Autism Spectrum Disorder in Females and Borderline Personality Disorder: The Diagnostic Challenge.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in communication and social interaction and patterns of repetitive, restrictive interests and/or stereotyped behaviors. Female sex/gender is not represented in the current conceptualization of ASD, and there is emerging evidence of a female phenotype. The etiology of ASD and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is not fully understood. Clinical observations suggest that ASD and BPD can overlap in clinical presentation and diagnostic characteristics, especially in female ASD cases. We report two clinical cases of two adolescent girls presenting overlap symptoms between ASD and BPD, raising questions about the female ASD phenotype and the potential misdiagnosis of ASD characteristics with BPD, as well as its impact on diagnosis and management. Diagnostic differentiation is crucial for targeted therapeutic interventions (psychopharmacological and psychosocial). Further studies are needed to enlighten the clinical similarities and diagnostic overlap between ASD females and BPD.

Early childhood screen time and psychopathology in a Portuguese Sample / Tempo de tela na Primeira Infância e psicopatologia numa amostra portuguesa / Tiempo de pantalla en la primera infancia y psicopatologia en una muestra portuguesa

Objective: To characterize the habits of screen exposure time in a sample of infants and preschoolers and to assess if there is a relationship between the proportion of early childhood excessive screen exposure time and the presence of psychopathology and parental concerns. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted with 38 infants and preschoolers in a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric outpatient unit and children followed exclusively in Primary Health Care in the same geographic area (Vila Nova de Gaia/ Espinho Hospital Center). Information was collected from a self-report questionnaire filled by the caregiver between October 1st, 2018, and June 30th, 2019. Results: Screen time was analyzed and organized in two groups: the H group (screen time higher than recommended) and R group (within the recommended), according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. The need for referral to a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry appointment and the presence of parental behavior concerns related to behavior changes during early childhood are significantly associated with screen time, with a greater proportion within the H group (71.8% (n=15) vs. 31.3% (n=6), p=0.006 for the appointment and 61.1% (n=13) vs. 25% (n=4), p=0.032 for behavior concerns). There is also a tendency towards a higher percentage of overweight/obesity, sleep and food-related concerns in the H group. Only 45% of the total sample fulfilled the recommendations regarding screen exposure (p value ≤0.05). Conclusion: The study found an association between screen exposure time above the recommended and presence of psychopathology and parental concern for behavioral changes. These findings were statistically significant

Objetivo: Pretende-se caracterizar os hábitos de exposição e tempo de tela numa amostra de crianças da primeira infância para avaliar a relação entre a exposição excessiva e a presença de psicopatologia e preocupações parentais. Métodos: Tratase de um estudo de coorte transversal realizado com 38 crianças da primeira infância da Consulta Externa de Psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência e crianças acompanhadas exclusivamente em consulta de Cuidados de Saúde Primários da área de referência do Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal. Recolheu-se a informação através do preenchimento de um questionário pelo cuidador, entre 1 de Outubro de 2018 e 30 de Junho de 2019. Resultados: Analisou-se o tempo de tela, definindo-se dois grupos: H ­ tempo de tela superior ao recomendado; R ­ tempo de tela dentro do recomendado pela Academia Americana de Pediatria. A necessidade de acompanhamento em consulta de Pedopsiquiatria e as preocupações parentais relativas a alterações de comportamento estão significativamente associadas com o tempo de tela, com maior proporção no grupo H (71,8%(n=15) vs. 31.3%(n=6), p=0.006 para a consulta de Pedopsiquiatria e 61.1%(n=13) vs. 25%(n=4), p=0.032 para preocupações parentais). Existe ainda uma tendência a uma percentagem mais significativa de excesso de peso/obesidade, problemas de sono e alimentares no grupo H. Apenas 45% do total cumpriu as recomendações relativas ao tempo de tela (valor de p≤0,05). Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou associação entre o tempo de tela superior ao recomendado e presença de psicopatologia, assim como preocupações parentais com alterações de comportamento. Estes resultados apresentam significância estatística.

Objetivo: Se pretende caracterizar los hábitos de exposición y tiempo de pantalla en una muestra de niños en la primera infancia para evaluar la relación entre la exposición excesiva y la presencia de psicopatología y preocupaciones parentales. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio de coorte transversal realizado con 38 niños en la primera infancia de la Consulta Externa de Psiquiatría de la Niñez y Adolescencia y niños acompañados exclusivamente en consulta de Cuidados de Salud Primarios del área de referencia del Centro Hospitalario de Vila Nova de Gaia/ Espinho, Portugal. Las informaciones fueron recogidas por medio de cuestionario, rellenado por el cuidador, entre 1 de Octubre de 2018 y 30 de Junio de 2019. Resultados: El tiempo de pantalla fue analizado definiéndose dos grupos: H ­ tiempo de pantalla superior al recomendado; R ­ tiempo de pantalla dentro del recomendado por la Academia Americana de Pediatría. La necesidad de acompañamiento en consulta de psiquiatría infantil y las preocupaciones parentales relativas a alteraciones de comportamiento están significativamente asociadas con tiempo de pantalla, con mayor proporción en el grupo H (71,8%(n=15) vs. 31.3%(n=6), p=0.006 para la consulta de psiquiatría infantil y 61.1%(n=13) vs. 25%(n=4), p=0.032 para preocupaciones parentales). Existe aún una tendencia a un porcentaje más significativo de exceso de peso/obesidad, problemas de sueño y alimentarios en el grupo H. Solo 45% del total cumplió las recomendaciones relativas al tiempo de pantalla (valor de p≤0.05). Conclusión: Este trabajo demostró asociación entre el tiempo de pantalla superior al recomendado y presencia de psicopatología, como también preocupaciones parentales con alteraciones de comportamiento. Estos resultados presentan significancia estadística.

Hyperdynamic Valve: A Rare Case of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders of collagen characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and tissue fragility. The authors describe a rare case of a 52-year-old woman that presented to the clinic with chronic joint pain and talipes equinovarum since childhood. Large eyes, sunken cheeks, thin nose and lobeless ears were noticed on clinical examination. Beighton joint hypermotility criteria were met with a positive Walker and Steinberg sign, elbow extension superior to 10° and knee extension in genu recurvatum more than 10°. An aortic diastolic grade III/VI heart murmur was heard. The complementary study was unremarkable. Moderate aortic insufficiency was found on transthoracic echocardiogram. Genetic testing confirmed positivity for COL1A2, a gene that encodes pro-alpha2 chain type of collagen, which causes cardiac-valvular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Authors intend to warn to collagen-related syndromes, since severe complications are associated with a reduced life expectancy for individuals with this condition.

OUTPATIENT ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA - THE IMPORTANCE OF VENOUS BLOOD GASES.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum biochemical parameters' evolution, especially venous blood gas (VBG), in anorexia nervosa (AN), correlating with clinical parameters. METHODS: Retrospective study including out-patient AN adolescents, between January 2014 and May 2017. Three evaluations were compared: t1) first consultation; t2) consultation with the lowest body mass index (BMI) z-score and t3) with the highest BMI z-score. RESULTS: A total of 24 adolescents (87.5% females) were included, mean age of presentation of 14.9±1.7 years, onset of symptoms 6.4±3.2 months before the first visit. In t1, BMI z-score of -1.91±1.11 kg/m2 and ideal weight % of 84.3±9.2. Amenorrhea was present in 88%. In t2 the analytical alterations were: altered VBG in 100%, altered ferritin (72% elevated), altered thyroid function (53% with thyroxine decrease), dyslipidemia (31% elevation of high density lipoprotein, 25% hypercholesterolemia), elevation of urea (25%), elevation of alanine aminotransferase (14%), hypoglycemia (14%), anemia (9%). Respiratory acidosis was present in 91% in t1, 100% in t2 and 94% in t3. There was a significant decrease between t2 and t3 in mean pCO2 (57.2 versus 53.6 mmHg; p=0.009) and mean HCO3 (30.0 versus 28.8 mEq/L; p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory acidosis and increased ferritin were common in this group. Respiratory acidosis was the most frequent abnormality with significant pCO2 and HCO3 variation in the recovery phase. VBG should be considered in AN evaluation, once it seems to be important in assessing the severity of the disease and its subsequent follow-up.

