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Objective: Dysregulated glucagon secretion and inadequate functional beta cell mass are hallmark features of diabetes. While glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism ameliorates hyperglycemia and elicits beta cell regeneration in pre-clinical models of diabetes, it also promotes alpha and delta cell hyperplasia. We sought to investigate the mechanism by which loss of glucagon action impacts pancreatic islet non-alpha cells, and the relevance of these observations in a human islet context. Methods: We used zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets comprising six different models of interrupted glucagon signaling to examine their impact on delta and beta cell proliferation and mass. We also used models with global deficiency of the cationic amino acid transporter, SLC7A2, and mTORC1 inhibition via rapamycin, to determine whether amino acid-dependent nutrient sensing was required for islet non-alpha cell growth. Results: Inhibition of glucagon signaling stimulated delta cell proliferation in mouse and transplanted human islets, and in mouse islets. This was rapamycin-sensitive and required SLC7A2. Likewise, gcgr deficiency augmented beta cell proliferation via SLC7A2- and mTORC1-dependent mechanisms in zebrafish and promoted cell cycle engagement in rodent beta cells but was insufficient to drive a significant increase in beta cell mass in mice. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that interruption of glucagon signaling augments islet non-alpha cell proliferation in zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets in a manner requiring SLC7A2 and mTORC1 activation. An increase in delta cell mass may be leveraged for future beta cell regeneration therapies relying upon delta cell reprogramming.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, is characterized by dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet ß cells1,2. T2D genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of signals in non-coding and ß cell regulatory genomic regions, but deciphering their biological mechanisms remains challenging3-5. Here, to identify early disease-driving events, we performed traditional and multiplexed pancreatic tissue imaging, sorted-islet cell transcriptomics and islet functional analysis of early-stage T2D and control donors. By integrating diverse modalities, we show that early-stage T2D is characterized by ß cell-intrinsic defects that can be proportioned into gene regulatory modules with enrichment in signals of genetic risk. After identifying the ß cell hub gene and transcription factor RFX6 within one such module, we demonstrated multiple layers of genetic risk that converge on an RFX6-mediated network to reduce insulin secretion by ß cells. RFX6 perturbation in primary human islet cells alters ß cell chromatin architecture at regions enriched for T2D GWAS signals, and population-scale genetic analyses causally link genetically predicted reduced RFX6 expression with increased T2D risk. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of complex, systemic diseases necessitates integration of signals from multiple molecules, cells, organs and individuals, and thus we anticipate that this approach will be a useful template to identify and validate key regulatory networks and master hub genes for other diseases or traits using GWAS data.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Humanos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Separação Celular , Cromatina/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Interrupting glucagon signaling decreases gluconeogenesis and the fractional extraction of amino acids by liver from blood resulting in lower glycemia. The resulting hyperaminoacidemia stimulates α cell proliferation and glucagon secretion via a liver-α cell axis. We hypothesized that α cells detect and respond to circulating amino acids levels via a unique amino acid transporter repertoire. We found that Slc7a2ISLC7A2 is the most highly expressed cationic amino acid transporter in α cells with its expression being three-fold greater in α than ß cells in both mouse and human. Employing cell culture, zebrafish, and knockout mouse models, we found that the cationic amino acid arginine and SLC7A2 are required for α cell proliferation in response to interrupted glucagon signaling. Ex vivo and in vivo assessment of islet function in Slc7a2-/- mice showed decreased arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion. We found that arginine activation of mTOR signaling and induction of the glutamine transporter SLC38A5 was dependent on SLC7A2, showing that both's role in α cell proliferation is dependent on arginine transport and SLC7A2. Finally, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC7A2 associated with HbA1c. Together, these data indicate a central role for SLC7A2 in amino acid-stimulated α cell proliferation and islet hormone secretion.
