[Optimization of follow up in prostate cancer active surveillance]. / Optimizacion del seguimiento de cancer de prostata en vigilancia activa.

OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease but with reduced cause-specific mortality. Active surveillance represents an alternative to postpone or avoid the potential sequelae derived from curative treatments in selected patients. The objective of this article is to review the diagnostic and follow-up methods for patients included in active surveillance programs. METHODS: We performed an exhaustive bibliographic review with the terms "Prostate cancer", "Active surveillance", "expectant management", including the greatest series published since 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Awaiting for genetic markers that help us to predict diagnosis and evolution of prostate cancer, PSA kinetics, digital rectal examination and repeated biopsies continue being the inclusion and follow up criteria for patients in active surveillance programs. Emerging complementary tests such as multi parametric MRI, PCA3 and Phi seem to add specificity to the existing clinical criteria. The reduced number of patients included, the limited follow up and the great disparity of inclusion and follow up criteria between different groups make the implementation of consensus guidelines that could help a more widespread application of this alternative difficult.

Optimización del seguimiento de cáncer de próstata en vigilancia activa / Optimization of follow up in prostate cancer active surveillance

OBJETIVO: El cáncer de próstata es una patología con una alta prevalencia pero con una reducida mortalidad causa-específica. La vigilancia activa, representa una alternativa para posponer o evitar las posibles secuelas derivadas de los tratamientos con intención curativa en pacientes seleccionados. Objetivo: Revisar los métodos de diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes incluidos en programas de vigilancia activa. MÉTODO: Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva con los términos "prostate cáncer", "active surveillance", "expectant management", incluyendo las publicaciones con mayores series desde 2007. CONCLUSIONES: En espera de marcadores genéticos que nos ayuden a predecir el diagnóstico y la evolución del cáncer de próstata, los criterios para la inclusión y seguimiento de los pacientes en programas de vigilancia activa siguen siendo la cinética de PSA, el tacto rectal y las biopsias de repetición. La aparición de exploraciones complementarias como la resonancia magnética multiparamétrica, el PCA3 y el Phi parecen añadir especificidad a los criterios clínicos existentes. El reducido número de pacientes incluidos, el seguimiento limitado de los mismos y la gran disparidad de criterios de inclusión y seguimiento entre los diferentes grupos, dificultan la creación de unas guías de consenso que puedan facilitar una aplicación más amplia de esta alternativa

OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease but with reduced cause-specific mortality. Active surveillance represents an alternative to postpone or avoid the potential sequelae derived from curative treatments in selected patients. The objective of this article is to review the diagnostic and follow-up methods for patients included in active surveillance programs. METHODS: We performed an exhaustive bibliographic review with the terms "Prostate cancer", "Active surveillance", "expectant management", including the greatest series published since 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Awaiting for genetic markers that help us to predict diagnosis and evolution of prostate cancer, PSA kinetics, digital rectal examination and repapeated biopsies continue being the inclusion and follow up criteria for patients in active surveillance programs. Emerging complementary tests such as multi parametric MRI, PCA3 and Phi seem to add specificity to the existing clinical criteria. The reduced number of patients included, the limited follow up and the great disparity of inclusion and follow up criteria between different groups make the implementation of consensus guidelines that could help a more widespread application of this alternative difficult

Skeletal complications of ADT: disease burden and treatment options.

Therapy based on androgenic deprivation is one of the standard treatments that many prostate cancer patients receive. Moreover, its use is increasing owing to a clear expansion of the indications for this therapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Despite classically being considered to be well tolerated, androgenic deprivation has adverse effects. Of these, the loss of mineral bone mass is particularly notable and can lead to osteoporosis, as well as an increased risk of bone fracture. Some fractures, such as hip fractures, may have serious consequences. Useful procedures such as bone densitometry can aid in the diagnosis of these conditions. Once diagnosed, decreases in mineral bone mass can be managed by dietary recommendations, general changes in lifestyle or medication. We review the most important randomized controlled trials evaluating different drugs (bisphosphonates, denosumab and toremifene) in the prevention of bone loss and in the reduction in fracture risk in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen-deprivation therapy. Following the applicable recommendations, urologists must carefully monitor the bone health of prostate cancer patients subjected to androgenic deprivation to obtain an early diagnosis and apply the appropriate general and/or therapeutic measures if necessary.

[Priapism secondary to penis infiltration of bladder cancer]. / Priapismo secundario a infiltración peneana por contigüidad de carcinoma vesical infiltrante.

Metastasic priapism is a rare entity produced by tumor cell implantation or direct infiltration of corpora cavernousum of the penis. In up to 80% of cases the primary tumor has an urological origen like prostate or bladder cancers. Treatment depends on syntomatology and patient's prognosis. Generally, average survival in these patients is poor due to metastasic progression, among 1 to 1 and a half years. We present a case report of secondary priapism for direct bladder carcinoma's invasion of the corpora cavernousum. A total penectomy due to a penile infected necrosis was required.

[Closure of a neobladder-vaginal fistula in a patient with Studer's type neobladder using a transvaginal approach with interposition of a Martius' flap]. / Cierre de fístula neovésico-vaginal en paciente con neovejiga tipo Studer mediante abordaje transvaginal con interposición de colgajo de Martius.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of neobladder-vaginal fistula in a patient, and its closure using a Martius flap interposition. METHODS: A 51-year-old patient required cystectomy and Studer's neobladder for invasive bladder adenocarcinoma. After urethral catheter removal she presented constant leakage and was diagnosed by cystoscopy of neobladder-vaginal fistula. RESULTS: This complication was successfully treated using a vaginal approach with closure in two layers and interposition of a Martius flap. CONCLUSIONS: Neobladder is a rare indication in women, as it is the eventuality of presenting this type of fistula. The adequate approach to treat it is still controversial. In our experience and after reviewing literature we think vaginal closure using a Martius flap interposition is a good technique to treat a neobladder-vaginal fistula.

