Electrosorption of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater: Mass transport consideration under a transient regime through an alginate-activated carbon fixed-bed electrode.

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is an environmentally critical effluent, specifically due to its high content of phenolic compounds (PCs), which are hazardous due to their antimicrobial activities in water. However, their properties have good health effects at suitable doses. For the first time, the electrosorption of PCs from actual OMWW has been proposed for their possible recovery as value-added compounds, while decontaminating OMWW. A bio-sourced alginate-activated carbon (AC) fixed-bed electrode was prepared based on the reuse of olive pomace solid waste as powdered AC. At the optimal AC content (1% w/v), the internal ohmic drop voltage was lower (2.26 V) and the mass transport coefficient was higher (9.7 10-5 m s-1) along with the diffusivity (7.3 10-9 m2 s-1), which led to enhanced electrosorption rates. Afterward, an optimal electrode potential was obtained (-1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl), while higher voltages led to faradaic reactions. Moreover, the adsorption capacity was lower (123 mg g-1) than that of electrosorption (170 mg g-1) and was even higher (307 mg g-1) with actual effluents. This was probably due to the influence of electromigration, which was confirmed by new models that could predict the electrosorption kinetics well considering mass transport and acid dissociation constants.

Effects and bioaccumulation of Cr(III), Cr(VI) and their mixture in the freshwater mussel Corbicula fluminea.

Chromium has two main oxidation states, Cr(III) and Cr(VI), that can occur simultaneously in natural waters. Current consensus holds that Cr(VI) is of high ecotoxicological concern, but regards Cr(III) as poorly bioavailable and relatively non-toxic. In this work, the effects and bioaccumulation of Cr(III), Cr(VI) and their mixture were studied using the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea as a model organism. Mixture exposures were carried out using solutions isotopically enriched in 50Cr(III) or 53Cr(VI), allowing to quantify the contribution of each redox form to total Cr accumulation in the clams. Following exposure to individual redox forms, Cr(III) accumulated preferentially in the digestive glands and Cr(VI) in the gills of C. fluminea. In mixture exposures, both redox forms accumulated mainly in the gills; the concentration of Cr(III) in the digestive glands being much lowered compared with individual exposures. Both oxidation states affected the expression of biomarkers related to energy reserves, cellular damage and mitochondrial functioning, as well as the expression of mRNA for detoxification genes. The observed effects differed between gills and digestive glands. The present study suggests that Cr(III) is a bioavailable and biologically active elemental species deserving more consideration by the ecotoxicological community.

A critical review on the electrosorption of organic compounds in aqueous effluent - Influencing factors and engineering considerations.

Despite being an old process from the end of the 19th century, electrosorption has attracted renewed attention in recent years because of its unique properties and advantages compared to other separation technologies and due to the concomitant development of new porous electrode materials. Electrosorption offer the advantage to separate the pollutants from wastewater with the possibility of selectively adsorbing and desorbing the targeted compounds. A comprehensive review of electrosorption is provided with particular attention given to the electrosorption of organic compounds, unlike existing capacitive deionization review papers that only focus on inorganic salts. The background and principle of electrosorption are first presented, while the influence of the main parameters (e.g., electrode materials, electrode potential, physico-chemistry of the electrolyte solutions, type of compounds, co-sorption effect, reactor design, etc.) is then detailed and the modeling and engineering aspects are discussed. Finally, the main output and future prospects about recovery studies and combination between electro-sorption/desorption and degradation processes are given. This review particularly highlights that carbon-based materials have been mostly employed (85% of studies) as porous electrode in organics electrosorption, while existing studies lack of electrode stability and durability tests in real conditions. These electrodes have been implemented in a fixed-bed reactor design most of the time (43% of studies) due to enhanced mass transport. Moreover, the electrode potential is a major criterion: it should be applied in the non-faradaic domain otherwise unwanted reactions can easily occur, especially the corrosion of carbon from 0.21 V/standard hydrogen electrode or the water oxidation/reduction. Furthermore, there is lack of studies performed with actual effluents and without addition of supporting electrolyte, which is crucial for testing the real efficiency of the process. The associated predictive model will be required by considering the matrix effect along with transport phenomena and physico-chemical characteristics of targeted organic compounds.

Performance and dynamic modeling of a continuously operated pomace olive packed bed for olive mill wastewater treatment and phenol recovery.