Outpatient analytic assessment of anorexia nervosa — the importance of venous blood gases / Avaliação laboratorial em ambulatório na anorexia nervosa: a importância da gasometria venosa

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate serum biochemical parameters' evolution, especially venous blood gas (VBG), in anorexia nervosa (AN), correlating with clinical parameters. Methods: Retrospective study including out-patient AN adolescents, between January 2014 and May 2017. Three evaluations were compared: t1) first consultation; t2) consultation with the lowest body mass index (BMI) z-score and t3) with the highest BMI z-score. Results: A total of 24 adolescents (87.5% females) were included, mean age of presentation of 14.9±1.7 years, onset of symptoms 6.4±3.2 months before the first visit. In t1, BMI z-score of -1.91±1.11 kg/m2 and ideal weight % of 84.3±9.2. Amenorrhea was present in 88%. In t2 the analytical alterations were: altered VBG in 100%, altered ferritin (72% elevated), altered thyroid function (53% with thyroxine decrease), dyslipidemia (31% elevation of high density lipoprotein, 25% hypercholesterolemia), elevation of urea (25%), elevation of alanine aminotransferase (14%), hypoglycemia (14%), anemia (9%). Respiratory acidosis was present in 91% in t1, 100% in t2 and 94% in t3. There was a significant decrease between t2 and t3 in mean pCO2 (57.2 versus 53.6 mmHg; p=0.009) and mean HCO3 (30.0 versus 28.8 mEq/L; p=0.023). Conclusions: Respiratory acidosis and increased ferritin were common in this group. Respiratory acidosis was the most frequent abnormality with significant pCO2 and HCO3 variation in the recovery phase. VBG should be considered in AN evaluation, once it seems to be important in assessing the severity of the disease and its subsequent follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução laboratorial, particularmente da gasometria venosa, na anorexia nervosa (AN), correlacionando os achados com parâmetros clínicos. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo com adolescentes com AN seguidos em ambulatório, entre janeiro de 2014 e maio de 2017. Foram comparadas três avaliações: (t1) primeira consulta; (t2) consulta com escore Z de índice de massa corpórea (IMC) mais baixo; e (t3) consulta com escore Z de IMC mais elevado. Resultados: Incluídos 24 adolescentes, 87,5% do sexo feminino, idade média de apresentação de 14,9±1,7 anos, início dos sintomas 6,4±3,2 meses antes da primeira consulta. Em t1, escore Z de IMC de -1,91±1,11 kg/m2 e % de peso ideal de 84,3±9,2. Tinham amenorreia 88%. Em t2 as alterações laboratoriais encontradas foram: gasometria venosa alterada em 100%, ferritina alterada (72% elevada), função tiroideia alterada (53% com diminuição da tiroxina), dislipidemia (31% com elevação de lipoproteína de alta densidade, 25% com hipercolesterolemia), elevação da ureia (25%), elevação da alanina aminotransferase (14%), hipoglicemia (14%) e anemia (9%). A acidose respiratória esteve presente em 91% em t1, 100% em t2 e 94% em t3. Verificou-se diminuição significativa entre t2 e t3 da pressão parcial de CO2 (pCO2) média (57,2 versus 53,6 mmHg; p=0,009) e HCO3 médio (30,0 versus 28,8 mEq/L; p=0,023). Conclusões: A acidose respiratória e o aumento da ferritina foram comuns nesse grupo. Acidose respiratória foi a alteração mais frequente, com variação significativa de pCO2 e HCO3 na fase de recuperação. A gasometria venosa deve ser considerada na avaliação laboratorial na AN, pois parece ser importante na avaliação da gravidade e monitorização da doença.

ProMenteSã: Formação de professores para promoção da saúde mental na escola / ProMenteSã: formación de profesores para promover la salud mental en la escuela / ProMenteSã: a teacher training intervention program for mental health promotion at schools

