Body mass index in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus: follow-up at 2, 4, 6, and 8 years of age / Índice de masa corporal en hijos de madres con diabetes mellitus: seguimiento a los 2, 4, 6 y 8 años de edad

Abstract Background: Offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy may be at high risk for developmental alterations. This study aimed to identify the effects of maternal pre- and gestational diabetes on the body mass index of infants and children at two, four, six, and eight years of age. Methods: We studied children of mothers with type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes and a control group. Maternal and neonatal variables were analyzed for associations with children overweight/obesity. Results: Mothers with DM were older than controls (32 ± 6 vs. 22 ± 6 years, p < 0.001). The frequency of preeclampsia in mothers with DM was 28%. Gestational age and weight at birth were lower in infants from the groups of mothers with DM in comparison with controls (32.8 ± 3.1 vs. 36.4 ± 2.2 weeks, p < 0.001, and 1,637 ± 600 vs. 2,208 ± 518 g, p < 0.001, respectively). At 8 years of age, 47% of the offspring of mothers with DM type 2 had overweight/obesity (odds ratio (OR 8.25) 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-51, p = 0.01), while 27% of offspring of mothers with type 1 DM had overweight/obesity, and 10% of offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes presented overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Offspring of pre-gestational DM mothers have a higher risk to develop overweight/obesity, as was observed with follow-up until school age, for which they require continuous vigilance.

Resumen Introducción: Los hijos de madres con diabetes mellitus durante el embarazo pueden tener un alto riesgo de alteraciones del desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar los efectos de la diabetes pregestacional y gestacional en el índice de masa corporal de niños a los 2, 4, 6 y 8 años de edad. Métodos: Se estudiaron los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 1, 2 y gestacional, así como un grupo control. Se analizaron las variables maternas y neonatales en búsqueda de una asociación con sobrepeso u obesidad en los niños. Resultados: La edad de las madres con diabetes mellitus fue mayor que la del grupo control (32 ± 6 vs. 22 ± 6 años, p < 0.001). La frecuencia de preeclampsia en las madres con diabetes mellitus fue del 28%. La edad gestacional y el peso al nacer fueron menores en los hijos de las madres con diabetes en comparación con los controles (32.8 ± 3.1 vs 36.4 ± 2.2 semanas, p < 0.001, y 1,637 ± 600 vs. 2,208 ± 518 g, p < 0.001, respectivamente). A los 8 años, el 47% de los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 2 tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad (RM: 8.25; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.3-51; p = 0.01), frente al 27% de los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 1 y el 10% de los hijos de madres con diabetes gestacional. Conclusiones: Los hijos de madres con diabetes pregestacional presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad, como se observó en el seguimiento hasta la edad escolar, por lo que requieren una vigilancia continua.

Body mass index in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus: follow-up at 2, 4, 6, and 8 years of age.

Background: Offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy may be at high risk for developmental alterations. This study aimed to identify the effects of maternal pre- and gestational diabetes on the body mass index of infants and children at two, four, six, and eight years of age. Methods: We studied children of mothers with type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes and a control group. Maternal and neonatal variables were analyzed for associations with children overweight/obesity. Results: Mothers with DM were older than controls (32 ± 6 vs. 22 ± 6 years, p < 0.001). The frequency of preeclampsia in mothers with DM was 28%. Gestational age and weight at birth were lower in infants from the groups of mothers with DM in comparison with controls (32.8 ± 3.1 vs. 36.4 ± 2.2 weeks, p < 0.001, and 1,637 ± 600 vs. 2,208 ± 518 g, p < 0.001, respectively). At 8 years of age, 47% of the offspring of mothers with DM type 2 had overweight/obesity (odds ratio (OR 8.25) 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-51, p = 0.01), while 27% of offspring of mothers with type 1 DM had overweight/obesity, and 10% of offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes presented overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Offspring of pre-gestational DM mothers have a higher risk to develop overweight/obesity, as was observed with follow-up until school age, for which they require continuous vigilance.

