Effectiveness of tocilizumab in hospitalized moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients: a real-life study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the clinical effectiveness of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in moderate-to-severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients and factors associated with clinical response. METHODS: Five hundred eight inpatients with moderate-to-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. TCZ effect in addition to standard medical therapy was evaluated in terms of death during hospital stay. Unadjusted and adjusted risk of mortality for TCZ treated patients versus TCZ untreated ones was estimated using robust Cox regression model. We considered the combination of TCZ and ICU as time-dependent exposure and created a model using duplication method to assess the TCZ effect in very severe COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: TCZ reduced death during hospital stay in the unadjusted model (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.33-0.88) and also in the adjusted model, although with loss of statistical significance (HR 0.72, 0.43-1.20). Better effectiveness was observed in patients with low SpO2/FiO2 ratio (HR 0.35, 0.21-0.61 vs. 1.61, 0.54-4.82, P<0.05), and, without statistical significance, in patients with high CRP (HR 0.51, 0.30-0.87 vs. 0.41, 0.12-1.37, P=NS) and high IL-6 (HR 0.49, 0.29-0.82 vs. 1.00, 0.28-3.55, P=NS). TCZ was effective in patients not admitted to ICU, both in the unadjusted (HR 0.33, 0.14-0.74) and in the adjusted (HR 0.39, 0.17-0.91) model but no benefit was observed in critical ICU-admitted patients both in the unadjusted (HR 0.66, 0.37-1.15) and in the adjusted model (HR 0.95, 0.54-1.68). CONCLUSIONS: Our real-life study suggests clinical efficacy of TCZ in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients but not in end-stage disease. Thus, to enhance TCZ effectiveness, patients should be selected before grave compromise of clinical conditions.

Acute heart failure in the elderly: setting related differences in clinical features and management.

BACKGROUND: Administrative data show that acute heart failure (HF) patients are older than those enrolled in clinical registries and frequently admitted to non-cardiological settings of care. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical characteristics of old patients hospitalised for acute HF in Cardiology, Internal Medicine or Geriatrics wards. METHODS: Data came from ATHENA (AcuTe Heart failurE in advaNced Age) registry which included elderly patients (≥ 65 years) admitted to the above mentioned settings of care from December 1, 2014 to December 1, 2015. RESULTS: We enrolled 396 patients, 15.4% assigned to Cardiology, 69.7% to Internal Medicine, and 14.9% to a Geriatrics ward. Mean age was 83.5 ± 7.6 years (51.8% of patients ≥ 85 years) and was higher in patients admitted to Geriatrics (P < 0.001); more than half were females. Medical treatments did not differ significantly among settings of care (in a context of a low prescription rate of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors) whereas significant differences were observed in comorbidity patterns and management guidelines recommendation adherence for decongestion evaluation with comparison of weight and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels on admission and at discharge (both P = 0.035 and P < 0.001), echocardiographic evaluation ( P < 0.001) and follow-up visits planning ( P < 0.001), all higher in Cardiology. Mean in-hospital length of stay was 9 ± 5.9 days, significantly higher in Geriatrics (13.7 ± 6.5 days) and Cardiology (9.9 ± 6.7 days) compared to Internal Medicine (8 ± 5.2 days), P < 0.001. In-hospital mortality was 9.3%, resulting higher in Geriatrics (18.6%) and Cardiology (16.4%) than Internal Medicine (5.8%), P = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients hospitalised for acute HF, clinical characteristics and management differ significantly according to the setting of admission.