The solid waste of olive oil extraction processes (olive pomace, OP) was converted into activated carbon (AC) by treating it with NaOH and then encapsulating it within sodium alginate (SA) in beads by crosslinking (SA-AC beads). The prepared SA-AC beads were utilized as an adsorbent for the elimination and recovery of phenolic compounds (PCs) from olive mill wastewater (OMWW) following a zero liquid and waste discharge approach to implement and promote the circular economy concept. The novel AC and SA-AC beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis. The adsorption performance of these beads was evaluated in batch and fixed-bed reactors operated in a concurrent flow system. The results revealed that an adsorption capacity of 68 mg g-1 was attained for 4000 mg L-1 phenolic compounds. The kinetics of the adsorption process of the PCs fit a pseudo second-order model, and the most likely mechanism took place in two stages. The adsorption isotherm conformed to the Langmuir model, representing the monolayer adsorption of the phenolic compounds. The dynamic models were used, and they accurately represented the breakthrough curves. Considering PC recovery and process reusability, a regeneration experiment of SA-AC beads was carried out in fixed-bed reactors. SA-AC beads showed a high percentage desorption >40% using ethanol and were efficient after several cycles of OMWW treatment and phenol recovery.

The potential of Blepharidium guatemalense for nickel agromining in Mexico and Central America.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the woody nickel hyperaccumulator species Blepharidium guatemalense (Standl.) Standl. for agromining in southeastern Mexico. Pot trials consisting of nickel dosing (0, 20, 50, 100, and 250 mg Ni kg-1), and synthetic and organic fertilization were conducted. Field trials were also undertaken with different harvesting regimes of B. guatemalense. Foliar nickel concentrations increased significantly with rising nickel additions, with a 300-fold increase at 250 mg Ni kg-1 treatment relative to the control. Synthetic fertilization strongly increased nickel uptake without any change in plant growth or biomass, whereas organic fertilization enhanced plant shoot biomass with a negligible effect on foliar nickel concentrations. A 5-year-old stand which was subsequently harvested twice per year produced the maximum nickel yield tree-1 yr-1, with an estimated total nickel yield of 142 kg ha-1 yr-1. Blepharidium guatemalense is a prime candidate for nickel agromining on account of its high foliar Ni concentrations, high bioconcentration (180) and translocation factors (3.3), fast growth rate and high shoot biomass production. Future studies are needed to test the outcomes of the pot trials in the field. Extensive geochemical studies are needed to identify potential viable agromining locations. Novelty Statement Our research team is a pioneer in the discovery of metal hyperaccumulator plants in Mesoamerica with at least 13 species discovered in the last 2 years. This study is the first to assess the potential of nickel agromining (phytomining) in Mexico (and in all the American continent), using one of the strongest nickel hyperaccumulators reported so far. The promising results of this study are the basis for optimal agricultural management of Blepharidium guatemalense.

Effect of lockdown on wastewater characteristics: a comparison of two large urban areas.

The effect of the lockdown imposed to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France between March 14 and May 11, 2020 on the wastewater characteristics of two large urban areas (with between 250,000 and 300,000 inhabitants) was studied. The number of outward and inward daily commuters was extracted from national census databases related to the population and their commuting habits. For urban area A, with the larger number of daily inward commuters (110,000, compared to 53,000 for B), lockdown was observed to have an effect on the monthly load averages of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total suspended solids and total phosphorus, all of which decreased (confidence level of 95%). This decrease, which varied between 20% and 40% and reached 45% for COD, can be related to the cessation of catering and activities such as hairdressing, which generate large amounts of graywater. The ammonium loads, due to the use of toilets before leaving for work and after returning from work, remained constant. In the case of urban area B, lockdown had no noticeable effect. More data would be necessary in the long term to analyze the effect of changes in the balance between ammonia and carbon sources on the operation of wastewater treatment plants.

Understanding Rare Earth Elements concentrations, anomalies and fluxes at the river basin scale: The Moselle River (France) as a case study.