Priapismo secundario a infiltración peneana por contigüidad decarcinoma vesical infiltrante / Priapism secondary to penis infiltration of bladder cancer

El priapismo de origen metastático es una entidad muy poco frecuente, que se produce por implantación de células tumorales o bien por invasión directa por contigüidad principalmente de los cuerpos cavernosos. Hasta en un 80% de los casos el origen de los tumores primarios es genitourinario, principalmente por tumores prostáticos y vesicales. El tratamiento dependerá de la sintomatología que produzca y del pronóstico del paciente. Pero generalmente, la supervivencia al año es muy pobre debido a que presentan una neoplasia en fase metastásica. Presentamos un caso de priapismo secundario a invasión por contigüidad de los cuerpos cavernosos de un carcinoma vesical, al que fue necesario realizarle una penectomía total por necrosis purulenta del glande asociada (AU)

Metastasic priapism is a rare entity produced by tumor cell implantation or direct infiltration of corpora cavernousum of the penis. In up to 80% of cases the primary tumor has an urological origen like prostate or bladder cancers. Treatment depends on syntomatology and patient’s prognosis. Generally, average survival in these patients is poor due to metastasic progression, among 1 to 1 and a half years. We present a case report of secondary priapism for direct bladder carcinoma’s invasion of the corpora cavernousum. A total penectomy due to a penile infected necrosis was required (AU)

Cierre de fístula neovésical-vaginal en paciente con neovejiga tipo Studer mediante abordaje transvaginal con interposición de colgajo de Martius / Closure of a neobladder-vaginal fistula in a patient with Studer’s type neobladder using a transvaginal approach with interposition of a Martius’ flap

OBJETIVO: Presentamos el caso de una fístula neovésico-vaginal en una paciente, así como su cierre mediante interposición de colgajo de Martius. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de este tipo de complicaciones.MÉTODOS: Paciente de 51 años que requirió de una cistectomía y neovejiga tipo Studer por adenocarcinoma vesical infiltrante. Tras la retirada de la sonda uretral presentó incontinencia urinaria y fue diagnosticada mediante cistoscopia de una fístula neovésico-vaginal RESULTADOS: Dicha complicación se resolvió de forma exitosa por abordaje vaginal mediante el cierre en dos planos y la interposición de un colgajo de Martius.CONCLUSIONES: La creación de una neovejiga es una indicación poco frecuente en mujeres, como también lo es la eventualidad de presentar este tipo de fístulas, y la mejor vía de abordaje para tratarlas es aún tema de discusión. En nuestra experiencia y tras revisar la literatura pensamos que el cierre vaginal con interposición de colgajo de Martius es una buena técnica para tratar la fístula neovésico-vaginal(AU)

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of neobladder-vaginal fistula in a patient, and its closure using a Martius flap interposition.METHODS: A 51 year old patient required cystectomy and Studer’s neobladder for invasive bladder adenocarcinoma. After urethral catheter removal she presented constant leakage and was diagnosed by cystoscopy of neobladder-vaginal fistula.RESULTS: This complication was successfully treated using a vaginal approach with closure in two layers and interposition of a Martius flap .CONCLUSIONS: Neobladder is a rare indication in women, as it is the eventuality of presenting this type of fistula. The adequate approach to treat it is still controversial. In our experience and after reviewing literature we think vaginal closure using a Martius flap interposition is a good technique to treat a neobladder-vaginal fistula(AU)

[Laparoscopic radical cystectomy in clinically localized (T2) bladder tumors]. / Cistectomía radical laparoscópica en los tumores vesicales clínicamente localizados (T2).

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy has been developed after the expansion of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. This technique makes possible a minimally invasive approach to muscle-invasive bladder cancer with less blood loss and faster postoperative recovery. METHODS: From September 2004 to January 2007, 54 laparoscopic radical cystectomies were performed, 48 of them in stage T2, from which 43 (90%) were male and 5 (10%) female patients. Mean age was 64 years (27-881. Lymphadenectomy was carried out by laparoscopic approach in all cases, with a mean of 13 nodes obtained (4-24). Urinary diversion was done through the incision needed to extract the specimen in all cases but one that was completed completely intracorporeally; constructing a Bricker-type ureteroileostomy in 30 (62%) cases, orthotopic neobladder (Vesica Ileale Padovana) in 17 cases (35%), and cutaneous ureterostomy in 1 case (2%). RESULTS: Mean surgical time for the whole procedure was 287 minutes (180-480), 270 minutes for Bricker-type derivation cases and 316 minutes for neobladder cases. Blood transfusion rate was 25%. Mean ileal paralysis was 5 days (2-10) with a mean hospital stay of 13 days (6-34) for Bricker cases and 16 days (8-30) for neobladder cases. Oncological control, after a mean follow-up of 10,8 months (0,4-30), showed a cancer-specific survival of 90% with a mean survival time of 28 months (95% CI 26-30). Global mean survival was 79% with a mean survival of 26 months (95% CI 23-29). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a feasible technique that offers some advantages. It allows excision with less blood loss and an easier postoperative period. Randomized studies should demonstrate these advantages to confirm this approach as the technique of choice. Urinary diversion performed through the laparotomy incision, necessary to extract the specimen, optimizes derivation results and whole surgical time without reducing the beneficial effects of the laparoscopic exeresis.