Serum sodium alterations in SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection: impact on patient outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients and occurs in about 30% of patients with pneumonia. Hyponatremia has been associated with a worse outcome in several pathologic conditions The main objective of this study was to determine whether serum sodium alterations may be independent predictors of the outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this observational study, data from 441 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to a University Hospital were collected. After excluding 61 patients (no serum sodium at admission available, saline solution infusion before sodium assessment, transfer from another hospital), data from 380 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: 274 (72.1%) patients had normonatremia at admission, 87 (22.9%) patients had hyponatremia and 19 (5%) patients had hypernatremia. We found an inverse correlation between serum sodium and IL-6, whereas a direct correlation between serum sodium and PaO2/FiO2 ratio was observed. Patients with hyponatremia had a higher prevalence of non-invasive ventilation and ICU transfer than those with normonatremia or hypernatremia. Hyponatremia was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (2.7-fold increase vs normonatremia) and each mEq/L of serum sodium reduction was associated with a 14.4% increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that serum sodium at admission may be considered as an early prognostic marker of disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Use of the FebriDx point-of-care test for the exclusion of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in a population with acute respiratory infection during the second (COVID-19) wave in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the real-world accuracy of Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) detected by the rapid, point-of-care FebriDx test during the second-wave pandemic in Italy in patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and a clinical suspicion of COVID-19. DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, diagnostic accuracy study whereby hospitalized patients with ARI were consecutively enrolled in a single tertiary care center in Italy from August 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021. RESULTS: COVID-19 was diagnosed in 136/200 (68.0%) patients and Non-COVID-19 was diagnosed in 64/200 (32.0%) patients. COVID-19 patients were younger and had a lower Charlson comorbidity index compared to Non-COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). Concordance between FebriDx, MxA and rt-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 (gold standard) was good (k 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.99). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 97.8% [95% CI 93.7-99.5] and 95.3% [95% CI 86.9%-99.0%], respectively. FebriDx demonstrated a negative predictive value of 95.3% (95% CI 86.9-99.0) for an observed disease prevalence of 68%. CONCLUSIONS: FebriDx MxA showed high diagnostic accuracy to identify COVID-19 and could be considered as a real-time triage tool to streamline the management of suspected COVID-19 patients. FebriDx also detected bacterial etiology in Non-COVID-19 patients suggesting good performance to distinguish bacterial from viral respiratory infection.

Compassionate use of JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib for severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study.

Overwhelming inflammatory reactions contribute to respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19. Ruxolitinib is a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory properties. We report on a prospective, observational study in 34 patients with COVID-19 who received ruxolitinib on a compassionate-use protocol. Patients had severe pulmonary disease defined by pulmonary infiltrates on imaging and an oxygen saturation ≤ 93% in air and/or PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 mmHg. Median age was 80.5 years, and 85.3% had ≥ 2 comorbidities. Median exposure time to ruxolitinib was 13 days, median dose intensity was 20 mg/day. Overall survival by day 28 was 94.1%. Cumulative incidence of clinical improvement of ≥2 points in the ordinal scale was 82.4% (95% confidence interval, 71-93). Clinical improvement was not affected by low-flow versus high-flow oxygen support but was less frequent in patients with PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg. The most frequent adverse events were anemia, urinary tract infections, and thrombocytopenia. Improvement of inflammatory cytokine profile and activated lymphocyte subsets was observed at day 14. In this prospective cohort of aged and high-risk comorbidity patients with severe COVID-19, compassionate-use ruxolitinib was safe and was associated with improvement of pulmonary function and discharge home in 85.3%. Controlled clinical trials are necessary to establish efficacy of ruxolitinib in COVID-19.

Clinical risk score to predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Several physiological abnormalities that develop during COVID-19 are associated with increased mortality. In the present study, we aimed to develop a clinical risk score to predict the in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients, based on a set of variables available soon after the hospitalisation triage. SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of 516 patients consecutively admitted for COVID-19 to two Italian tertiary hospitals located in Northern and Central Italy were collected from 22 February 2020 (date of first admission) to 10 April 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients≥18 years admitted for COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Simple clinical and laboratory findings readily available after triage were compared by patients' survival status ('dead' vs 'alive'), with the objective of identifying baseline variables associated with mortality. These were used to build a COVID-19 in-hospital mortality risk score (COVID-19MRS). RESULTS: Mean age was 67±13 years (mean±SD), and 66.9% were male. Using Cox regression analysis, tertiles of increasing age (≥75, upper vs <62 years, lower: HR 7.92; p<0.001) and number of chronic diseases (≥4 vs 0-1: HR 2.09; p=0.007), respiratory rate (HR 1.04 per unit increase; p=0.001), PaO2/FiO2 (HR 0.995 per unit increase; p<0.001), serum creatinine (HR 1.34 per unit increase; p<0.001) and platelet count (HR 0.995 per unit increase; p=0.001) were predictors of mortality. All six predictors were used to build the COVID-19MRS (Area Under the Curve 0.90, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.93), which proved to be highly accurate in stratifying patients at low, intermediate and high risk of in-hospital death (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19MRS is a rapid, operator-independent and inexpensive clinical tool that objectively predicts mortality in patients with COVID-19. The score could be helpful from triage to guide earlier assignment of COVID-19 patients to the most appropriate level of care.

Quantitative and qualitative alterations of circulating myeloid cells and plasmacytoid DC in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a new infectious disease (COVID-19) in which individuals can either remain asymptomatic or progress from mild to severe clinical conditions including acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. The immune mechanisms that potentially orchestrate the pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection are complex and only partially understood. There is still paucity of data on the features of myeloid cells involved in this viral infection. For this reason, we investigated the different activation status profiles and the subset distribution of myeloid cells and their correlation with disease progression in 40 COVID-19 patients at different stages of disease. COVID-19 patients showed a decrease in the absolute number of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, different subset distribution of monocytes and different activation patterns of both monocytes and neutrophils, coupled to a significant reduction of HLA-DR monocyte levels. We found that some of these alterations are typical of all COVID-19 patients, while some others vary at different stages of the disease and correlate with biochemical parameters of inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that not only the lymphoid, but also the myeloid compartment, is severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

T-Lymphocyte-Based Renin Angiotensin System in Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity can be associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk, but some subjects with obesity do not show metabolic impairment and escape this association. Low-grade inflammation (i.e., high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] > 3 mg/dL) is associated with high cardiovascular risk in obesity. We investigated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity in cultured circulating T-cells in subjects with obesity with and without angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation in the presence or absence of low-grade inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 18 subjects with obesity and 10 healthy subjects. After T-lymphocyte isolation, T-cell mRNAs for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and AT1-receptor were quantified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at baseline and after Ang II stimulation. hsCRP, plasma renin and ACE activity in the cell pellet and supernatant and Ang II T-cell content were also measured. RESULTS: T-cell RAS in subjects with obesity with low-grade inflammation was more activated than in subjects with obesity without low-grade inflammation. The increase in RAS activation occurred both at baseline and after Ang II stimulation. Similarly, the release of ACE activity in the supernatant was significantly higher in subjects with obesity with hsCRP > 3 mg/dL than in subjects with hsCRP < 3 mg/dL and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating T-cell based RAS is activated in subjects with obesity independently of low-grade inflammation that amplifies the T-cell RAS response to Ang II stimulation.

Cryptic severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a Moroccan man living in Tuscany, Italy, August 2018.

In August 2018 a Moroccan man living in Tuscany developed Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient declared having not recently visited any endemic country, leading to diagnostic delay and severe malaria. As susceptibility to P. falciparum of Anopheles species in Tuscany is very low, and other risk factors for acquiring malaria could not be completely excluded, the case remains cryptic, similar to other P. falciparum malaria cases previously reported in African individuals living in Apulia in 2017.

Persistent and selective upregulation of renin-angiotensin system in circulating T lymphocytes in unstable angina.

