Body fat changes in HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a longitudinal DEXA study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantitatively evaluate body fat composition in a group of HIV patients treated with Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) to ascertain both fat loss and fat distribution changes and to identify possible therapeutic and host related associated risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 180 patients with available total body DEXA scan were assigned to a) Group 1, with clinically evident body fat changes, (BFC) and b) Group 2, without BFC. Clinical and immunovirologic data were collected. We used Student t-test and x2 or Fisher exact test to compare the characteristics of the two groups. Paired t-test was used to compare basal and follow-up data. The relationships between variables were evaluated by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient and its significance. RESULTS: HAART duration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher for patients in Group 1 than in Group 2, as well as PI (p<0.02) and NRTI (p<0.002) therapy duration. Current CD4 count and CD4 rise from nadir resulted significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p<0.02 and 0.006, respectively). Whole Body Fat (WBF), Peripheral Fat (PF) and Leg (L) fat negatively correlated with PI and NRTI therapy duration, while Trunk Fat (TF)/PF positively correlated with PI and NNRTI duration. No significant correlation was found, instead, with NNRTI therapy duration. At 5-year follow-up, we registered a further increase in TF, Arms (A) and L fat, especially in PI-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Body fat changes should always be considered when dealing with HIV-affected patients on HAART. The fat loss seemed to involve mainly peripheral regions, while fat accumulation tendency occurred in the trunk.

Systemic injection of AAV9 carrying a periostin promoter targets gene expression to a myofibroblast-like lineage in mouse hearts after reperfused myocardial infarction.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been used to direct gene transfer to a variety of tissues, including heart, liver, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney and lung, but it has not previously been shown to effectively target fibroblasts in vivo, including cardiac fibroblasts. We constructed expression cassettes using a modified periostin promoter to drive gene expression in a cardiac myofibroblast-like lineage, with only occasional spillover into cardiomyocyte-like cells. We compared AAV serotypes 6 and 9 and found robust gene expression when the vectors were delivered by systemic injection after myocardial infarction (MI), with little expression in healthy, non-infarcted mice. AAV9 provided expression in a greater number of cells than AAV6, with reporter gene expression visible in the cardiac infarct and border zones from 5 to 62 days post MI, as assessed by luciferase and Cre-activated green fluorescent protein expression. Although common myofibroblast markers were expressed in low abundance, most of the targeted cells expressed myosin IIb, an embryonic form of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain that has previously been associated with myofibroblasts after reperfused MI. This study is the first to demonstrate AAV-mediated expression in a potentially novel myofibroblast-like lineage in mouse hearts post MI and may open new avenues of gene therapy to treat patients surviving MI.

Different impact of NNRTI and PI-including HAART on bone mineral density loss in HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and bone remodelling markers in a group of HIV patients treated with HAART and controlled in a long follow-up and to identify possible risk factors for accelerated bone mass loss. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a series of 172 HIV patients treated with HAART a total of 67 patients (44 males and 33 females) underwent repeated bone mineral density measurement by DEXA in lumbar spine and in femur; the patients were classified according to T-score WHO criteria. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), by IRMA, and urine pyridinoline/deoxypyridinoline (PYD&DPD), by EIA, were also assayed in all cases. RESULTS: At baseline, 62/67 patients were on HAART, while 5 were naïve; 44.8% were previous intravenous drug users (IVDU), 46.3% heterosexual and 8.9% homosexual, mean age being 40.2 ± 6.5 years, and 23.9% had previous AIDS diagnosis. Fifteen/67 (22.4%) of treated patients had osteoporosis and 25/67 (37.3%) osteopenia in spine and/or femur including 3 naïve, 27/67 (40.3%), including 2 naïve, had normal BMD in both sites. Fifty-one/67 patients were monitored during follow-up (56.8 ± 5.3 months); 27 (52.9%) of these (Group 1), received protease inhibitors (PI) and 24 (47.1%), including naïve, (Group 2) received not nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) for > 50% of follow-up period. In Group 1 patients, BMD reduction was observed after follow-up in respect of basal condition in both spine and femur, but significantly (p = 0.011) only for the latter. However, mean BMD values remained stable in both sites in Group 2 patients. Basal BAP and PYD&DPD levels were higher in Group 1 than Group 2, but not significantly. Moreover, only PYD&DPD levels at the follow-up evaluation were significantly (p = 0.031) higher in Group 1 than Group 2. Of the remaining 16/67 patients with osteoporosis/osteopenia, 10 received PI and 6 NNRTI and were treated with therapies that could increase bone density, in particular, 9 with Alendronate/Vitamin D/Calcium and 7 with only vitamin D/calcium; these patients were excluded from statistical analysis of 51 Group 1/Group 2 cases. In the 16 patients, after these specific treatments, mean spine and femur BMD increased over time, but significantly only in those cases including alendronate in their protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that in HIV patients on HAART BMD decrease, even osteoporosis, can be present persisting over time, particularly in PI in respect of NNRTI treated patients. The pathogenesis is probably multifactorial, the different antiviral drugs seeming to differently affect bone metabolism. Alendronate/Vitamin D/Calcium therapy can be useful to slow down bone mass loss and also improve osteoporosis/osteopenia conditions, thus, reducing fracture risk also continuing HAART.

Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale for patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN-R-ODS).

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common neurological side-effect of cancer treatment and may lead to declines in patients' daily functioning and quality of life. To date, there are no modern clinimetrically well-evaluated outcome measures available to assess disability in CIPN patients. The objective of the study was to develop an interval-weighted scale to capture activity limitations and participation restrictions in CIPN patients using the Rasch methodology and to determine its validity and reliability properties. A preliminary Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (pre-R-ODS) comprising 146 items was assessed twice (interval: 2-3 weeks; test-retest reliability) in 281 CIPN patients with a stable clinical condition. The obtained data were subjected to Rasch analyses to determine whether model expectations would be met, and if necessarily, adaptations were made to obtain proper model fit (internal validity). External validity was obtained by correlating the CIPN-R-ODS with the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) neuropathy scales and the Pain-Intensity Numeric-Rating-Scale (PI-NRS). The preliminary R-ODS did not meet Rasch model's expectations. Items displaying misfit statistics, disordered thresholds, item bias or local dependency were systematically removed. The final CIPN-R-ODS consisting of 28 items fulfilled all the model's expectations with proper validity and reliability, and was unidimensional. The final CIPN-R-ODS is a Rasch-built disease-specific, interval measure suitable to detect disability in CIPN patients and bypasses the shortcomings of classical test theory ordinal-based measures. Its use is recommended in future clinical trials in CIPN.

Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 efficiently targets ischemic skeletal muscle following systemic delivery.

Targeting therapeutic gene expression to the skeletal muscle following intravenous (IV) administration is an attractive strategy for treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD), except that vector access to the ischemic limb could be a limiting factor. As adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV-9) transduces skeletal muscle at high efficiency following systemic delivery, we employed AAV-9 vectors bearing luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter genes to test the hypothesis that increased desialylation of cell-surface glycans secondary to hindlimb ischemia (HLI) might help offset the reduction in tissue perfusion that occurs in mouse models of PAD. The utility of the creatine kinase-based (CK6) promoter for restricting gene expression to the skeletal muscle was also examined by comparing it with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter after systemic administration following surgically induced HLI. Despite reduced blood flow to the ischemic limbs, CK6 promoter-driven luciferase activities in the ischemic gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were ∼34-, ∼28- and ∼150-fold higher than in the fully perfused contralateral GA, heart and liver, respectively, 10 days after IV administration. Furthermore, luciferase activity from the CK6 promoter in the ischemic GA muscles was ∼twofold higher than with CMV, while in the liver CK6-driven activity was ∼42-fold lower than with CMV, demonstrating that the specificity of ischemic skeletal muscle transduction can be further improved with the muscle-specific promoters. Studies with Evans blue dye and fluorescently labeled lectins revealed that vascular permeability and desialylation of the cell-surface glycans were increased in the ischemic hindlimbs. Furthermore, AAV9/CK6/Luc vector genome copy numbers were ∼sixfold higher in the ischemic muscle compared with the non-ischemic muscle in the HLI model, whereas this trend was reversed when the same genome was packaged in the AAV-1 capsid (which binds sialylated, as opposed to desialylated glycans), further underscoring the importance of desialylation in the ischemic enhancement of transduction displayed by AAV-9. Taken together, these findings suggest two complementary mechanisms contributing to the preferential transduction of ischemic muscle by AAV-9: increased vascular permeability and desialylation. In conclusion, ischemic muscle is preferentially targeted following systemic administration of AAV-9 in a mouse model of HLI. Unmasking of the primary AAV-9 receptor as a result of ischemia may contribute importantly to this effect.

The chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy outcome measures standardization study: from consensus to the first validity and reliability findings.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating and dose-limiting complication of cancer treatment. Thus far, the impact of CIPN has not been studied in a systematic clinimetric manner. The objective of the study was to select outcome measures for CIPN evaluation and to establish their validity and reproducibility in a cross-sectional multicenter study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After literature review and a consensus meeting among experts, face/content validity were obtained for the following selected scales: the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC), the Total Neuropathy Score clinical version (TNSc), the modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) group sensory sumscore (mISS), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30, and CIPN20 quality-of-life measures. A total of 281 patients with stable CIPN were examined. Validity (correlation) and reliability studies were carried out. RESULTS: Good inter-/intra-observer scores were obtained for the TNSc, mISS, and NCI-CTC sensory/motor subscales. Test-retest values were also good for the EORTC QLQ-C30 and CIPN20. Acceptable validity scores were obtained through the correlation among the measures. CONCLUSION: Good validity and reliability scores were demonstrated for the set of selected impairment and quality-of-life outcome measures in CIPN. Future studies are planned to investigate the responsiveness aspects of these measures.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an emerging comorbidity in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era?

PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the presence of respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected outpatient population and to further investigate the role of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and other possibly associated risk factors. METHODS: We consecutively enrolled in a cross-sectional study HIV-infected patients and HIV-negative age, sex and smoking status matched controls. All participants completed a questionnaire for pulmonary symptoms and underwent a complete spirometry. RESULTS: We enrolled 111 HIV-infected patients and 65 HIV-negative age- and sex-matched controls. HIV-infected patients had a significantly higher prevalence of any respiratory symptom (p = 0.002), cough (p = 0.006) and dyspnoea (p = 0.02). HIV-infected patients also had a significantly higher prevalence of COPD in respect of HIV-negative controls (p = 0.008). Furthermore, HIV-infected individuals had significantly (p = 0.002) lower forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (Tiffeneau index) (p = 0.028), whereas the total lung capacity (TLC) was significantly higher (p = 0.018). In the multivariate analysis, significant predictors of respiratory symptoms were current smoking [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 11.18; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.89-32.12] and previous bacterial pneumonia (AOR 4.41; 95 % CI 1.13-17.13), whereas the only significant predictor of COPD was current smoking (AOR 5.94; 95 % CI 1.77-19.96). HAART receipt was not associated with respiratory symptoms nor with COPD. CONCLUSIONS: We evidenced a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and COPD among HIV-infected patients. HIV infection, current cigarette smoking and previous bacterial pneumonia seem to play a significant role in the development of respiratory symptoms and COPD. Thus, our results suggest that the most at-risk HIV-infected patients should be screened for COPD to early identify those who may need specific treatment.

Prevention of de-novo adhesion formation after laparoscopic myomectomy: a randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an oxidized regenerated cellulose absorbable barrier.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the oxidized regenerated cellulose absorbable barrier (Interceed, TC7) in the prevention of de-novo adhesion formation after laparoscopic myomectomy, a prospective and randomized study was performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. A total of 50 pre-menopausal non-pregnant women, aged 23-42 years, who submitted to laparoscopic myomectomy from January 1993 to June 1994, were randomized to surgery alone (control group, n = 25) or surgery and oxidized regenerated cellulose barrier (Interceed group, n = 25). Neither group received any other treatment for adhesion prevention. A second-look laparoscopy was performed 12-14 weeks after laparoscopic myomectomy. The incidence of adhesion-free patients was assessed at second-look laparoscopy by an investigator not informed of the treatment. The numbers of adhesion-free patients were three out of 25 (12%) in the control group and 15 out of 25 (60%) in the treatment group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the oxidized regenerated cellulose absorbable barrier significantly reduced de-novo adhesion formation after laparoscopic myomectomy.

Treatment of nonendometriotic benign adnexal cysts: a randomized comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare laparoscopy and laparotomy in the management of benign adnexal cysts, with particular attention to postoperative convalescence. METHODS: Forty premenopausal, nonpregnant women, 18-40 years of age and without acute pelvic symptoms, were scheduled to undergo surgical management of anechoic, unilateral, unilocular, persistent adnexal cysts from January 1993 through June 1994 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. After ultrasonographic examination, followed by the completion of 6 months' expectant management with repeat ultrasonographic evaluations, subjects were randomized to undergo operative laparoscopy (n = 20) or laparotomy (n = 20). The patients were reviewed postoperatively at the out-patient clinic at 15, 30, 90, and 180 days. The intensity of pain was assessed by completion of a visual analogue scale on the results of the two groups were compared. We also compared the proportions of patients who were analgesic-free on day 2, discharged from hospital within 3 days, and feeling fully recuperated on day 15. RESULTS: The intensity of postoperative pain was significantly lower (P < .05) in the operative laparoscopy group than in the laparotomy group. A significantly higher (P < .05) proportion of the laparoscopy patients was analgesic-free on day 2, discharged from the hospital within 3 days, and feeling fully recuperated on postoperative day 15. CONCLUSION: After careful patient evaluation, management of anechoic, unilocular adnexal cysts by operative laparoscopy significantly reduces both the intensity of postoperative pain and the length of convalescence compared with laparotomy.