Midcarpal Instability.

Midcarpal instability (MCI) of the wrist represents multiple distinct clinical entities that all have in common abnormal force transmission across the midcarpal joint. This can be asymptomatic but can also result in painful wrist motion, a characteristic catch-up clunk, and symptoms of instability. The carpus is stabilized by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. Dynamic joint reactive forces between the proximal and distal carpal rows help create reciprocal motion, which results in smooth, physiologic wrist mechanics. Diagnosis of MCI requires a thorough history, physical examination, and adequate imaging. MCI can be managed nonsurgically with activity modification, physical therapy, specialized orthotics, medications, and corticosteroid injections. A variety of surgical treatment options exists to treat symptomatic MCI. These include arthroscopic thermal capsulorrhaphy, ligament repair or reconstruction, radial osteotomies, and limited radiocarpal or intercarpal fusions. Capsulorrhaphy or ligament repair is favored for mild to moderate cases; osteotomies can be used for the correction of bony deformities contributing to instability, whereas partial wrist arthrodesis is indicated for severe or recurrent instability and fixed deformities.

Primary Resection of the Ulnar Slip of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis in the Persistently Triggering Patient After A1 Pulley Release.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of patients undergoing primary trigger finger release (TFR) that underwent ulnar superficialis slip resection (USSR) for decompression and to determine which digit was most commonly affected. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all cases of open TFR performed by a single surgeon. The following data were obtained: age, sex, laterality, affected digit, and consideration for USSR. All patients failed nonoperative treatment of at least 1 steroid injection. The occurrence of patients who underwent TFR and USSR and which digit(s) most commonly underwent USSR were determined. The average patient age that underwent USSR, frequency by sex, and relative occurrence of USSR in each digit were computed. Statistical calculations were conducted using χ2 analysis (P < .05). RESULTS: A total of 911 primary open TFRs were performed in 631 patients over a 16-year period. A total of 20 TFRs in 20 patients underwent USSR (2.2%). The long finger was the most commonly affected digit (40%) that required simple decompression. Within all USSR cases, the long finger was the most commonly affected digit. The index finger was the second most affected (30%), and there were no cases in the small finger. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined the occurrence of primary TFR cases that underwent USSR, with the long finger being the most commonly affected digit. Surgeons may consider this additional procedure to perform a larger decompression than simple A1 pulley release alone.

The Role of the Hand Surgery Consultant in the Care of the Amateur and Professional Golfer.

Golf is unique in this compendium of sports-related hand and wrist injury management. It is the only sport where the ball is stationary and there is no opponent against whom the player is defending. This distinctive sport dates to the 15th century in Scotland and is one of the oldest sports, but it is one where technology has changed many of the fundamental elements-from the "playing field (through advanced in agronomy) and the equipment (club and ball technology).

Carpometacarpal Arthrodesis for Traumatic Carpal Boss Among Combative Athletes.

Among professional combat athletes, excessive and repetitive trauma to the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints may cause instability, arthritis, and the development of traumatic carpal boss. If nonoperative management is unsuccessful, CMC joint arthrodesis with iliac crest bone graft and supplemental Kirschner wire fixation is a reliable surgical option that results in pain-free return to full competition. From 2002 to 2015, 15 professional athletes with 17 symptomatic carpal bosses were treated with CMC joint arthrodesis after unsuccessful nonoperative management. The operative technique included decortication of the articular surface of the CMC joints, insertion of iliac cancellous and corticocancellous slot grafts, and secure Kirschner wire fixation. Patient charts and postoperative imaging were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome measures included grip strength, pain relief, fusion rate, return to competition, and complications. Mean age at the time of surgery was 28.2 years (range, 21-39 years). The radiographic fusion rate was 100% and occurred at a mean of 7.5 weeks. Mean return to competition occurred at 6 months. Grip strength at final follow-up increased 32% from preoperative level and was 90% of the grip strength of the contralateral hand. Postoperatively, 2 patients had sagittal band ruptures, and 1 patient had a fifth metacarpal fracture. No revision procedures were performed. All patients undergoing CMC arthrodesis had successful fusion, without the need for revision surgery and with return to full competition. For professional fighters, CMC arthrodesis with iliac crest autograft is a safe and effective surgical method for treating symptomatic traumatic carpal boss. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(1):e17-e22.].

Thumb Carpometacarpal Instability.

The basal joint complex of the thumb provides the framework necessary for function of the human hand. Although its unique saddle articulation allows for a wide range of motion necessary for routine function of the hand, it is rendered inherently unstable because of poor bony congruency and reliance on its capsuloligamentous support. Painful instability of this joint can stem from several causes including traumatic dislocation, various hypermobility conditions, and chronic overuse and microtrauma. A thorough history and examination as well adequate imaging is necessary for proper evaluation of instability. Treatment options range from nonoperative modalities to surgery, which entails closed, percutaneous, or open reduction with numerous ligament repair and reconstruction techniques. Arthroscopy can also serve to be a useful adjunct for assessment of the joint and stabilization of the critical capsuloligamentous structures. This review outlines the critical osseous and soft-tissue anatomy surrounding the thumb carpometacarpal joint, the key points in evaluating patients presenting with acute traumatic and chronic thumb carpometacarpal instability without fracture or arthritis, and reviews both nonoperative and operative treatments of this injury.

Scleroderma of the Hand: Evaluation and Treatment.

Scleroderma is derived from Latin meaning hard skin. It is an uncommon, noninflammatory connective tissue disorder characterized by increased fibrosis of the skin and in certain variants, multiple other organ systems. Scleroderma involves a spectrum of pathologic changes and anatomic involvement. It can be divided into localized and systemic scleroderma. Hand involvement is common and can include calcium deposits within the soft tissues, digital ischemia, and joint contracture. Nonsurgical management consists of lifestyle modifications, biofeedback, therapy for digital stiffness/contracture, and various pharmacologic medications. When nonsurgical measures are unsuccessful, certain surgical options may be indicated, each with their inherent advantages and pitfalls. Patients with scleroderma who are undergoing surgical intervention pose unique difficulties because of their poorly vascularized tissue and deficient soft-tissue envelopes, thus increasing their susceptibility to wound healing complications and infection. Some subgroups of patients are frequently systemically ill, and specific perioperative measures should be considered to reduce their surgical risk. The spectrum of hand manifestations seen in patients with scleroderma will be reviewed with the focus on evaluation and management.

Intraoperative Tilted Posteroanterior View for the Measurement of Distal Radius Articular Step-Off.

The purpose of this study is to more accurately determine distal radius articular step-off in the posteroanterior (PA) view. A cadaveric forearm was osteotomized with varying amounts of articular displacement. A second osteotomy was made through the distal radius metaphysis to create four positions of tilt in the lateral plane (5° and 15° dorsal tilt; 5° and 15° volar tilt). Using fluoroscopy, the beam was positioned in the lateral plane from 25° volar to 20° dorsal, separated by 5° increments, obtaining modified PA images of the distal radius in its various configurations. The images were randomly evaluated for step-off by three hand surgeons in a blinded fashion. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the accuracy between estimated and actual step-off and was demonstrated to be greater when the PA view was parallel to the distal radius tilt in the lateral plane, for all four configurations of distal radius tilt. Data pertaining to the distal radius with 0 mm of step-off did not demonstrate the PA view, parallel to the distal radius tilt, to be superior than the PA views not parallel to the tilt; reaffirming that with anatomic reduction, any fluoroscopic image exhibits good alignment. This study confirms that the most accurate method of accessing PA step-off is to first determine the tilt of the radius on a lateral film and then align the beam in the PA plane to match this tilt.

Ulnar nerve transposition in the hand: a cadaveric study.

Primary repair of a nerve is preferable over nerve grafting when a tension-free environment can be achieved. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the facility of nerve-gap closure gained by removing the hamate hook, eliminating the circuitous path of the motor branch of the ulnar nerve in the hand. Six cadaveric specimens were dissected and the length of the motor branch coursing through Guyon's canal before and after hamate hook excision and nerve transposition was recorded. Average length was significantly shorter in specimens after transposition, with a mean 21% reduction relative to the nerve's original course. This knowledge may help guide surgeons on whether excision of the hamate hook will allow for primary repair of the nerve when a segmental defect or retraction and scarring of the nerve stumps is encountered.

The Double Thenar Flap: A Technique to Reconstruct 2 Fingertip Amputations Simultaneously.

Fingertip injuries are a common problem. There may be pulp loss and exposed bone. Various techniques have been described to reconstruct function as well as aesthetics; yet it is still unclear which treatment options should be chosen for each specific injury. Evidence-based treatment strategies are limited because there are no prospective randomized clinical trials evaluating one method with another. Fingertip injuries are usually variable in their presentation, and therefore treatment decisions are often dictated by the knowledge and expertise of the treating physician combined with the patient's unique injury. With exposed bone and major distal soft tissue loss, many reconstructive techniques have been well-described including local advancement flaps, thenar flaps, and cross-finger flaps. There is scarce literature discussing surgical options when multiple fingers are involved. This report details a novel technique used to reconstruct 2 simultaneously injured fingers using the double thenar flap.

Arthrodesis of the Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints of the Hand: Current Concepts.

Metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis and interphalangeal arthrodesis are excellent tools in the surgeon's armamentarium to restore function of the disabled hand. Typical indications for these procedures are pain, deformity, and/or stiffness. Arthrodesis is generally considered a salvage procedure to be used when other reconstructive procedures, such as arthroplasty, are not possible or would be associated with a high rate of complication or failure. To determine the most functional position for arthrodesis in each patient, the surgeon should preoperatively evaluate the compromised joint in the context of the disease process, determine the initial cause of the joint pathology, and assess the condition of the surrounding joints. Current methods of achieving fusion of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints include options for incisions, bone preparation techniques, and surgical implants; each has advantages and associated risks.

Simulated distal interphalangeal joint fusion of the index and middle fingers in 0° and 20° of flexion: a comparison of grip strength and dexterity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate dexterity and grip strength after simulated distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint fusion of the index and middle fingers in varying degrees of flexion. METHODS: Forty-six right-handed subjects performed grip and dexterity testing using the Grooved Pegboard Test in positions of index finger 20° flexion or full extension, middle finger 20° flexion or full extension, and unrestricted index and middle finger DIP joint motion (control). Simulated fusion was performed with the use of custom-molded thermoplastic orthoses. RESULTS: Index finger dexterity scores were improved when the DIP joint was splinted in 20° compared with full extension. There was no significant difference in the middle finger dexterity when comparing 20° flexion with full extension. In either position, dexterity scores were higher (lower performance) for the index finger than for the middle finger, showing a greater interference to dexterity with splinting the index finger DIP joint. Mean grip strength was unaffected by middle finger DIP joint position, whereas splinting of the index finger in full extension resulted in reduced grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Because positioning the middle finger DIP joint in either extension or 20° of flexion did not significantly affect grip strength or dexterity, other considerations such as appearance can be given priority. For the index finger, however, positioning the DIP joint in 20° of flexion may improve grip strength and dexterity over positioning it in neutral. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic I.

Scapholunate interosseous ligament disruption in professional basketball players: treatment by direct repair and dorsal ligamentoplasty.

In the authors' experience scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) disruption with resultant scapholunate dissociation (SLD) is the most frequent disabling carpal injury among professional basketball players. Prompt diagnosis, precision surgical repair, and intensive sport-specific rehabilitation are requisites for optimal recovery. This article reports the techniques and results of a consistent surgical protocol comprising accurate carpal reduction, direct SLIL repair, and dorsal intercarpal ligament augmentation for 25 professional basketball players with disabling SLD. Follow-up assessment supports the contention that early surgery, prior to scar contracture, facilitates treatment and enhances outcome.

Volar plate repair for posttraumatic hyperextension deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint.

Traditionally, flexor digitorum superficialis tenodesis has been recommended for surgical correction of posttraumatic proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint hyperextension deformity resulting from recurrent volar plate (VP) disruption. In contrast, VP repair has been used sparingly to restore joint stability, because of concerns regarding excessive scarring, insufficient substance, and the often long time between injury and repair. In the study reported here, we critically evaluated the long-term functional outcome of isolated VP repairs for chronic dorsal instability of the PIP joint performed over an 18-year period. Twenty-five patients underwent surgery for hyperextension deformity of the PIP joint. Mean time from injury to repair was 8.2 years. All patients complained of painful locking of the PIP joint in extension. Precise repair of the VP was performed by meticulous scar lysis and advancement to the anatomical site of insertion while avoiding the adjacent nutrient vessels. Follow-up evaluation included completion of the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) questionnaire and digital mobility, strength, and radiographic assessment. At a mean follow-up of 8 years, we found consistent alleviation of pain, restoration of joint stability, mean arc of motion ranging from 6 degrees to 92 degrees of flexion, and grip strength returned to within 90% of the contralateral side. All patients returned to unrestricted activities.

Disabling hand injuries in boxing: boxer's knuckle and traumatic carpal boss.

This article describes the treatment of the two most debilitating hand-related boxing injuries: boxer's knuckle and traumatic carpal boss. Recognition of the normal anatomy as well as the predictable pathology facilitates an accurate diagnosis and precision surgery. For boxer's knuckle, direct repair of the disrupted extensor hood, without the need for tendon augmentation, has been consistently employed; for traumatic carpal boss, arthrodesis of the destabilized carpometacarpal joints has been the preferred method of treatment. Precisely executed operative treatment of both injuries has resulted in a favorable outcome, as in the vast majority of cases the boxers have experienced relief of pain, restoration of function, and an unrestricted return to competition.

Ulnar nerve anatomy.

The anatomy of the ulnar nerve is described from its origin at the brachial plexus to its termination in the hand and digits. The critical anatomy surrounding the cubital tunnel and Guyon canal is emphasized, and clinically relevant anatomic variations, muscle anomalies, and peripheral nerve anastomoses are described.

An unusual rupture of the flexor carpi radialis tendon: a case report.

We present the unusual case of a flexor carpi radialis tendon that ruptured after extended strenuous physical activity by a patient with paralysis of the opposite limb secondary to poliomyelitis.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: diagnosis and management.

During exercise, muscular expansion and swelling occur. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome represents abnormally increased compartment pressures and pain in the involved extremity secondary to a noncompliant musculofascial compartment. Most commonly, it occurs in the lower leg, but has been reported in the thigh, foot, upper extremity, and erector spinae musculature. The diagnosis is obtained through a careful history and physical exam, reproduction of symptoms with exertion, and pre- and post-exercise muscle tissue compartment pressure recordings. It has been postulated that increased compartment pressures lead to transient ischemia and pain in the involved extremity. However; this is not universally accepted. Other than complete cessation of causative activities, nonoperative management of CECS is usually unsuccessful. Surgical release of the involved compartments is recommended for patients who wish to continue to exercise.