INTRODUCTION: Unstable angina is associated with an acute systemic inflammatory reaction and circulating T lymphocytes are activated. We investigated whether in unstable angina with marked immune system activation a selective upregulation of the circulating T-cell renin-angiotensin system, modulated by angiotensin II, could occur. METHODS: We studied 13 unstable angina patients, 10 patients with stable angina and 10 healthy subjects. After T-lymphocyte isolation, mRNAs for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1-R) were quantified at baseline and after angiotensin II stimulation. ACE activity in cell pellet and supernatant and angiotensin II cell content were measured. RESULTS: Plasma renin activity was similar in controls, stable and unstable angina patients. At baseline ACE and AT1-R mRNA levels were higher ( P<0.05) in T cells from unstable angina patients than in T cells from stable angina patients and controls, and further increased after angiotensin II addition to cultured T cells. ACE activity of unstable angina T cells was significantly higher than that of T cells from controls and stable angina patients. Only in T cells from unstable angina patients did angiotensin II stimulation cause the almost complete release of ACE activity in the supernatant. CONCLUSIONS: The circulating T-cell-based renin-angiotensin system from unstable angina patients was selectively upregulated. In vivo unstable angina T cells could locally increase angiotensin II concentration in tissues where they migrate independently of the circulating renin-angiotensin system.

Ang II Upregulation of the T-lymphocyte renin-angiotensin system is amplified by low-grade inflammation in human hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Low-grade inflammation facilitates the development of essential hypertension and target organ damage (TOD). Recently, human T-lymphocytes were shown to be endowed with a functional active renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We investigated whether in hypertensive patients a selective angiotensin (Ang) II-driven upregulation of T-cell RAS occurs and whether it is differently modulated in presence of low-grade inflammation. METHODS: T-lymphocytes were obtained from 21 hypertensives (I-II World Health Organization class; 16 males, 5 females; 56 ± 11 years). Low-grade inflammation was defined for high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) > 2 mg/l. Ten healthy subjects formed the age- and sex-matched control group. After T-lymphocytes isolation, mRNAs for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1-R) were quantified by reverse-transcriptase PCR with or without 0.1 pmol/l Ang II in addition to T-cells cultures. Cell pellet and supernatant ACE activity and Ang II content were measured. Cardiac and renal TOD-indexes were evaluated. RESULTS: Both in controls and hypertensives, Ang II-stimulation significantly increased ACE and AT1-R mRNA levels (P < 0.05). In patients, the increase was earlier and higher than controls, with the highest values in hypertensives with > 2 mg/l hsCRP. Peak Ang II-induced ACE and AT1-R mRNA levels were positively related to hsCRP, systolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) at the univariate analyses. The stepwise regression analyses selected hsCRP (r = 0.47) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (r = 0.50) as the variables independently related to peak ace-gene expression, while BMI resulted independently related to peak AT1-R gene expression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In hypertension, an Ang II-driven activation of T-cell RAS, further amplified by low-grade inflammation, does occur and is associated to worse TOD. New therapeutic approaches aimed at this specific target might be proposed to control hypertension and hypertensive damage.

[Carotid and femoral intima-media thickness as an early atherosclerotic marker. Advantages and limits]. / Spessore intima-media carotideo e femorale come marker precoci di aterosclerosi. I vantaggi, i limiti.

The intima-media thickness (IMT) is defined as the distance between the hyperechogenic inner (blood-intima interface) and outer line (media-adventitia interface) of the arterial wall. It is a surrogate marker of atherosclerotic damage. No consensus guidelines are available on which site and how carotid IMT sampling should be performed, and comparison among data from different studies is difficult. IMT is the "phenotype" of the early phases of atherosclerotic disease and is related to the main traditional risk factors. Moreover, IMT is a marker of organ damage either in the heart or in other vascular districts. Although threshold IMT values for the prediction of cardiovascular events have not been identified, high IMT values are associated with an increased occurrence of cardiovascular events. Indeed, an IMT > or = 0.9 mm was demonstrated to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk even after age adjustment. The value of IMT as an independent risk factor is still under debate, especially in young patients at intermediate risk. Moreover, the IMT regression reported in therapeutic trials with statins and antihypertensive drugs was only weakly or not at all associated with a decrease in cardiovascular events. In comparison to carotid IMT, femoral IMT is more strictly correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease and the need for revascularization in effort angina. The simultaneous measurement of carotid and femoral IMT may improve risk stratification in patients with coronary heart disease. The challenge for the future is to establish an IMT cut-off value for a better definition of the individual cardiovascular risk. Such cut-off value may be derived from the combined measurement of carotid and femoral IMT.