Introducción: Los hijos de madres con diabetes mellitus durante el embarazo pueden tener un alto riesgo de alteraciones del desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar los efectos de la diabetes pregestacional y gestacional en el índice de masa corporal de niños a los 2, 4, 6 y 8 años de edad. Métodos: Se estudiaron los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 1, 2 y gestacional, así como un grupo control. Se analizaron las variables maternas y neonatales en búsqueda de una asociación con sobrepeso u obesidad en los niños. Resultados: La edad de las madres con diabetes mellitus fue mayor que la del grupo control (32 ± 6 vs. 22 ± 6 años, p < 0.001). La frecuencia de preeclampsia en las madres con diabetes mellitus fue del 28%. La edad gestacional y el peso al nacer fueron menores en los hijos de las madres con diabetes en comparación con los controles (32.8 ± 3.1 vs 36.4 ± 2.2 semanas, p < 0.001, y 1,637 ± 600 vs. 2,208 ± 518 g, p < 0.001, respectivamente). A los 8 años, el 47% de los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 2 tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad (RM: 8.25; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.3-51; p = 0.01), frente al 27% de los hijos de madres con diabetes tipo 1 y el 10% de los hijos de madres con diabetes gestacional. Conclusiones: Los hijos de madres con diabetes pregestacional presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad, como se observó en el seguimiento hasta la edad escolar, por lo que requieren una vigilancia continua.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM LEPTIN LEVELS AND WEIGHT GAIN IN GIRLS WITH CENTRAL PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AT 1-YEAR FOLLOW-UP.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with central precocious puberty (CPP) may have increased serum leptin levels; however, it is not well known whether this increase differs between patients with and without obesity. Our objectives were to describe the changes in serum leptin in girls with CPP in the first 12 months after diagnosis based on body mass index (BMI) and to explore whether serum leptin level at CPP diagnosis is related to BMI z-score (BMIz) after a 1-year follow-up. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed. We included 42 girls with idiopathic CPP in Tanner stages II and III. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and serum leptin was measured at study initiation and after 12 months. Patients were stratified according to BMI category (30 with a BMI in the <94th percentile and 12 with a BMI in the >95th percentile). Study variables were compared. Correlations among leptin, BMIz, and body fat were assessed. RESULTS: Leptin increased gradually during the first year of treatment. In girls with a BMI in the <94th percentile at diagnosis, body fat percentage increased gradually during the first year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Girls with a BMI in the <94th percentile have a greater risk of weight increase. Leptin level >10.5 ng/dL at diagnosis is a risk factor for weight gain after 1 year. ABBREVIATIONS: BMI = body mass index BMIz = BMI z-score CPP = central precocious puberty GnRHa = gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue.

Serum testosterone and electroencephalography spectra in developmental male rhesus Macaca mulatta monkeys.

BACKGROUND: The main objectives in this work were to determine whether the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and electroencephalography (EEG) develop mental change observed in human males is also present in Macaca mulatta and, if so, to determine which frequency bands are involved and which regions change in pre-pubertal monkeys as a function of serum testosterone concentration. METHODS: Nine healthy monkeys were divided into three groups according to age. Serum testosterone was measured using immunoenzymatic chemiluminescent assay. EEG results were processed using Fast Fourier transform; average relative spectral power analysis was calculated and separated into delta and theta bands. RESULTS: The main findings were higher delta relative power in temporal area of the youngest group. Significant positive correlations were observed between serum testosterone levels and theta relative power across the entire scalp, and between theta relative power at frontal and temporal locations and in negative direction between delta relative power in temporal areas. Partial correlations controlling for cephalic perimeter remained significant between testosterone and total theta relative power and theta relative power in temporal areas. Partial correlations remained significant for theta relative power controlling for age at temporal locations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that testosterone may be a significant covariate in EEG development in Macaca mulatta males.