Plantas com possível atividade hipolipidêmica: uma revisão bibliográfica de livros editados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008 / Plants with possible hypolipidemic activity: a review of books published in Brazil between 1998 and 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar levantamento sobre as plantas medicinais indicadas para o tratamento da hiperlipidemia, hipercolesterolemia e/ou aterosclerose. Este estudo foi feito a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica em 32 livros publicados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008, resultando em lista de 85 espécies distribuídas em 53 famílias, principalmente Asteraceae e Fabaceae, com 54 espécies exóticas e 31 nativas. As espécies mais citadas foram Allium sativum (Alliaceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Allium cepa (Alliaceae), Echinodorus grandiflorus (Alismataceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Vernonia condensata (Asteraceae), Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae) e Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae). As espécies nativas, citadas em pelo menos 2 livros, foram investigadas para alguma evidencia científica relacionada a possíveis efeitos hipolipidêmico, hipocolesterolêmico e/ou contra aterosclerose. Somente foram encontrados estudos científicos, relacionados a estes efeitos, para as espécies nativas Cuphea carthagenensis e Echinodorus grandiflorum, indicando a necessidade de pesquisas que possam garantir a segurança e a eficácia do uso destas espécies.

The aim of this study was to survey medicinal plants indicated for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and/or atherosclerosis. This study was performed from a review of 32 books published in Brazil between 1998 and 2008, resulting in a list of 85 species belonging to 53 families, especially Asteraceae and Fabaceae, with 54 exotic and 31 native species. The species most often cited were Allium sativum (Alliaceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Allium cepa (Alliaceae), Echinodorus grandiflorus (Alismataceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Vernonia condensata (Asteraceae), Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae) and Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae). Native species cited in at least 2 books were investigated for some scientific evidence related to possible hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects and/or action against atherosclerosis. Scientific studies related to these effects were found only for the native species Cuphea carthagenensis and Echinodorus grandiflorum, indicating the need for studies capable of assuring the safety and the efficacy as to the use of these species.

Comparison of self-reported and observed water contact in an S. mansoni endemic village in Brazil.

Estimates of exposure are critical for immuno-epidemiologic and intervention studies in human schistosomiasis. Direct observation of human water contact patterns is both costly and time consuming. To address these issues, we determined whether individuals residing in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic village in Brazil could accurately self-report their water contact patterns. We compared the results of a water contact questionnaire to the present gold standard, direct observation of water contact in 86 volunteers, aged 8--29. We administered a survey to estimate volunteers' frequency and type of water contact and directly measured each volunteers' water contact patterns during 5 weeks of detailed water contact observations. We found a poor correlation between self reported frequency of contact and directly observed exposure (rho=0.119, P=NS). The questionnaire data was supplemented by information about average body surface area of exposure and duration of contact for specific activities derived from observations of this cohort. This 'supplemented questionnaire' data was significantly correlated with their exposure index (rho=0.227, P=0.05). It provides a starting point from which questionnaires may develop to provide a more cost-effective and less labor intensive method of assessing water contact exposure at the level of the individual.

Cytokine regulation of human immune response to Schistosoma mansoni: analysis of the role of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 on peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses.

The role of cytokines on the in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Schistosoma mansoni infected patients to soluble egg (SEA) and adult worm antigens (SWAP) were evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that the proliferative response of PBMC from chronic intestinal (INT) patients to SEA and SWAP is increased by the blockage of IL-10 with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb). The effects of these antibodies were readily reversed by the addition of recombinant IL-10. In contrast, no effect was observed on the PBMC response of acute and hepatosplenic patients (HS) in the presence of anti-IL-10. Anti-IL-4 antibodies decreased the PBMC response of the intestinal (INT) and HS individuals to SEA and SWAP, and the PBMC response of acute patients to SEA but not to SWAP. Addition of anti-IL-5 MAb did not decrease the PBMC response of acute patients to SEA or SWAP. These results suggested that IL-10 has an important role in the modulation of the immune response in chronic asymptomatic patients and that this cytokine may be an important factor in controlling morbidity.