Anthropogenic activities linked to various new technologies are increasingly disrupting REEs biogeochemical cycles. A catchment-based perspective is therefore necessary to distinguish between natural (i.e., changes in lithology) and human-related sources of REEs variability. In the present study, REEs patterns, anomalies and fluxes were investigated in the French part of the Moselle River basin (Moselle River itself and some of its headstreams and tributaries). The REEs patterns in the headstream waters were highly variable and mostly related to the complex underlying lithology (granite, sandstone, tuff and graywacke). Along the Moselle River, the presence of positive Gd anomalies and a regular LREEs depletion/HREEs enrichment pattern on sandstone/limestone substrates were the most distinctive features. The Gd anomaly varied from 1.8 to 8.7, with anthropogenic Gd representing 45 to 88% of the total Gd. A linear relationship was obtained between the anthropogenic Gd flux and the cumulative population along the watershed. However, the magnitude of the Gd anomalies was shown to depend on the methodological approach chosen for their calculation. The use of a threshold value to identify the presence of an anthropogenic Gd anomaly may therefore be basin (and lithology) dependent, and care has to be taken in comparing results from different rivers or lithologies. Concentration of anthropogenic Gd in the Moselle River and its tributaries were close to, or above, the value of 20 ng/L reported in literature to elicit adverse biological effects in laboratory cell cultures. The ecotoxicological significance of Gd anomalies deserves further investigation because concentrations of anthropogenic Gd may also vary depending on the methodological approach used for calculating Gd anomalies.

Production of electrolytic iron from red mud in alkaline media.

In this study, the feasibility of producing electrolytic iron from red muds in a strongly alkaline medium at 110 °C was studied. The red mud samples from a French industry were characterized by various techniques (ICP-AES, SEM, XRD) to determine their chemical and mineralogical compositions. The main phase in the red mud investigated was hematite (α-Fe2O3). Iron electrodeposition tests from red mud suspended in a 12.5 mol/L NaOH electrolyte were conducted at constant current in a stirred electrochemical cell. The solid:liquid ratio and amounts of impurities contained in red mud were varied to optimize the faradaic yield and the production rate of electrolytic iron. Whereas hematite can be reduced to iron with a current efficiency over 80% for a current density (cd) up to 1000 A/m2, the current efficiency with red muds was highest for a cd below 50 A/m2 and then decreased regularly to 20% at 1000 A/m2. In all cases, the deposit produced contained more than 97% metal iron. The moderate performance of the process investigated with red mud was attributed to a troublesome adsorption of red mud particles on the cathode, making the reduction far less efficient than that with hematite.

Rare earth elements (REE) in the urban wastewater of Cotonou (Benin, West Africa).

The rare earth element (REE) contamination of urban wastewater, which was collected from open sewers and the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant in Cotonou (Benin), was assessed. The drinking water distributed to the inhabitants of Cotonou and water samples from private wells were also analyzed. The sampling occurred between October and December 2016 and the samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. Although the only magnetic resonance imaging facility in Cotonou opened in November 2016, pollution by anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd), which is included in phase contrast agents, was observed: there was 30-620 times more Gd in wastewater samples than in drinking and well water samples. Europium was another REE presenting positive anomalies. It is hypothetized than the europium came from the leachates of solid waste piles in the street. In the absence of any wastewater treatment, the REEs found in the wastewater are spread to the aquatic environment. It would be interesting to monitor the wastewater REEs over the long term. So far, the aquifers used for water provision have not been polluted by the anthropogenic REEs.

Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: A pan-European survey of urban settings.

There is increasing public concern regarding the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment, their persistence during the treatment process and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of nine ARGs and a class 1 integron associated integrase gene in 16 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from ten different European countries. In order to assess the impact on the receiving water bodies, gene abundances in the latter were also analysed. Six out of the nine ARGs analysed were detected in all effluent and river water samples. Among the quantified genes, intI1 and sul1 were the most abundant. Our results demonstrate that European WWTP contribute to the enrichment of the resistome in the receiving water bodies with the particular impact being dependent on the effluent load and local hydrological conditions. The ARGs concentrations in WWTP effluents were found to be inversely correlated to the number of implemented biological treatment steps, indicating a possible option for WWTP management. Furthermore, this study has identified blaOXA-58 as a possible resistance gene for future studies investigating the impact of WWTPs on their receiving water.

Population mobility and urban wastewater dynamics.