Resumo Objetivo: Promover a saúde mental nas escolas através da (in)formação e capacitação de professores do 2º e 3º ciclo do ensino básico. Métodos: Realizado um estudo não-experimental, analítico, inserido no Projeto MaiSaúdeMental (Referência: Centro - 01-0145-FEDER-023293). Após identificarmos necessidades de formação na área da saúde mental em professores, foi construído um programa de formação designado ' ProMenteSã' com vista à capacitação dos professores do 2º e 3º ciclo do ensino básico na área da promoção da saúde mental em crianças e adolescentes em meio escolar. O programa completo foi aplicado a 13 professores, maioritariamente do género feminino 11(84,6%), com uma média de idade 51,00±6,58 anos, casados e a residir em meio urbano. A eficácia do programa e a aquisição de conhecimentos em áreas da saúde mental e literacia em saúde mental foi avaliada com recurso a um questionário aplicado 'antes' e 'após' a intervenção. Resultados: Ao compararmos as duas amostras ('antes' e 'após') não foram encontradas diferenças significativas quanto à eficácia do programa de formação. Contudo, avaliada a aquisição de conhecimentos no domínio da saúde mental, verificou-se que após a aplicação do Programa ProMenteSã os professores apresentaram um aumento significativo de conhecimentos nas temáticas 'consumos e dependências-novos comportamentos aditivos' (p=0,03) e 'importância do sono na promoção da saúde mental' (p=0,04). Conclusão: O programa de formação teve impacto no aumento dos conhecimentos dos professores na área da saúde mental, na vertente da promoção da saúde.

Resumen Objetivo: Promover la salud mental en las escuelas a través de la (in)formación y capacitación de profesores de 5º a 9º año de primaria. Métodos: Estudio no experimental, analítico, dentro del Proyecto "MaiSaúdeMental" (Más Salud Mental) (Referencia: Centro - 01-0145-FEDER-023293). Luego de identificar las necesidades de formación de profesores en el área de la salud mental, se elaboró un programa de formación denominado " ProMenteSã" (Programa Mente Sana), con el fin de capacitar a profesores de 5º a 9º año de primaria en el área de promoción de la salud mental en niños y adolescentes en medio escolar. El programa completo fue aplicado con 13 profesores, mayormente de género femenino 11 (84,6 %), con un promedio de edad de 51,00±6,58 años, casados y residentes en medio urbano. La eficacia del programa y la adquisición de conocimientos en áreas de salud mental e instrucción en salud mental fue evaluada mediante un cuestionario aplicado antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Al comparar las dos muestras (antes y después), no se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto a la eficacia del programa de formación. No obstante, al analizar la adquisición de conocimientos en el dominio de la salud mental después de aplicar el programa ProMenteSã , se verificó que los profesores demostraron un aumento significativo de conocimientos en las temáticas "consumos y dependencias: nuevos comportamientos adictivos" (p=0,0) e "importancia del sueño en la promoción de la salud mental" (p=0,04). Conclusión: El programa de formación tuvo impacto en el aumento de los conocimientos de los profesores en el área de la salud mental, en la vertiente de la promoción de la salud.

Abstract Objective: To promote mental health at schoolsthrough a training intervention program for teachers of the 2nd (5th and 6th years) and 3rd (7th, 8th and 9th years) Cycles of Basic Education. Method: Non-experimental analytical study conducted as part of the MAISaúdeMental (More Mental Health) Project (ref. number: 01-0145-FEDER-023293). After identifying needs in teachers' mental health training, the ProMenteSã training intervention program was designed to train teachers of the 2nd and 3rd Cycles of Basic Education to promote mental health in children and adolescents within the school setting. The full program was applied to 13 teachers who were mainly women (11, 84.6%) with a mean age of 51.00 ±6,58 years, married, and living in urban settings. Efficacy and acquisition of mental health knowledge and literacy were assessed with a questionnaire applied before and after the training intervention program. Results: When comparing the two samples (before and after the training intervention program), no significant differences in efficacy were found. However, when assessing the acquisition of mental health knowledge, after the application of the ProMenteSã Program teachers showed a significant increase in knowledge areas "Abuse and dependence — New behaviors of addiction" (p=0.03) and "Significance of sleep in promoting mental health" (p=0.04). Conclusion: The training intervention program increased teachers' mental health knowledge for promotion of health.

Ibuprofen-induced aseptic meningitis: a case report / Meningite asséptica induzida por ibuprofeno: um caso clínico