Adherence to antihypertensive therapy affects Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index.

BACKGROUND: A major contributor to poor blood pressure (BP) control is nonadherence to therapy, which remains poorly recognized by physicians. The prevention of hypertension-induced changes in arterial wall, namely increased arterial stiffness and peripheral vascular resistance, is a reasoned adequate end-point of hypertension treatment. Indirect measurement of these arterial factors can be derived from the analysis of 24-hour Ambulatory BP Monitoring (24 h-ABPM). This pilot study evaluated the association between antihypertensive therapy adherence and 24 h-ABPM-derived parameters in hypertensive patients. METHODS: We studied 42 hypertensive patients (70±10 years) in chronic antihypertensive therapy. Patients were divided according to the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) in Low-Adher (MMAS <6) and High-Adher (MMAS 6-8) groups. The Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index (AASI) and its symmetric calculation (Sym_AASI) were derived from 24 h-ABPM. A bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of MMAS for increased AASIs (i.e. above the median). RESULTS: Low-Adher group (n=17) showed higher AASIs compared to High-Adher group (n=25). The two groups were similar in terms of BP burden at the 24 h-ABPM. AASIs were inversely related to MMAS. MMAS resulted a predictor for both increased AASI (O.R. 0.49, 95% CI 0.31-0.76, P<0.01) and increased Sym_AASI (O.R. 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.95, P=0.026). After adjustment for PP, age and nocturnal diastolic BP reduction, MMAS persisted as an inverse predictor only of increased AASI. MMAS was also related to the diastolic vs systolic BP correlation coefficient r. CONCLUSIONS: Low adherence to antihypertensive therapy seems to be associated with increased standard AASI. In this setting, AASI could represent an additional information derived from the 24 h-ABPM in hypertensive patient evaluation.

Serum uric acid levels and renal damage in hyperuricemic hypertensive patients treated with renin-angiotensin system blockers.

BACKGROUND: A correlation between hyperuricemia and renal target organ damage (TOD) was shown in hypertensive patients, locally mediated by the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We investigated whether high serum uric acid (UA) levels could negatively affect tubulointerstitial damage in hyperuricemic essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function, on treatment with RAS-blocking drugs. METHODS: We studied 40 patients with World Health Organization stage I-II essential hypertension, 9 with high serum UA levels (hyperuricemic group) and 31 with normal serum UA levels (normouricemic group, either normouricemics, n = 15, or formerly hyperuricemics in chronic allopurinol treatment, n = 16). All patients were on RAS-blocking drugs (either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptors blockers). Evaluation of renal TOD included urinary albumin excretion (UAE), Doppler ultrasound renal resistive index (RRI) and renal volume-to-resistive index ratio (RV/RRI) measurements. RESULTS: Hyperuricemics had significantly higher RRI and lower RV/RRI values than normouricemics. Creatinine clearance and UAE were similar between groups. Linear regression analysis showed that RV/RRI values were inversely related to serum UA levels (r = -0.57, P < 0.01). The logistic regression analysis selected serum UA as an independent predictor of decreased RV/RRI (odds ratio 4.45, 95% CI 1.47-13.45, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In hyperuricemic hypertensives normal serum UA levels are associated with normal RV/RRI, integrated marker of tubulointerstitial damage and renal arteriolopathy, independently of RAS activation.