Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a review of evaluation and therapy.

BACKGROUND: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), also known as NIH Category III Prostatitis is a highly prevalent syndrome with significant impact on quality of life. As a heterogeneous syndrome, there exists no 'one size fits all' therapy with level 1 evidence to guide therapy. This often leads to a nihilistic approach to patients and clinical outcomes are poor. In this review, we examine the evidence for CP/CPPS therapies and discuss our technique of clinical phenotyping combined with multimodal therapy. METHODS: Review of Medline articles with terms 'non-bacterial prostatitis', 'abacterial prostatitis' and 'chronic pelvic pain syndrome'. RESULTS: Many individual therapies have been evaluated in the treatment of CP/CPPS; antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications (including bioflavonoids), neuromodulators, alpha blockers, pelvic floor physical therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Each of these has been found to have varying success in alleviating symptoms. UPOINT is a system of clinical phenotyping for CP/CPPS patients that has 6 defined domains, which guide multimodal therapy. It has been validated to correlate with symptom burden and therapy guided by UPOINT leads to significant symptom improvement in 75-84% of patients based on three independent studies. CONCLUSIONS: CP/CPPS is a heterogeneous condition and, much like with prostate cancer, optimal therapy can only be achieved by classifying patients into clinically meaningful phenotypic groups (much like TNM) and letting the phenotype drive therapy.

Long-term followup after endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer in patients with neurogenic bladder.

PURPOSE: Subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer is a minimally invasive method to treat vesicoureteral reflux. We report short and long-term success in treating secondary vesicoureteral reflux in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction or severe voiding dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all subureteral injection procedures done to identify patients with neurogenic bladder or severe voiding dysfunction. Short (less than 12 months) and long-term vesicoureteral reflux results for patients and ureters were recorded. Preoperative urodynamics and radiographic findings were reviewed. Preoperative factors were evaluated to identify patients with greater chances of success. RESULTS: A total of 12 patients (17 ureters) were identified (10 with neurogenic bladder and 2 with Hinman syndrome). Short-term success (no vesicoureteral reflux) was achieved in 50% of patients and 58% of ureters. At a median followup of 4.5 years (range 1 to 9) success decreased to 35% of ureters. Overall, long-term success was found in 25% of patients who were free of vesicoureteral reflux and required no additional surgery. Of the patients 41% required additional urological surgery for vesicoureteral reflux or related conditions. CONCLUSIONS: With long-term followup many patients who had initial improvement in vesicoureteral reflux ultimately experienced treatment failure and recurrence of reflux. At a median of 4.5 years 25% of patients with neurogenic bladder and vesicoureteral reflux were successfully treated with endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer.