In vivo biocompatibility of silicon dioxide nanofilm used as antimicrobial agent on acrylic surface.

the focus ofthis study was to testthe hypothesisthatthere would be no difference betweenthe biocompatibility of silicon dioxide nanofilms used as antimicrobial agents. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n=15): Group C (Control,Polyethylene), Group AR (Acrylic Resin), Group NP (Acrylic Resin coated with NP-Liquid), Group BG (Acrylic Resin coated with Bacterlon).the animals were sacrificed with 7,15 and 30 days and tissues analyzed as regardsthe events of inflammatory infiltrate, edema, necrosis, granulation tissue, mutinucleated giant cells, fibroblasts and collagen. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests was used (P<0.05). Intense inflammatory infiltrate was shown mainly in Groups BG and AR, with significant difference from Control Group inthe time interval of 7days (P=0.004). Necrosis demonstrated significant difference between Group BG and Control Group (P<0.05) inthe time intervals of 7 days. For collagen fibers,there was significant difference betweenthe Control Group and Groups AR and BG inthe time interval of 7 days (P=0.006), and between BG and Control Groups inthe time intervals of 15 days (P=0.010).the hypothesis was rejected. Bacterlon demonstratedthe lowest level, and NP-Liquid Glassthe highest level of tissue compatibility, and best cell repair.the coating with NP-Liquid Glass was demonstrated to be highly promising for clinical use.

Effectiveness of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate-containing products in the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients: A systematic review.

The purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-containing products in the prevention and treatment of active white spot lesions (WSL) in orthodontic patients. Searched the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Virtual Health Language, ClinicalTrials, and Open Gray databases without limitations on the year or language of publication. We included controlled clinical trials with patients with fixed orthodontic appliances under the use of CPP-ACP-containing products compared to control, placebo, or other interventions in the prevention and treatment of WSL around orthodontic braces. Case reports, editorials, in vitro studies, annals of congress, and reviews were excluded. To assess the risk of bias, the revised version of the Cochrane tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies for non-randomized trials were used. The biases were graded low, moderate, and high according to the tools used. Of the 599 articles found, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine were randomized, controlled clinical trials and two were non-randomized. Two studies were considered to have moderate bias risk, and the most-used CPP-ACP presented form was a cream for topical applications. Although CPP-ACP-containing products did not differ from other fluoride products, they were able to reduce WSL and neutralize the pH around the orthodontic braces. Products containing CPP-ACP are effective in preventing and treating WSL around the braces. However, further studies with the same measurement method and periods of use, and other forms of presentation of CPP-ACP are needed.

The relationship of previous dental trauma with new cases of dental trauma. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are a public health concern with high prevalence and recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether previous dental trauma is a predictive factor for new episodes of TDI (recurrence or first episodes). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic searches were performed with no language or date restrictions. According to the PECOS strategy, cohort studies that investigated subjects with and without previous TDI, and its association with new TDI episodes, as primary or secondary outcomes, were included. Quality assessment and bias control were carried out according to Fowkes and Fulton guidelines. A meta-analysis was performed by sub-grouping studies into deciduous and permanent dentition, and the risk ratio (RR) was also calculated (P ≤ 0.05). The evidence was quality-tested using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS: After titles and abstracts were examined, and full texts were read, five studies were included in this systematic review. Four studies had high methodological quality, and one presented a risk of bias on confounding factors. No association and a positive association were determined between previous history of TDI and new episodes of TDI in the primary (RR 1.26 [0.99, 1.62], P = 0.06) and in the permanent dentitions (RR 2.68 [1.20, 4.19], I2  = 37%, P < 0.00001), respectively. The pooled results demonstrated a positive association (P < 0.00001) between previous dental trauma and new episodes of TDI (RR 2.17 [1.20, 3.90], P = 0.01, I2  = 83%) with moderate evidence quality level. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals that have suffered previous TDI present a greater risk of suffering new episodes of TDI.

Perception, knowledge and attitudes of Brazilian orthodontists on the treatment of Class II malocclusions.