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Clinical and pathologic heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes is increasingly being recognized. Findings in the islets and pancreas of a 22-year-old male with 8 years of type 1 diabetes were discordant with expected results and clinical history (islet autoantibodies negative, hemoglobin A1c 11.9%) and led to comprehensive investigation to define the functional, molecular, genetic, and architectural features of the islets and pancreas to understand the cause of the donor's diabetes. Examination of the donor's pancreatic tissue found substantial but reduced ß-cell mass with some islets devoid of ß cells (29.3% of 311 islets) while other islets had many ß cells. Surprisingly, isolated islets from the donor pancreas had substantial insulin secretion, which is uncommon for type 1 diabetes of this duration. Targeted and whole-genome sequencing and analysis did not uncover monogenic causes of diabetes but did identify high-risk human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and a genetic risk score suggestive of type 1 diabetes. Further review of pancreatic tissue found islet inflammation and some previously described α-cell molecular features seen in type 1 diabetes. By integrating analysis of isolated islets, histological evaluation of the pancreas, and genetic information, we concluded that the donor's clinical insulin deficiency was most likely the result autoimmune-mediated ß-cell loss but that the constellation of findings was not typical for type 1 diabetes. This report highlights the pathologic and functional heterogeneity that can be present in type 1 diabetes.
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Islet-enriched transcription factors (TFs) exert broad control over cellular processes in pancreatic α and ß cells, and changes in their expression are associated with developmental state and diabetes. However, the implications of heterogeneity in TF expression across islet cell populations are not well understood. To define this TF heterogeneity and its consequences for cellular function, we profiled more than 40,000 cells from normal human islets by single-cell RNA-Seq and stratified α and ß cells based on combinatorial TF expression. Subpopulations of islet cells coexpressing ARX/MAFB (α cells) and MAFA/MAFB (ß cells) exhibited greater expression of key genes related to glucose sensing and hormone secretion relative to subpopulations expressing only one or neither TF. Moreover, all subpopulations were identified in native pancreatic tissue from multiple donors. By Patch-Seq, MAFA/MAFB-coexpressing ß cells showed enhanced electrophysiological activity. Thus, these results indicate that combinatorial TF expression in islet α and ß cells predicts highly functional, mature subpopulations.
Assuntos
Células Secretoras de Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Adulto , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos , Expressão Gênica , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/fisiologia , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição Maf Maior/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Maf Maior/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição MafB/genética , Fator de Transcrição MafB/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , Transcriptoma , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Endogenous ß cell regeneration could alleviate diabetes, but proliferative stimuli within the islet microenvironment are incompletely understood. We previously found that ß cell recovery following hypervascularization-induced ß cell loss involves interactions with endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages (MΦs). Here we show that proliferative ECs modulate MΦ infiltration and phenotype during ß cell loss, and recruited MΦs are essential for ß cell recovery. Furthermore, VEGFR2 inactivation in quiescent ECs accelerates islet vascular regression during ß cell recovery and leads to increased ß cell proliferation without changes in MΦ phenotype or number. Transcriptome analysis of ß cells, ECs, and MΦs reveals that ß cell proliferation coincides with elevated expression of extracellular matrix remodeling molecules and growth factors likely driving activation of proliferative signaling pathways in ß cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a new ß cell regeneration paradigm whereby coordinated interactions between intra-islet MΦs, ECs, and extracellular matrix mediate ß cell self-renewal.