Dynamic influent models, which have been proposed to test control strategies using virtual wastewater treatment plants, should be as realistic as possible. The number of inhabitants in the catchment at any given time and their ways of life are among the parameters affecting the quality of these models. Census data related to work and school commutes were used to evaluate the number of people present in a given urban area. Based on the example of a large urban catchment (Grand Nancy, France), the results show that a population increase of 30% could occur during working hours resulting from the imbalance between workers leaving and coming into the catchment. Combined with information related to the local way of life, variation in the population helps to explain changes in wastewater flow rate and pollution (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals), which present several maxima reflecting daily activities, such as bladder voiding, meals, the use of washrooms, etc. However, no well-defined variation patterns for pH and conductivity, which are linked to the concentrations of anions and cations in the wastewater, were observed. Slight reductions (up to 10% on Sundays) in the flow and pollution load were observed on weekends as the commuter flow decreased. Census data proved to be efficient in helping to understand the daily pattern of urban wastewater characteristics.

Characterization by fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in rural drinking water storage tanks in Morocco.

Water storage tanks, fed directly from the river through opened channels, are particular systems used for water supply in rural areas in Morocco. The stored water is used as drinking water by the surrounding population without any treatment. UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy (excitation-emission matrices and synchronous fluorescence) have been tested as rapid methods to assess the quality of the water stored in the reservoirs as well as along the river feeding them. Synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS50), collected with a difference of 50 nm between excitation and emission wavelengths, revealed a high tryptophan-like fluorescence, indicative of a pollution induced by untreated domestic and/or farm wastewater. The best correlations were obtained between the total SFS50 fluorescence and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and biological oxygen demand, showing that the contribution of humic-like fluorescent substances cannot be neglected to rapidly assess reservoir water quality in terms of DOC by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Fate of inorganic nitrogen species under homogeneous Fenton combined with electro-oxidation/reduction treatments in synthetic solutions and reclaimed municipal wastewater.

The fate of inorganic nitrogen species has been studied for the first time in electro-Fenton (EF) conditions in acid media. A redox cycle is first obtained and validated with a kinetic model in synthetic solution and highlights the removal of nitrite that is quickly oxidized into nitrate while the reduction conditions are sufficient to reduce nitrate into ammonium cation. However, NH4+ and gaseous nitrogen accumulate in such solution. The study in reclaimed municipal wastewater emphasize the removal of NH4+ with formation of chloramines in the presence of initial chloride ions, a species widely present in wastewater effluent. Contrastingly, NO3- remain constant all along the electrolysis even after 2.1 Ah L-1. The oxidation conditions were not sufficient to produce perchlorate while chlorate accumulated in solution. Therefore, it limits the use of EF for direct use for drinking water purpose but could be considered as complementary treatment for wastewater reuse applications.

Assessment of organic pollution of an industrial river by synchronous fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy: the Fensch River (NE France).

To rapidly monitor the surface water quality in terms of organic pollution of an industrial river undergoing restoration, optical methods (UV-visible spectrometry and fluorescence) were applied in parallel to classical physical-chemical analyses. UV-visible spectra were analyzed using the maximum of the second derivative at 225 nm (related to nitrates), specific absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), and the spectral slope between 275 and 295 nm (S 275-295) (related to the aromaticity and molecular weight of dissolved organic carbon). The synchronous fluorescence spectra (wavelength difference = 50 nm) exhibited a high variability in the composition of dissolved organic material between the upstream and downstream sections and also versus time. The principal components analysis of the entire set of synchronous fluorescence spectra helped to define three river sections with different pollution characteristics. Spectral decomposition was applied to the two most upstream sections: five fluorophores, classical in rivers impacted by domestic sewage and related to protein-like (λ ex = 280 nm) and humic-like fluorescence (M-type with λ ex ≈ 305-310 nm and C-type with λ ex ≥ 335 nm), were identified. The irregular shape of the synchronous fluorescence spectra in the most downstream section is likely due to organic pollutants of industrial origin; however, their variability and the complexity of the spectra did not allow the further elucidation of their nature.

Chronic impact of sulfamethoxazole on the metabolic activity and composition of enriched nitrifying microbial culture.

This study investigated the chronic impact of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on activated sludge sustaining an enriched nitrifying biomass. For this purpose, a laboratory scale fill and draw reactor was operated with 100 mg COD/L of peptone mixture and 50 mg N/L of ammonia at a sludge age of 15 days. Additionally, the biomass was exposed to a daily SMX dose of 50 mg/L once the reactor reached steady-state conditions. The reactor performance and microbial composition were monitored for 37 days with conventional parameters and molecular techniques based on the gene for ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) and the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene cloning analyses suggested a microbial community change concurrent with the addition of SMX. Specifically, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses (qPCR/RT-qPCR) revealed a significant reduction in the levels and activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the acclimation period ended with high amoA mRNA levels and improved nitrification efficiency. Partial degradation of SMX by heterotrophic bacteria was also observed.