The present study aimed to assess the perception and knowledge of Brazilian orthodontists on the ideal moment to treat Class II malocclusions. Questionnaires with open, semi-open and close questions were sent by e-mail to 1653 Brazilian orthodontists. These orthodontists were registered in the Brazilian Association of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ABOR). One-hundred and three (9.86%) Orthodontists replied to the questionnaires. Most of them were males (60.5%) with specialization as the highest level of professional qualification (59.9%). Most of the orthodontists (51%) reported preference for treating Class II malocclusions in late mixed dentition, followed by the early mixed dentition (29%). The age range between 10 and 12 years old figured as the most prevalent in patients searching for treatment (42.7%). Most of the patients searching for treatment were females (69.7%). Preferences for functional orthopedic appliances were reported by 35% of the orthodontists. Brazilian orthodontists revealed a trend for treating patients with Class II malocclusions in the late mixed dentition. Female patients aged from 10 to 12 years old represented the majority of patients that search for orthodontic treatment. Functional orthopedic appliances were preferred by Brazilian orthodontists for treating Class II malocclusions.

Perception, knowledge and attitudes of Brazilian orthodontists on the treatment of Class II malocclusions

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the perception and knowledge of Brazilian orthodontists on the ideal moment to treat Class II malocclusions. Questionnaires with open, semi-open and close questions were sent by e-mail to 1653 Brazilian orthodontists. These orthodontists were registered in the Brazilian Association of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ABOR). One-hundred and three (9.86%) Orthodontists replied to the questionnaires. Most of them were males (60.5%) with specialization as the highest level of professional qualification (59.9%). Most of the orthodontists (51%) reported preference for treating Class II malocclusions in late mixed dentition, followed by the early mixed dentition (29%). The age range between 10 and 12 years old figured as the most prevalent in patients searching for treatment (42.7%). Most of the patients searching for treatment were females (69.7%). Preferences for functional orthopedic appliances were reported by 35% of the orthodontists. Brazilian orthodontists revealed a trend for treating patients with Class II malocclusions in the late mixed dentition. Female patients aged from 10 to 12 years old represented the majority of patients that search for orthodontic treatment. Functional orthopedic appliances were preferred by Brazilian orthodontists for treating Class II malocclusions.

Evaluation of black spaces between maxillary central incisors by dentistry students and laypeople.

This study aimed to compare the perception of smile esthetics and alterations among dentistry degree students and laypeople to identify differences in the esthetic perception of black spaces between the maxillary central incisors among Turkish laypeople and students in different study years. Photographs altered to include black spaces of various sizes at the midline were evaluated by 208 dentistry students in years 1-5 and 45 Turkish laypeople. Perceptional differences in different photographs were statistically significant. The students in years 2-5 were more aware of differences between photographs than year 1 students and laypeople. The proportion of participants who decided the most attractive photograph as A was highest among 3rd year students, followed by 5th year students. However, the proportion of students agreeing on the least attractive image was highest among 4th year students, followed by 3rd year students. Photographs A and H were selected as the most and least attractive, respectively, by all participants. The esthetic perception of 1st and 2nd year dentistry students was very different from that of laypeople. To increase esthetic perception among dentistry students, specific lessons with clinical photography should be included in dental education.

Patients' perception of installation, use and results of orthodontic mini-implants.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient acceptance and perception of pain with regard to orthodontic mini-implants. The study was conducted on 58 individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment, who had orthodontic mini-implants placed as anchorage devices. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing 6 questions evaluating perception of pain during mini-implant placement and during use, difficulty with cleaning, unaesthetic appearance, difficulty with eating and benefits observed. Data were tabulated and analyzed using Fisher and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient tests. It was found that 94.8% of the patients reported that they would be willing to undergo treatment with mini-implants again. Of the negative aspects evaluated, the most significant was discomfort during placement, while the least significant was difficulty with eating. Patients' perception of aspects related to mini-implants was shown to be independent of the quantity of these devices placed. Although the patients evaluated some aspects of mini-implants negatively, the mean score for benefits observed was very high, indicating good patient satisfaction with treatment.