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We evaluated the potential for a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the glucagon receptor (Ab-4) to maintain glucose homeostasis in type 1 diabetic rodents. We noted durable and sustained improvements in glycemia which persist long after treatment withdrawal. Ab-4 promoted ß-cell survival and enhanced the recovery of insulin+ islet mass with concomitant increases in circulating insulin and C peptide. In PANIC-ATTAC mice, an inducible model of ß-cell apoptosis which allows for robust assessment of ß-cell regeneration following caspase-8-induced diabetes, Ab-4 drove a 6.7-fold increase in ß-cell mass. Lineage tracing suggests that this restoration of functional insulin-producing cells was at least partially driven by α-cell-to-ß-cell conversion. Following hyperglycemic onset in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, Ab-4 treatment promoted improvements in C-peptide levels and insulin+ islet mass was dramatically increased. Lastly, diabetic mice receiving human islet xenografts showed stable improvements in glycemic control and increased human insulin secretion.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Glucagon/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peptídeo C/metabolismo , Linhagem da Célula/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdiferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Expressão Gênica , Glucagon/antagonistas & inibidores , Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/patologia , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiologia , Transplante das Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Glucagon/genética , Receptores de Glucagon/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Individuals with longstanding and recent-onset type 1 diabetes have a smaller pancreas. Since beta cells represent a very small portion of the pancreas, the loss of pancreas volume in diabetes is primarily due to the loss of pancreatic exocrine mass. However, the structural changes in the exocrine pancreas in diabetes are not well understood. METHODS: To characterise the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine compartments in diabetes, we studied pancreases from adult donors with type 1 diabetes compared with similarly aged donors without diabetes. Islet cell mass, islet morphometry, exocrine mass, acinar cell size and number and pancreas fibrosis were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. To better understand possible mechanisms of altered pancreas size, we measured pancreas size in three mouse models of insulin deficiency. RESULTS: Pancreases from donors with type 1 diabetes were approximately 45% smaller than those from donors without diabetes (47.4 ± 2.6 vs 85.7 ± 3.7 g), independent of diabetes duration or age of onset. Diabetic donor pancreases had decreased beta cell mass (0.061 ± 0.025 vs 0.94 ± 0.21 g) and reduced total exocrine mass (42.0 ± 4.9 vs 96.1 ± 6.5 g). Diabetic acinar cells were similar in size but fewer in number compared with those in pancreases from non-diabetic donors (63.7 ± 8.1 × 109 vs 121.6 ± 12.2 × 109 cells/pancreas), likely accounting for the difference in pancreas size. Within the type 1 diabetes exocrine tissue, there was a greater degree of fibrosis. The pancreases in three mouse models of insulin deficiency were similar in size to those in control mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Pancreases from donors with type 1 diabetes are smaller than normal donor pancreases because exocrine cells are fewer in number rather than smaller in size; these changes occur early in the disease process. Our mouse data suggest that decreased pancreas size in type 1 diabetes is not directly caused by insulin deficiency, but the precise mechanism responsible remains unclear.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Pâncreas Exócrino/metabolismo , Células Acinares/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Pâncreas/metabolismoRESUMO
Selective inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) are widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and act primarily to lower blood glucose by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidney. However, it is controversial whether these agents also act on the pancreatic islet, specifically the α cell, to increase glucagon secretion. To determine the effects of SGLT2 on human islets, we analyzed SGLT2 expression and hormone secretion by human islets treated with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) in vitro and in vivo. Compared to the human kidney, SLC5A2 transcript expression was 1600-fold lower in human islets and SGLT2 protein was not detected. In vitro, DAPA treatment had no effect on glucagon or insulin secretion by human islets at either high or low glucose concentrations. In mice bearing transplanted human islets, 1 and 4 weeks of DAPA treatment did not alter fasting blood glucose, human insulin, and total glucagon levels. Upon glucose stimulation, DAPA treatment led to lower blood glucose levels and proportionally lower human insulin levels, irrespective of treatment duration. In contrast, after glucose stimulation, total glucagon was increased after 1 week of DAPA treatment but normalized after 4 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, the human islet grafts showed no effects of DAPA treatment on hormone content, endocrine cell proliferation or apoptosis, or amyloid deposition. These data indicate that DAPA does not directly affect the human pancreatic islet, but rather suggest an indirect effect where lower blood glucose leads to reduced insulin secretion and a transient increase in glucagon secretion.
Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos/farmacologia , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/metabolismo , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade da Espécie , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The G6PC1, G6PC2 and G6PC3 genes encode distinct glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) isoforms. In mice, germline deletion of G6pc2 lowers fasting blood glucose (FBG) without affecting fasting plasma insulin (FPI) while, in isolated islets, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glucose cycling are abolished and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is enhanced at submaximal but not high glucose. These observations are all consistent with a model in which G6PC2 regulates the sensitivity of GSIS to glucose by opposing the action of glucokinase. G6PC2 is highly expressed in human and mouse islet beta cells however, various studies have shown trace G6PC2 expression in multiple tissues raising the possibility that G6PC2 also affects FBG through non-islet cell actions. Using real-time PCR we show here that expression of G6pc1 and/or G6pc3 are much greater than G6pc2 in peripheral tissues, whereas G6pc2 expression is much higher than G6pc3 in both pancreas and islets with G6pc1 expression not detected. In adult mice, beta cell-specific deletion of G6pc2 was sufficient to reduce FBG without changing FPI. In addition, electronic health record-derived phenotype analyses showed no association between G6PC2 expression and phenotypes clearly unrelated to islet function in humans. Finally, we show that germline G6pc2 deletion enhances glycolysis in mouse islets and that glucose cycling can also be detected in human islets. These observations are all consistent with a mechanism by which G6PC2 action in islets is sufficient to regulate the sensitivity of GSIS to glucose and hence influence FBG without affecting FPI.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Glucose-6-Fosfatase/genética , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/genética , Células Cultivadas , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Jejum/sangue , Deleção de Genes , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Glucose-6-Fosfatase/metabolismo , Humanos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Especificidade de Órgãos/genéticaRESUMO
Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common and significant complication related to immunosuppressive agents required to prevent organ or cell transplant rejection. To elucidate the effects of 2 commonly used agents, the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (TAC) and the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus (SIR), on islet function and test whether these effects could be reversed or prevented, we investigated human islets transplanted into immunodeficient mice treated with TAC or SIR at clinically relevant levels. Both TAC and SIR impaired insulin secretion in fasted and/or stimulated conditions. Treatment with TAC or SIR increased amyloid deposition and islet macrophages, disrupted insulin granule formation, and induced broad transcriptional dysregulation related to peptide processing, ion/calcium flux, and the extracellular matrix; however, it did not affect regulation of ß cell mass. Interestingly, these ß cell abnormalities reversed after withdrawal of drug treatment. Furthermore, cotreatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist completely prevented TAC-induced ß cell dysfunction and partially prevented SIR-induced ß cell dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of both calcineurin and mTOR signaling in normal human ß cell function in vivo and suggest that modulation of these pathways may prevent or ameliorate PTDM.
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Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Sirolimo/farmacologia , Tacrolimo/farmacologia , Animais , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus , Rejeição de Enxerto , Humanos , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transplante das Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Masculino , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Using an integrated approach to characterize the pancreatic tissue and isolated islets from a 33-year-old with 17 years of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we found that donor islets contained ß cells without insulitis and lacked glucose-stimulated insulin secretion despite a normal insulin response to cAMP-evoked stimulation. With these unexpected findings for T1D, we sequenced the donor DNA and found a pathogenic heterozygous variant in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1A). In one of the first studies of human pancreatic islets with a disease-causing HNF1A variant associated with the most common form of monogenic diabetes, we found that HNF1A dysfunction leads to insulin-insufficient diabetes reminiscent of T1D by impacting the regulatory processes critical for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and suggest a rationale for a therapeutic alternative to current treatment.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Variação Genética , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Adolescente , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/patologia , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/biossíntese , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Identification of cell-surface markers specific to human pancreatic ß cells would allow in vivo analysis and imaging. Here we introduce a biomarker, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 (NTPDase3), that is expressed on the cell surface of essentially all adult human ß cells, including those from individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. NTPDase3 is expressed dynamically during postnatal human pancreas development, appearing first in acinar cells at birth, but several months later its expression declines in acinar cells while concurrently emerging in islet ß cells. Given its specificity and membrane localization, we utilized an NTPDase3 antibody for purification of live human ß cells as confirmed by transcriptional profiling, and, in addition, for in vivo imaging of transplanted human ß cells. Thus, NTPDase3 is a cell-surface biomarker of adult human ß cells, and the antibody directed to this protein should be a useful new reagent for ß cell sorting, in vivo imaging, and targeting.