Removal of Cr(III) from chrome tanning wastewater by adsorption using two natural carbonaceous materials: Eggshell and powdered marble.

In the present paper, eggshell and powdered marble, two carbonaceous materials, were used to remove Cr(III) ions from a real chrome tanning wastewater. The effects of initial effluent pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature were studied. The maximum uptake of chromium ions was obtained at pH 5.0 with the dose 20 g L(-1) and 12 g L(-1) for eggshell and powdered marble respectively. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 14 h contact time for eggshell and only after 30 min for powdered marble. Under these conditions, almost 99% Cr(III) was removed from chrome tanning wastewater having an initial concentration of chromium of 3.21 g L(-1). Kinetic data were satisfactorily described by a pseudo-second order chemical sorption model. The equilibrium rate constant was notably greater for powdered marble than for eggshell with 1.142·10(-3) (g mg(-1) min(-1)) and 0.041·10(-3) (g mg(-1) min(-1)) respectively. The adsorption isotherm were well described by a Langmuir model and showed that the interaction of chromium with the two adsorbents surface is a localized monolayer adsorption with a smaller energy constant for the powdered marble than for eggshell (0.020 (L mg(-1)) and 0.083 (L mg(-1)) respectively). The powdered marble was able to adsorb faster a large amount of Cr (III) in comparison to eggshell. The use of a standardized lettuce seed bioassay allowed evaluating a better effectiveness of the Cr adsorption on the powdered marble, removing up to 40% of the treated effluent toxicity than by eggshell 25%. The powdered marble could be considered as an effective, low cost carbonaceous material to be used for chromium removal from tanning wastewater.

Spectrophotometric characterization of dissolved organic matter in a rural watershed: the Madon River (N-E France).

In the last 20 years, increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations have been observed in several rivers and lakes in Europe. This increase has reduced the quality of the aquatic environment. In this study, UV-vis spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with a difference of 50 nm between the excitation and emission (SF50) were used to characterize the DOC in a rural river (Madon River). The specific absorbance index at 254 nm (SUVA254) which is related to the aromaticity of DOC was extracted from UV-vis spectra, whose maximum of the second derivative (occurring near 225 nm) is related to nitrates. SF50 spectra which are characterized by well-defined peaks indicated large spatial and temporal variations. Two methods were used to analyze and compare these spectra. The first method was based on the decomposition of the SF50 spectra into four Gauss functions: B1 (related to tryptophan-like fluorescence), B2 and B3 (related to humic substances), and B4 (related to chlorophyll-like substances). The second method was principal components analysis (PCA), which results yielded three principal components that accounted for 95% of the variance. Although PCA enables the consideration of the spectra without making assumptions regarding the number of fluorophores, the results from the decomposition in Gauss function were easier to interpret.

Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework.

Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by antibiotic resistance genes that occur in the environment. These measures include the identification of critical points of control, the development of reliable surveillance and risk assessment procedures, and the implementation of technological solutions that can prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. In this Opinion article, we discuss the main knowledge gaps, the future research needs and the policy and management options that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.

Lanthanide ecotoxicity: first attempt to measure environmental risk for aquatic organisms.

The geochemical cycles of lanthanides are being disrupted by increasing global production and human use, but their ecotoxicity is not fully characterized. In this study, the sensitivity of Aliivibrio fischeri and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to lanthanides increased with atomic number, while Daphnia magna, Heterocypris incongruens, Brachionus calyciflorus and Hydra attenuata were equally sensitive to the tested elements. In some cases, a marked decrease in exposure concentrations was observed over test duration and duly considered in calculating effect concentrations and predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for hazard and risk assessment. Comparison of PNEC with measured environmental concentrations indicate that, for the present, environmental risks deriving from lanthanides should be limited to some hotspots (e.g., downstream of wastewater treatment plants). However, considering the increasing environmental concentrations of lanthanides, the associated risks could become higher in the future. Ecotoxicological and risk assessment studies, along with monitoring, are required for properly managing these emerging contaminants.