Effectiveness of varnish with CPP-ACP in prevention of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets: an OCT evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro efficiency of applying varnish containing casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in prevention of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, brackets were bonded to the vestibular surface of bovine incisors, and eight groups were formed (n = 15) according to exposure of oral hygiene substances and enamel varnish: 1 (control) brushing only performed, 2 (control) brushing + use of mouth wash with fluoride, 3 Duraphat varnish application only (Colgate-Palmolive Ind. E Com. Ltda, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), 4 Duraphat + brushing, 5 Duraphat + brushing + mouth wash, 6 MI Varnish application (GC America, USA), 7 MI + brushing, and 8 MI + brushing + mouth wash. The experimental groups alternated between pH cycling and the procedures described and were kept in an oven at temperature of 37°C. Both brushing and immersion in solutions was performed in a time interval of 1 minute, followed by washing in deionized water three times a day for 28 days of experimentation. Afterwards, evaluation by optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the special type (Ganymede OCT/Thorlabs, Newton, USA) was performed. In each group, a scanning exam of the white spot lesion area (around the region where brackets were bonded) and depth measurement of caries lesions were performed. RESULTS: Groups 1 and 3 were shown to differ statistically from groups 5, 6, 7, and 8 (p = 0.000). MI Varnish was shown to be more effective in diminishing caries lesion depth, compared with Duraphat, irrespective of being associated with brushing and mouth wash, or not. LIMITATIONS: The major limitation of this study is that it is a study in which demineralization was obtained with the use of chemical products, and did not occur due to the presence of Streptococcus mutans and its acid byproducts. CONCLUSION: Application CPP-ACP-containing varnish irrespective of being associated with brushing and mouthwash, or not, reduced depth of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets.

Effect of different concentrations of papain gel on orthodontic bracket bonding.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that enamel deproteinization with papain gel at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% increases shear bond strength as concentration increases. METHODS: A total of 180 bovine mandibular permanent incisors were used, divided into six groups (n=30), and denominated as follows: group 1 is the control group (CG) in which brackets are bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) according to the manufacturer's recommendations and groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have brackets bonded with RMGIC after enamel deproteinization with papain gel at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. After bonding, teeth were immersed in artificial saliva and kept at a temperature of 37°C for 24 h. Mechanical tests were then performed in a universal mechanical test machine EMIC DL 5000 (Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Brazil). Values obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and then to Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that groups 5 and 6 showed the highest shear bond strength, differing statistically from the other groups (p<0.05). CG with no papain gel used showed the lowest value and in turn showed no differences for groups 2, 3, and 4. As regards adhesive remnant index, CG showed statistical differences from the others. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, in which papain gel was used, presented no statistical differences among them (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that enamel deproteinization with 8% and 10% papain gel increases shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with RMGIC.

A modified thermoplastic retainer.

The aim of this article is to describe a method for fabricating a new esthetic maxillary retainer. To fabricate this retainer it is necessary to fit a segment of orthodontic wire in the maxillary molar and premolar region, followed by plasticization of the model. In order to allow occlusal finishing the occlusal and incisal surfaces of the plate are removed. The described retainer can be a useful alternative to the orthodontist for esthetic orthodontic retention.

Do self-ligating brackets favor greater bacterial aggregation?

Aim: To verify the hypothesis that self-ligating brackets favor greater aggregation of microorganisms when compared with conventional brackets. Methods: Four types of self-ligating metal brackets were evaluated. Initially, 50 brackets were divided into five groups (n=10): Morelli Conventional, GAC (In-Ovation R, Dentsply Caulk), Aditek (Easy Clip), Ormco (Damon System) and 3M Unitek (Smart Clip). An in vivo evaluation was carried out in which the brackets were bonded to the mandibular teeth of five healthy individuals who had not undergone previous orthodontic treatment. The right hemiarch brackets were used for bacterial plaque collection and those on the left side were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Before bracket bonding, the bacterial plaque material aggregated to the tooth surfaces was collected, with the areas of choice being the cervical-buccal and mesial and distal interproximal regions. After 21 days had elapsed since bonding, the plaque adhered to the winglet, channel and cervical regions of the bracket bases was collected. The materials collected were diluted and seeded on Petri dishes onto Mitis salivarius medium specific for S. mutans and non-specified BHI culture medium. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts were performed visually after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Results: Greater bacterial accumulation was observed on the winglets of 3M brackets, with statistical statistically significant differences from the other types (p<0.05). As regards the channel regions, most microorganisms accumulated in the Ormco Group (p<0.05), and in the cervical region of Aditek brackets. In all evaluated regions, those with least bacterial accumulation were the conventional brackets. Conclusions: The hypothesis was confirmed, as the self-ligating brackets were shown to have greater bacterial accumulation when compared with the conventional brackets.

Efeito citotóxico de alginatos odontológicos sobre células fibroblastóides / Cytotoxic effects of a dentstry alginates applied on fibroblast-like cells

O alginato ou hidrocolóide irreversível é um dos materiais de moldagem mais aceitos e utilizados na Odontologia. Algumas substâncias presentes nesses pode levar toxicidade. O estuto foi avaliar a citotoxicidade de alginatos de uso odontológico. Foram avaliados quatro diferentes alginatos divididos em 4 grupos, assim denominados: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Três grupos controle também participaram Controle positivo (C+) constituido pelo detergente celular Tween 80, controle negativo (C-) PBS, e controle de célula (CC) onde as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. Após manipulação dos materiais seguindo as orientações do fabricante foi confeccionado corpos de prova utilizando-se anéis de silicone. Em seguida os mesmos foram imersos em meio mínimo essencial de Eagle (MEM) por 2 min, onde então procedeu-se a remoção do sobrenadante e colocação em contato com fibroblastos L929. Após contato com o meio as células foram incubadas por mais 24 h onde então foram adicionados 100ml do corante vermelho neutro a 0,01%. Novamente as células foram incubadas por 3 h para que as mesmas incorporassem o corante. Passado esse período as mesmas foram fixadas e então, realizada contagem de células viáveis em espectrofotômetro (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) em um comprimento de onda de 492nm. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos CC e C-com os demais (P<0.05). Ausência de diferença estatística ocorreu entre os grupos Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P>0.05). Pode-se concluir com a realização desse trabalho que todos os alginatos testados mostraram caráter citotoxico.

Alginate or irreversible hydrocolloid is one of the most accepted and used impression materials in dentstry. Some substances present in these can lead toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dental alginate of use. Was evaluated four different alginate divided into 4 groups, so called: Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum. Three control groups were also included: Group C+ (positive control), consisting of detergent Tween 80; Group C -(negative control), consisting of PBS, and Group CC (cell control), consisting of cells not exposed to any material. After manipulating the materials according to the manufacturer's instructions, samples were made by using silicon rings. Next, the samples were immersed into Eagle minimum essential medium (MEM) for 2 minutes, where the supernatants were removed and brought into direct contact with L929 fibroblasts. Following exposure to the medium, the cells were incubated for further 24 hours and then 100 ml of 0.01% neutral red dye were added. The cells were incubated again for 3 hours so that the dye could be absorbed. After this 3-hour period, the cells were fixed in order to count the viable ones by using a spectrophotometer (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) at a wavelength of 492nm. The results showed statistical differences between groups CC and C- with the others (P <0.05). Lack of statistical difference occurred between groups and between Ava Gel, New Print, Kromopan e Hydrogum (P> 0.05). Based on the results obtained in this work, one can conclude that all four alginate impression materials are potentially cytotoxic.

Analysis of mechanical properties and forces produced by transpalatal bars made from low-nickel alloy

Aim: This study evaluated assess the mechanical properties and forces produced by transpalatal bars made from low-nickel alloy. Methods: Using a template, a single operator made all transpalatal bars from 0.032" and 0.036" wires of two different alloys, thus originating four groups, namely: A8 (0.032" conventional stainless steel), B8 (0.032" low-nickel stainless steel), A9 (0.036" conventional stainless steel), and B9 (0.036" low-nickel stainless steel). The bars were then activated and mounted onto a device developed to serve as a support for mechanical assay in a universal testing machine (Emic DL 10.000). The values of resilience and ductility were obtained using the Origin 8 software. Results: No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between Groups A8 and B8 neither between A9 and B9 for 0.5-, 1.0-, and 5-mm deformations. However, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in all groups for 15-mm deformation. Groups B8 and B9 showed greater ductility and resilience compared to groups A8 and A9, respectively. Conclusions: Low-nickel stainless steel transpalatal bars release the same amount of force for activations less than 10 mm compared to those made from conventional stainless steel. Mechanically, the low-nickel stainless steel bars are more ductile and resilient.

Lowe syndrome: literature review and case report.

This paper is the first to describe dental findings and orthodontic characteristics of a young adult patient with Lowe syndrome. This syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited by a sex-linked pattern, involving primarily the kidneys, eyes and nervous system, which also present oral manifestations. This paper also present the results of careful extra and intra-oral evaluations and the findings of panoramic and cephalometric radiographs of an 18-year-old male with Lowe syndrome.