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Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Adulto , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Pâncreas/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) arise from unrestrained activation of effector lymphocytes that destroy target tissues. Many efforts have been made to eliminate these effector lymphocytes, but none has produced a long-term cure. An alternative to depletion therapy is to enhance endogenous immune regulation. Among these endogenous alternatives, naturally occurring Igs have been applied for inflammatory disorders but have lacked potency in antigen-specific autoimmunity. We hypothesized that naturally occurring polyclonal IgMs, which represent the majority of circulating, noninduced antibodies but are present only in low levels in therapeutic Ig preparations, possess the most potent capacity to restore immune homeostasis. Treatment of diabetes-prone NOD mice with purified IgM isolated from Swiss Webster (SW) mice (nIgMSW) reversed new-onset diabetes, eliminated autoreactive B lymphocytes, and enhanced regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers both centrally and peripherally. Conversely, IgM from prediabetic NOD mice could not restore this endogenous regulation, which represents an unrecognized component of T1D pathogenesis. Of note, IgM derived from healthy human donors was similarly able to expand human CD4 Tregs in humanized mice and produced permanent diabetes protection in treated NOD mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate that a potent, endogenous regulatory mechanism, nIgM, is a promising option for reversing autoimmune T1D in humans.
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Linfócitos B/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulina M/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NODRESUMO
ß-Cells derived from stem cells hold great promise for cell replacement therapy for diabetes. Here we examine the ability of nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESs) derived from a patient with type 1 diabetes to differentiate into ß-cells and provide a source of autologous islets for cell replacement. NT-ESs differentiate in vitro with an average efficiency of 55% into C-peptide-positive cells, expressing markers of mature ß-cells, including MAFA and NKX6.1. Upon transplantation in immunodeficient mice, grafted cells form vascularized islet-like structures containing MAFA/C-peptide-positive cells. These ß-cells adapt insulin secretion to ambient metabolite status and show normal insulin processing. Importantly, NT-ES-ß-cells maintain normal blood glucose levels after ablation of the mouse endogenous ß-cells. Cystic structures, but no teratomas, were observed in NT-ES-ß-cell grafts. Isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell lines showed greater variability in ß-cell differentiation. Even though different methods of somatic cell reprogramming result in stem cell lines that are molecularly indistinguishable, full differentiation competence is more common in ES cell lines than in induced pluripotent stem cell lines. These results demonstrate the suitability of NT-ES-ß-cells for cell replacement for type 1 diabetes and provide proof of principle for therapeutic cloning combined with cell therapy.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/citologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/fisiologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Glucose/farmacologia , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Imuno-Histoquímica , Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição Maf Maior/metabolismo , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Inadequate pancreatic ß cell function underlies type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Strategies to expand functional cells have focused on discovering and controlling mechanisms that limit the proliferation of human ß cells. Here, we developed an engraftment strategy to examine age-associated human islet cell replication competence and reveal mechanisms underlying age-dependent decline of ß cell proliferation in human islets. We found that exendin-4 (Ex-4), an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), stimulates human ß cell proliferation in juvenile but not adult islets. This age-dependent responsiveness does not reflect loss of GLP-1R signaling in adult islets, since Ex-4 treatment stimulated insulin secretion by both juvenile and adult human ß cells. We show that the mitogenic effect of Ex-4 requires calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling. In juvenile islets, Ex-4 induced expression of calcineurin/NFAT signaling components as well as target genes for proliferation-promoting factors, including NFATC1, FOXM1, and CCNA1. By contrast, expression of these factors in adult islet ß cells was not affected by Ex-4 exposure. These studies reveal age-dependent signaling mechanisms regulating human ß cell proliferation, and identify elements that could be adapted for therapeutic expansion of human ß cells.