Contribution of Academician L. M. Shabad in the theory and practice of preventing cancer from exposure to carcinogenic agents (Leningrad period).

The article is devoted to the Leningrad period of activity of Academician Leon Manusovich Shabad, his contribution to the theory and practice of preventing cancer from exposure to carcinogenic agents.

[The founder of Russian oncology - N.N.Petrov].

In December, 2016 it will be 140 years since the birth of N. N. Petrov - the outstanding figure of native oncology who laid the foundation of the new practical and scientific direction of works in the USSR in the XX century executed.

[Institute of Oncology during the war and the siege of Leningrad].

There is described the activities of employees of the NN Petrov Institute of Oncology during the Great Patriotic War and the siege of Leningrad.

[Experimental study of the effect of benzidinsulfon, included in the group of diaminodifenils, with potential carcinogenic effects].

There was performed a study of carcinogenicity of benzidinsulfon (4.4'-diaminodiphenil sulfone) in rats and mice. Experimental animals (99 mice and 99 rats, approximately equally divided by sex) received the drug throughout the life by subcutaneous injections (once a week) or addition to food (5 times a week). A single dose per animal in rats was: subcutaneous administration--50 mg (in females it was reduced due to the toxicity after beginning of the experiment to 25 mg) in 0.5 ml of oil, while feeding--20 mg in 0 5 ml of oil; in mice--respectively 5 mg in 0.2 ml of oil, and 2 mg in 0, 2 ml of oil. The maximum amount of a substance when administered subcutaneously to male rats was 5.65 g, to female rats--2, 68 g, when fed to rats 12.44 g, when injected subcutaneously in mice--380 mg, when fed--737 mg. The survival of experimental animals was significantly reduced as compared to the intact control because of the toxic effect of the drug, preferably chronic nephrosis with nephritic component and secondary nephrosclerosis and as well as miocardiosclerosis and aortic sclerosis. Frequency and timing of detection of tumors in experimental animals was not significantly different from that observed in the control that indicated the absence of carcinogenic features of benzidinsulfon.

[Effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, cyclophosphamide and their combination on the growth of autochthonous sarcomas of mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene].

Antifibrinolytic drug epsilon-aminocaproic acid as a therapeutic form (5% solution in saline) was tested for antitumor activity in the autochthonous subcutaneous tumors of mice, induced by benzo (a) pyrene, in monotherapy mode (instead animals received drinking water) and in combination with cyclophosphamide, which was administered once intraperitoneally in the dose of 200 mg/kg. In the control groups, treated with drinking water and saline solution instead of water, there was no stabilization and reduction in tumor volume, while in the groups receiving epsilon-aminocaproic acid, cyclophosphamide and their combination statistically significantly in comparison with the control groups there was increased the proportion of tumors with not changed or reduced volume; epsilon-aminocaproic acid enhanced the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide. The data obtained are for further study of the antitumor effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid.

[Immunological studies at the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology (100th anniversary of birth of Prof. T.A. Korosteleva)].

Historical essay devoted to the life and work of Professor Tamara Alexandrovna Korosteleva (1913-1991), the former Head of the Laboratory of Oncoimmunology at the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg.

[The effect of sodium fluoroacetate and metformin on the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide on the autochthonous mice sarcoma model].

Previously it was found that sodium fluoroacetate (SF) inhibited the growth of the Ehrlich cancer by means of monotherapy and enhanced the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) in experiments with autochthonous subcutaneous tumors induced by benzo (a) pyrene. In this study a comparison of the antitumor activity of SF and metformin showed that both substances did not have significant effect in monotherapy but enhanced the effect of CP, increasing the percentage of tumors with the same or reduced volume. Besides, SF, unlike metformin increased the average duration of effect. The data obtained promoted further study of the mechanism of the antitumor effect of SF and the search effective combination with already known antitumor drugs.

[In memory of A.O. Vereshchinskii--a great colleague with a tragic fate at the N. N. Petrov Oncology Research Institute--at the 120th anniversary of his birth].

The most tragic for the history of any community is a loss of memory or its distortion. Unfortunately we often forget that we grow on the shoulders of previous generations, on their achievements and mistakes. In this regard it would be good to remember our friend, colleague A.O.Vereshchynsky who would have been 120 this year.

[Effect of sodium fluoroacetate on Ehrlich solid tumor and autochthonous sarcoma growth in mice].

Due to biochemical characteristics of toxic action of fluoroacetate on energetics and metabolism of cells, including tumor cells, it was interesting to testify sodium fluoroacetate (SFA) for its antitumor activity in vivo. We have estimated that SFA significantly inhibits growth of Ehrlich tumor carcinoma. In experiments with autochthonous induced by benzo[a]pyrene subcutaneous tumors, SFA was not active in monotherapy regime, though potentiated antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide, significantly increasing the relative number of mice with stabilized or decreased tumor volume as well as the duration of this effect. The data obtained render basis for additional studies of mechanism of antitumor effect of SFA.

[The effect of vilon (Lys-Glu) on 1.2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia].

The influence of vilon (Lys-Glu) on 1.2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia in mice has been studied. After treatment with 10 microg/kg, tumors developed in 14.3% which survived until first tumor detection (46 weeks) while, in control group, tumors occurred in 60%. Vilon-related inhibition of preneoplastic alterations in the kidneys was reported.

[Experimental study of ortho-toluidine carcinogenicity]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie kantserogennoi opasnosti orto-toluidina.

Ortho-toluidine carcinogenicity has been tested in chronic experiments using mice, rats and dogs. Tumors were induced in 19% of mice (lung and kidney adenomas, leukemia), rats--40% (subcutaneous fat tumors, mammary fibroadenomas, leukemia, renal tumors and hepatic sarcoma). Bladder tumors developed in two dogs after 9 and 10 years of experiment. Both literature and experimental evidence point to o-toluidine as a hazard to humans.

[Use of Azopiram for rapid diagnosis of epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder (experimental data)]. / Ob ispol'zovanii reaktiva "Azopiram" dlia ékspress-diagnostiki épitelial'nykh opukholei mochevogo puzyria (po materialam éksperimental'nykh issledovanii).

Correlation of development of tumor pathology and macro- and microhematuria was investigated in the experiments using 50 male rats with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosoamine-induced tumors of the urinary bladder. Our highly-sensitive agent Azopiram was employed to monitor hematuria. Microhematuria, which subsequently developed into macrohematuria as tumor matured and turned malignant, was identified as early as at such incipient neoplastic changes as focal hyperplasia of the urothelium and micropapillomatosis. The test can be used outside clinic as a measure of self-control in recurrent cancer of the urinary bladder.

[Effect of olipifate on the wound healing proces and relapse after resection of Pliss lymphosarcoma]. / O vliianoe olipifata na protsessy zazhivleniia ran i retsidivirovanie posle rezekstii limfosarkomy Plissa.

The investigation was concerned with the influence of preliminary injections of Olipiphat, irrigation of operative wound and combination of both procedures on healing and relapse processes, following resection of Pliss lymphosarcoma at different stages after transplantation into rats. The physical condition of the animals after tumor resection on days 12, 10 or 7 of tumor growth was better than in controls, as a result of irrigation of the operative wound with Olipiphat or in combination with preliminary injections of the drug: they came out from anesthesia quicker, tidied themselves up and moved about the cage. Irrigation of the wound with Olipiphat or in combination with preliminary injections followed by longer survival after surgery performed at all stages of tumor growth. Moreover, one animal out of 16 in each of the 4 Olipiphat-treated groups survived 60 days recurrence-free. The drug proved more effective in stimulating the healing of larger wounds but contributed to healing by first intention in all cases.