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a case of a male adolescent with the diagnosis of ibuprofen-induced meningitis. We discuss themain causes of drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM) and highlight the importance of early recognition of DIAM, sothat the offending drug can be withdrawn, and recurrences prevented. Only few DIAM cases have been reported in pediatric age. Case description: A healthy 15-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with headache, nausea, dizziness, fever, conjunctival hyperemia and blurred vision 30 minutes after ibuprofen-intake. During his stay, he developed emesis and neck stiffness. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis excluded infectious causes, and DIAM was considered. He totally recovered after drug withdrawal. Comments: DIAM is a rare entity, that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an aseptic meningitis. The major causative agents are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen. Suspicion is made by the chronologic link between drug intake and the beginning of symptoms, but infectious causes should always be ruled out.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descreve-se o caso de um adolescente do sexo masculino com diagnóstico de meningite asséptica por ibuprofeno. Discutem-se as causas de meningite asséptica induzida por medicamentos (MAIM) e a importância do reconhecimento precoce dessa situação, para que a medicação envolvida seja suspensa e as recorrências prevenidas. Poucos casos foram descritos em idade pediátrica. Descrição do caso: Adolescente de 15 anos, gênero masculino, saudável, procurou o serviço de urgência por cefaleia, náuseas, tonturas, febre, hiperemia conjuntival e visão desfocada 30 minutos após o uso de ibuprofeno. Durante a internação, iniciou vômitos e rigidez na nuca. A análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano excluiu causas infeciosas, e considerou-se como diagnóstico mais provável a MAIM. A recuperação foi total após a suspensão do medicamento. Comentários: A MAIM é rara, mas deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de meningite asséptica. A principal causa são os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, principalmente o ibuprofeno. A suspeita clínica é evocada pela relação temporal entre o uso do medicamento e o início dos sintomas, mas as causas infeciosas devem ser sempre excluídas.

IBUPROFEN-INDUCED ASEPTIC MENINGITIS: A CASE REPORT.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a male adolescent with the diagnosis of ibuprofen-induced meningitis. We discuss themain causes of drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM) and highlight the importance of early recognition of DIAM, sothat the offending drug can be withdrawn, and recurrences prevented. Only few DIAM cases have been reported in pediatric age. CASE DESCRIPTION: A healthy 15-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with headache, nausea, dizziness, fever, conjunctival hyperemia and blurred vision 30 minutes after ibuprofen-intake. During his stay, he developed emesis and neck stiffness. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis excluded infectious causes, and DIAM was considered. He totally recovered after drug withdrawal. COMMENTS: DIAM is a rare entity, that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an aseptic meningitis. The major causative agents are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen. Suspicion is made by the chronologic link between drug intake and the beginning of symptoms, but infectious causes should always be ruled out.

[Obtaining Informed Consent for Anesthesia in Elective Surgery at a Tertiary-Care Hospital: Practices and Ethical-Legal Context]. / Obtenção de Consentimento Informado para Anestesia em Cirurgia Eletiva num Hospital Terciário: Práticas e Contexto Ético-Legal.

INTRODUCTION: Informed consent is an active process of the doctor-patient relationship, based on ethical and legal principles. The anesthetic act has inherent risks, which should be subject of specific consent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of implementation of written specific informed consent for anesthesia in the context of elective surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational prospective study, at a tertiary university hospital, in 230 patients aged 60 years or older, undergoing elective surgery between May and July 2017. Eligible patients who consented to participate were interviewed clinically on the day before surgery. In the postoperative period, the anesthetic technique and the existence of the written informed consent for the anesthetic and surgical procedures were assessed. Patients who were unable to give informed consent or those admitted in the Intensive Care Unit after surgery were excluded. RESULTS: Written informed consent for the surgical procedure was obtained for 225 (97.8%), while it was obtained in just 96 (41.7%) patients for the anesthetic act. There was a higher prevalence of stroke, anemia, and higher Charlson and physical American Society of Anesthesiologists scores in patients without written informed consent for the anesthetic act. DISCUSSION: We identified a low implementation of written informed consent for anesthesia. This situation may have important implications in the context of disciplinary, civil or criminal liability. CONCLUSION: Despite its importance, the practice of written informed consent for anesthesia in this institution is not yet implemented on a regular basis.

Introdução: O consentimento informado é um processo ativo na relação médico-doente, assente em valores éticos e legais. O ato anestésico tem riscos inerentes, que devem ser alvo de consentimento específico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de implementação do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico no contexto de cirurgia eletiva. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional prospetivo, num hospital terciário e universitário, em 230 doentes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva entre maio e julho de 2017. Aos doentes elegíveis que consentiram participar, foi realizada entrevista clínica no dia prévio à cirurgia. No pós-operatório, foi averiguada a técnica anestésica realizada, e a existência do consentimento informado por escrito para o ato anestésico e cirúrgico. Doentes incapazes de dar consentimento informado ou admitidos na unidade de cuidados intensivos após cirurgia foram excluídos. Resultados: Em 225 (97,8%) dos doentes, verificou-se a obtenção, por escrito, do consentimento informado para o ato cirúrgico, mas apenas em 96 (41,7%) verificou-se a obtenção por escrito do consentimento informado para o ato anestésico. De entre os doentes sem registo de consentimento informado para o ato anestésico, foram mais prevalentes antecedentes de acidente vascular cerebral, anemia e scores de Charlson e de estado físico conforme à Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia mais elevados. Discussão: Identificámos uma baixa implementação do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico. Esta situação pode ter importantes implicações em contexto de responsabilidade disciplinar, civil ou penal. Conclusão: Apesar da sua importância, a prática do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico nesta instituição não está implementada regularmente.

Anaphylaxis after treatment with recombinant factor VIII: investigation and therapeutic challenge.

We report a 10-year-old patient with haemophilia A developing anaphylaxis to recombinant factor VIII (octocog alfa). Allergic reactions, and especially anaphylactic events, are rare in patients with haemophilia A. The nature of these reactions is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a type I hypersensitivity reaction using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting assay. This test revealed itself as an essential diagnostic tool, as it allowed us to choose an alternative treatment (moroctocog alfa). Its safety was later confirmed by an uneventful challenge test.

Resultados perinatales y manejo de las pacientes con seroconversión para toxoplasma durante la gestación / Perinatal outcomes and management of patients with seroconversion to toxoplasma during gestation

Objetivo: conocer los resultados perinatales obtenidos en las pacientes con seroconversión para toxoplasma durante la gestación. Material y Métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de las gestaciones con seroconversión para toxoplasma durante el embarazo, entre los años 2004 y 2012. Las variables estudiadas hicieron referencia a las características gestacionales, serológicas y perinatales. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 18 paraWindows. Resultados: la población a estudio englobó un total de 139 gestantes, de las cuales un 85% presentó la seroconversión para toxoplasma en el primer trimestre, el 11% en el segundo y el 4% restante en el tercer trimestre.Se realizó un análisis en tres grupos según el resultado de la avidez de la inmunoglobina G: débil (32%), intermedia (17%) y fuerte (50%). Sólo se registró un caso de toxoplasmosis neonatal, correspondiente al grupo de avidez débil, donde el recién nacido presenta actualmente una pérdida auditiva de tipo conductivo de 20 dB en el oído izquierdo y de 10 dB en el oído derecho. Conclusión: los resultados perinatales no son peores en las pacientes con seroconversión para toxoplasma durante la gestación. La tasa de transmisión vertical en nuestro centro fue baja (AU)

Objective: To determine the perinatal results obtained in patients with toxoplasma seroconversion during pregnancy. Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive of pregnancies with toxoplasma seroconversion during pregnancy, between 2004 and 2012. Studied variables referred to gestational characteristics, serological and perinatal. The data processing was performed using SPSS version 18 for Windows. Results: The study population encompassed a total of 139 pregnant women, of which 85% had seroconversion for toxoplasma in the first quarter, 11% in the second and the remaining 4% in the third quarter. Analysis wasperformed in three groups according to the result of the inmunoglobulin G: weak (32%), intermediate (17%) and strong (50%). Only one case of neonatal toxoplasmosis, corresponding to the avidity weak group, where currently newborn.This Conductive hearing loss of 20 dB in the left ear and 10 dB in the right ear. Conclusion: Perinatal outcomes were not worse in patients with toxoplasma seroconversion during gestation. The vertical transmission rate at our center was low (AU)

Resultados perinatales asociados a las gestantes infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en el Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo / Perinatal outcomes in HIV-positive pregnant women in the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo

Introducción: la infección por el virus de la imnunodeficiencia humana (VIH) tiene gran repercusión sobre la reproducción desde el momento de la concepción, por el riesgo de la transmisión sexual, hasta la posible infección del recién nacido. Por ello, es primordial combatir la transmisión vertical durante el embarazo en toda mujer gestante infectada por este virus. Objetivo: conocer la tasa de transmisión vertical, así como estudiar los resultados perinatales asociados a las gestantes infectadas por el VIH en el Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la población gestante afectada por el VIH desde enero de 2000 hasta enero de 2014. Definimos para el estudio variables maternas, gestacionales, intraparto y neonatales. El tratamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado con el programa SPSS20 para Windows. Resultados: la población estudiada fue de 100 gestantes seropositivas. El 50% presentó coinfección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) y el 9% por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB). El 98% de las pacientes recibió tratamiento antirretroviral durante el embarazo, el 97% profilaxis intraparto con zidovudina y el 98% de recién nacidos tratamiento antirretroviral desde el nacimiento. El 45% de los casos cumplió criterios para un parto vaginal. Finalmente, el 28% fueron partos eutócicos y el 4%, instrumentados; en el 13% restante se indicó cesárea urgente intraparto. La transmisión materno-fetal fue del 0%. Conclusión: protocolizar el manejo gestacional y neonatal en las pacientes seropositivas frente al VIH ha permitido obtener un importante descenso en su tasa de transmisión vertical (AU)

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has a major impact on reproduction that includes the risk of sexual transmission at conception and even possible infection of the newborn. Consequently, it is essential to combat vertical transmission during pregnancy in all HIV-infected pregnant women. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the rate of vertical transmission and perinatal outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women attended at the University Hospital of Vigo. Material and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in HIV- pregnant women from January 2000 to January 2014. Maternal, gestational, intrapartum and neonatal variables were defined for the study. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out with SPSS version 20 for Windows. Results: The study population consisted of 100 HIV-seropositive pregnant women. Fifty percent were coinfected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 9% with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Most (98%) of patients received antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, 97% received intrapartum prophylaxis with zidovudine and 98% of newborns received antiretroviral treatment from birth. Forty-five percent of the patients met the criteria for vaginal delivery. Delivery was normal in 28% and instrumental in 4%, while intrapartum emergency caesarian section was required in the remaining 13%. Maternal-fetal transmission was 0%. Conclusion: Protocolizing gestational and neonatal management in HIV-seropositive patients significantly decreased the rate of vertical transmission (AU)

Pólipo fibroepitelial vulvar gigante / Giant vulvar fibroepithelial polyp

Los tumores benignos de origen epitelial localizados en la región vulvar tienen baja prevalencia siendo su incidencia real desconocida. El más común de ellos es el pólipo fibroepitelial (AU)

Benign epithelial tumors located in the vulvar region have a low prevalence. The most common of these is fibroepithelial polyp (AU)

Resultados de la aplicación de la técnica SNOLL versus tumorectomía guiada con arpón en el cáncer de mama / Results of the SNOLL technique versus wire guided lumpectomy in the treatment of breast cancer

Objetivo. Comparar los resultados de la aplicación de la técnica SNOLL frente a la tumorectomía guiada con arpón en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Material y método. Estudio retrospectivo realizado en la Unidad de Patología Mamaria del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo desde mayo del 2010 y hasta febrero del 2012. Resultados. Se estudió a 73 pacientes; 34 mujeres fueron intervenidas mediante la técnica del SNOLL y en 39 la exéresis tumoral fue guiada con arpón. El tipo histológico más frecuente en ambos grupos, fue el carcinoma ductal infiltrante (el 94 y el 64,1%, respectivamente; p = 0,005). Del total de casos en que el tumor contactó con los bordes quirúrgicos en el estudio intraoperatorio, el 55,3% de ellos fueron casos del grupo SNOLL y el 44,7% del grupo arpón. La tasa de ampliación de los márgenes de la pieza en el mismo acto quirúrgico fue mayor en el grupo SNOLL (p = 0,160). La tasa de reintervención para la ampliación de los márgenes de la pieza quirúrgica en un segundo tiempo fue del 0% en el grupo SNOLL y del 13% en el grupo del arpón(p = 0,57). En el grupo SNOLL, el margen libre de enfermedad en la pieza final fue de media de 7,21 mm y de 4,66 mm en el grupo arpón (p = 0,01). Conclusiones. Ambas técnicas son comparables en cuanto a la tasa de reescisiones. El SNOLL permite obtener un mayor margen de seguridad (AU)