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Adulto , Animais , Ciclina A1/metabolismo , Exenatida , Feminino , Proteína Forkhead Box M1/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peçonhas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Aging is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes, resulting from reduced insulin sensitivity and secretion. Reduced insulin secretion can result from reduced proliferative capacity and reduced islet function. Mechanisms underlying altered ß-cell function in aging are poorly understood in mouse and human islets, and the impact of aging on intraislet communication has not been characterized. Here, we examine how ß-cell [Ca2+] and electrical communication are impacted during aging in mouse and human islets. Islets from human donors and from mice were studied using [Ca2+] imaging, static and perifusion insulin secretion assays, and gap junction permeability measurements. In human islets, [Ca2+] dynamics were coordinated within distinct subregions of the islet, invariant with islet size. There was a marked decline in the coordination of [Ca2+] dynamics, gap junction coupling, and insulin secretion dynamics with age. These age-dependent declines were reversed by pharmacological gap junction activation. These results show that human islet function declines with aging, which can reduce insulin action and may contribute to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiologia , Adulto , Animais , Conexinas/genética , Conexinas/metabolismo , Junções Comunicantes/fisiologia , Humanos , Secreção de Insulina , Camundongos , Proteína delta-2 de Junções ComunicantesRESUMO
Decreasing glucagon action lowers the blood glucose and may be useful therapeutically for diabetes. However, interrupted glucagon signaling leads to α cell proliferation. To identify postulated hepatic-derived circulating factor(s) responsible for α cell proliferation, we used transcriptomics/proteomics/metabolomics in three models of interrupted glucagon signaling and found that proliferation of mouse, zebrafish, and human α cells was mTOR and FoxP transcription factor dependent. Changes in hepatic amino acid (AA) catabolism gene expression predicted the observed increase in circulating AAs. Mimicking these AA levels stimulated α cell proliferation in a newly developed in vitro assay with L-glutamine being a critical AA. α cell expression of the AA transporter Slc38a5 was markedly increased in mice with interrupted glucagon signaling and played a role in α cell proliferation. These results indicate a hepatic α islet cell axis where glucagon regulates serum AA availability and AAs, especially L-glutamine, regulate α cell proliferation and mass via mTOR-dependent nutrient sensing.
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Proliferação de Células , Glucagon/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Neutros/genética , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Neutros/metabolismo , Animais , Glucagon/genética , Glutamina/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Peixe-Zebra , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Emerging evidence supports an important role for T cells in the genesis of hypertension. Because this work has predominantly been performed in experimental animals, we sought to determine whether human T cells are activated in hypertension. We used a humanized mouse model in which the murine immune system is replaced by the human immune system. Angiotensin II increased systolic pressure to 162 versus 116 mm Hg for sham-treated animals. Flow cytometry of thoracic lymph nodes, thoracic aorta, and kidney revealed increased infiltration of human leukocytes (CD45(+)) and T lymphocytes (CD3(+) and CD4(+)) in response to angiotensin II infusion. Interestingly, there was also an increase in the memory T cells (CD3(+)/CD45RO(+)) in the aortas and lymph nodes. Prevention of hypertension using hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide prevented the accumulation of T cells in these tissues. Studies of isolated human T cells and monocytes indicated that angiotensin II had no direct effect on cytokine production by T cells or the ability of dendritic cells to drive T-cell proliferation. We also observed an increase in circulating interleukin-17A producing CD4(+) T cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that produce interferon-γ in hypertensive compared with normotensive humans. Thus, human T cells become activated and invade critical end-organ tissues in response to hypertension in a humanized mouse model. This response likely reflects the hypertensive milieu encountered in vivo and is not a direct effect of the hormone angiotensin II.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/imunologia , Hipertensão/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Animais , Células Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas/imunologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/imunologia , Rim/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Aleatória , Valores de Referência , Estudos de Amostragem , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and progressive ß cell dysfunction. Excess glucose and lipid impair ß cell function in islet cell lines, cultured rodent and human islets, and in vivo rodent models. Here, we examined the mechanistic consequences of glucotoxic and lipotoxic conditions on human islets in vivo and developed and/or used 3 complementary models that allowed comparison of the effects of hyperglycemic and/or insulin-resistant metabolic stress conditions on human and mouse islets, which responded quite differently to these challenges. Hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance impaired insulin secretion only from human islets in vivo. In human grafts, chronic insulin resistance decreased antioxidant enzyme expression and increased superoxide and amyloid formation. In human islet grafts, expression of transcription factors NKX6.1 and MAFB was decreased by chronic insulin resistance, but only MAFB decreased under chronic hyperglycemia. Knockdown of NKX6.1 or MAFB expression in a human ß cell line recapitulated the insulin secretion defect seen in vivo. Contrary to rodent islet studies, neither insulin resistance nor hyperglycemia led to human ß cell proliferation or apoptosis. These results demonstrate profound differences in how excess glucose or lipid influence mouse and human insulin secretion and ß cell activity and show that reduced expression of key islet-enriched transcription factors is an important mediator of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity.