuntos
Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Endarterectomia das Carótidas , Morbidade
20.
Rev. cienc. salud (Bogotá) ; 7(3): 27-41, dic. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-635962

RESUMO

Objetivo: explorar y definir la utilidad de las diferentes estrategias de prevención primaria (ASA, dieta, actividad física) y las estrategias de tamización (test de sangre oculta en heces, sigmoidoscopia, colonoscopia, etc.) para cáncer colorrectal. Fuente de datos: las bases de datos consultadas fueron MEDLINE (1966 a 2006), DARE (1980 a 2006), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Collaboration’s Registry of Clinical Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews y LILACS. Selección de los estudios: estudios tipo ensayo clínico, cohorte y casos y controles de la efectividad de las pruebas de tamización y prevención primaria para adenoma y cáncer colorrectal; fueron identificados por dos revisores. Extracción de los datos: la extracción de los datos y su evaluación se realizo en la mayoría del proceso de manera pareada. Limitaciones: no cumple rigurosamente con la metodología de una revisión sistemática, por lo cual su reproducibilidad es cuestionable. Las conclusiones de este estudio deben extrapolarse con precaución. Conclusiones: la mejor estrategia de tamización en cuanto a la efectividad de detección temprana de lesiones preneoplasicas o cáncer es la colonoscopia cada 5 anos; sin embargo, es necesario evaluar esta medida con estudios de costo-efectividad. En cuanto a prevención primaria, la aspirina y los inhibidores de la ciclooxigenasa 2 reducen la incidencia de adenoma colonico. La aspirina puede reducir la incidencia de cáncer colorectal. Sin embargo, estos medicamentos pueden estar asociados a un importante riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares y sangrado gastrointestinal. El balance entre riesgos y beneficios debe ser evaluado en próximos estudios.


Objective: To explore and define the utility of different strategies for primary prevention (ASA, diet, physical activity) and strategies of screening test (FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, etc.) for colorectal cancer. Data source: Databases consulted were MEDLINE (1966 to 2006), DARE (1980 to 2006), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Collaboration’s Registry of Clinical Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and LILACS. Study selection: Studies such clinical trial, cohort and case-control studies of the effectiveness of tests for screening and primary prevention adenoma and colorectal cancer were identified by two reviewers. Data Extraction: The extraction of data and its evaluation is done in most of the process so paired. Limitations: Not strictly complies with the methodology of a systematic review and therefore reproducibility is questionable, the conclusions of this study should be extrapolated with caution. Conclusions: The major strategy of screening on the effectiveness of early detection of premalignant lesions or cancer is colonoscopy every 5 years, however it is necessary to evaluate this measure cost-effectiveness studies. For primary prevention, aspirin and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reduce the incidence of colorectal adenomas. Aspirin can reduce colorectal cancer incidence. However, these medications may be associated with a significant risk of cardiovascular events and gastrointestinal bleeding. The balance between risks and benefits must be evaluated in future studies.


Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Colorretais , Prevenção Primária , Adenoma , Programas de Rastreamento , Risco
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