Objective: To compare the results of the SNOLL technique with those of wire-guided lumpectomy in the treatment of breast cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective study conducted in the Breast Pathology Unit of the Vigo University Hospital from May 2010 to February 2012. Results: We studied 73 patients. The SNOLL technique was used in 34 women and wire-guided lumpectomy in 39. In both groups, the most common histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (94% and 64.1%, respectively, P=.005). In the intraoperative study, 55.3% of tumors in the SNOLL group and 44.7% of those in the wire-guided group were found to touch the surgical margin. The rate of margin extension in the same intervention was higher in the SNOLL group (P=.160). The reoperation rate for margin extension was 0% in the SNOLL group and 13% in the wire-guided group (P=.57). In the final surgical specimen, the mean disease-free margin was 7.21 mm in the SNOLL group and 4.66 mm in the wire-guided group (P=.01). Conclusions: The re-excision rate was similar in the two groups. The SNOLL technique allows a greater margin of safety (AU)

Pediatric epidemiological aspects of scorpionism and report on fatal cases from Tityus stigmurus stings (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Envenomation by scorpion stings is a major public health problem in numerous tropical countries because of its frequent incidence and potential severity. Approximately 1,900 species of scorpions are known in the world, and at least 130 of these have been described in Brazil. METHODS: This work reports on 3 child deaths caused by Tityus stigmurus stings and characterizes epidemiological and clinical surveys on pediatric cases of scorpionism recorded in the Centro de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (Ceatox-PE). RESULTS: Scorpion stings accounted for more than 60% of all cases recorded for venomous animals. The children were from 37 cities of the State of Pernambuco and accounted for 28.8% of the victims treated for scorpion stings, with the highest incidence in the metropolitan area of Recife. Stings occurred throughout the year and slightly increased during the rainy season. Independent of the elapsed time for a prognosis, most cases showed mild symptoms. Three moderate cases that resulted in death featured cardiogenic shock and/or pulmonary edema or severe neurological symptoms. For the fi rst time, death attributed to T. stigmurus was confirmed by the presence of the scorpion. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that scorpionism in Pernambuco is a public health problem that needs to be monitored carefully throughout the year by the government.

Pediatric epidemiological aspects of scorpionism and report on fatal cases from Tityus stigmurus stings (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Introduction Envenomation by scorpion stings is a major public health problem in numerous tropical countries because of its frequent incidence and potential severity. Approximately 1,900 species of scorpions are known in the world, and at least 130 of these have been described in Brazil. Methods This work reports on 3 child deaths caused by Tityus stigmurus stings and characterizes epidemiological and clinical surveys on pediatric cases of scorpionism recorded in the Centro de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (Ceatox-PE). Results Scorpion stings accounted for more than 60% of all cases recorded for venomous animals. The children were from 37 cities of the Pernambuco state and accounted for 28.8% of the victims treated for scorpion stings, with the highest incidence in the metropolitan area of Recife. Stings occurred throughout the year and slightly increased during the rainy season. Independent of the elapsed time for a prognosis, most cases showed mild symptoms. Three moderate cases that resulted in death featured cardiogenic shock and/or pulmonary edema or severe neurological symptoms. For the first time, death attributed to T. stigmurus was confirmed by the presence of the scorpion. Conclusions These results suggest that scorpionism in Pernambuco is a public health problem that needs to be monitored carefully throughout the year by the government. .

Piomioma tras aborto de segundo trimestre de gestación / Pyomyoma after miscarriage in the second trimester of pregnancy

El piomioma es una patología muy poco frecuente pero con elevada morbimortalidad. La evolución clínica subaguda y la inespecificidad de los síntomas, junto con su baja incidencia, dificultan un diagnóstico temprano.Se presenta un caso de shock séptico secundario a un piomioma tras un aborto en el segundo trimestre de gestación, donde la evolución tórpida del cuadro febril, a pesar de un tratamiento antibiótico de amplio espectro, condujo a la realización de una histerectomía.La existencia de signos de infección en una paciente con miomas y una historia reciente de instrumentación uterina hace necesario descartar la presencia de un piomioma (AU)

Pyomyoma is a rare disease but carries high morbidity and mortality. Because of the non-specific nature of the symptoms, subacute course of the disease and its low incidence, early diagnosis is difficult. We report a case of septic shock due to pyomyoma after a miscarriage in the second trimester of pregnancy. Because of the torpid clinical course –despite the use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic– hysterectomy was performed. When there are signs of infection in a patient with myomas and a recent history of uterine instrumentation, the presence of a pyomyoma must be excluded (AU)