[On feasibilities of training specialists in childhood pathological anatomy].

Introduction of lifetime morphological diagnosis into practical medicine makes increased requirements for training pediatric pathologists. A combination of traditional and new teaching methods makes the teaching process more visual and effective for students, interns, residents and gives a lot of opportunities in tutoring during advances courses in pediatric pathology.

[Differential diagnosis of persistent interstitial emphysema and other cystic lesions of the lung].

Neonatal interstitial emphysema (IE) may develop as a complication of the respiratory distress syndrome. IE is classified as acute and persistent and as diffuse and local forms. The differential diagnosis of persistent IE and congenital cystic malformations from clinical and imaging data may present problems. The histological pattern of persistent IE has specific features that permit the morphological diagnosis of this condition.

[Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney in children; its differential diagnosis with Wilms tumor].

There may be a number of tumors made up by small round blue cells in the kidneys of children. One of them is primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). The differences in therapeutic approaches determine the need to establish an accurate diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of PNET and the blastemal component of Wilms tumor can be difficult due to the similar histological pattern. There is a need for a close analysis of morphological manifestations, by keeping in mind the age of patients, and supplementary studies. A strong CD99 membrane expression and nuclear FLI1 expression in tumor cells are the signs of PNET. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization can determine PNET-specific translocations [t(11;22)(q24;q12), by involving the EWS gene.

[Wilms' tumor: current classification and the basic principles of a morphological study].

A morphological study of renal tumors in children requires the accurate diagnosis of the histological type and stage of a tumor and the evaluation of its risk in accordance with the SIOP protocol standards. Pathological findings may provide the most adequate therapeutic approach in every specific case. It is necessary to correctly analyze the results of studies and to elaborate the most effective and adequate treatment

[Inflammatory pseudotumor of the stomach in a 12-year old child].

A 12 year old boy was admitted to the hospital with complaints of stomachache, weight loss, weakness. The first symptoms appeared 6 months ago after intake of the mixture of vinegar, soda and gasoline. The endoscopy showed polypoid mass in the angle of the stomach and malignancy was suspected. Partial resection of the stomach was performed and the boy was discharged from the hospital if satisfactory condition. Microscopic investigation detected spread of fibroblast-like cells containing lengthened nuclei with distinct nucleoli in some of them. There was prominent inflammatory reaction with the presence of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and many plasma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive reactions with smooth muscle actin and vimentin. The mass was considered to be an inflammatory pseudotumor. The fact that the lesion developed after the action of the aggressive fluid on the stomach wall permits to consider this event as a possible etiologic factor.

[Development of a test system for detection of anti-endotoxic immunity in young children, healthy donors and some groups of therapeutic patients]. / Razrabotka test-sistemy dlia detektsii antiéndotoksicheskogo immuniteta u detei rannego vozrasta, zdorovykh donorov i nekotorykh grupp terapevticheskikh bol'nykh.

The content of antibodies to soluble lipid A detritus was studied with the use of the enzyme immunoassay techniques. Some regularities of anti-endotoxic immunity were established: the elevated level of anti-lipid A antibodies in chronic bronchial tree diseases of bacterial etiology. On the other hand, cases of severe purulent septic infections in young children were found to be accompanied by a considerable decrease in the titer of anti-endotoxic antibodies. The approaches to the therapy of diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria by means of specific immunoglobulins are discussed.

[The choice of the method for the surgical treatment of bladder exstrophy]. / Vybor metoda operativnogo lecheniia ékstrofii mochevogo puzyria.

129 children with exstrophy of the bladder underwent primary surgical reconstruction according to G. A. Bairov. Morphofunctional findings in these children gave grounds for determination of three degrees of the bladder congenital defects. 39 patients had defect of the 1st degree, 53 of the 2nd and 37 of the 3d degree. The results of plastic reconstruction of the bladder with local tissue support the validity of such procedure only for patients with the congenital defect degree I. For degree II the benefit is relative. In degree III plastic surgery in contraindicated.

[Baclofen pharmacokinetics in rats]. / Farmakokinetika baklofena u krys.

The pharmacokinetics of baclofen was studied in the rat blood plasma and brain. The concentrations of the agent were found to be considerably lower in the brain than in the plasma. This is associated with the weakly pronounced lipophilicity of the agent in question and with the protective properties of the blood-brain barrier. Baclofen penetrates into the brain middle regions to a greater extent than into cerebral hemispheres.

[Experimental model of generalized herpetic infection in newborns]. / Eksperimental'naia model' generalizovannoi gerpeticheskoi infektsii novorozhdennykh.

Generalized herpetic infection (GI) with a predominant involvement of the brain, eye, liver and spleen, in which cell rhexis and hyperchromatosis and large necrotic foci were observed, has been experimentally reproduced in newborn rabbits. Administration of herpes simplex virus at the dose of 5LD50 resulted in the suppression of immune reactions and animal death 4-5 days later. Dose of 2LD50 resulted in the immune response in the lymphoid organs, but the signs of the disease disappeared 5 days after the injection of the virus. The hypothesis on the existence of several clinico-morphological variants of GI is postulated.

[Infectious complications of congenital immunodeficient conditions]. / Infektsionnye oslozhneniia vrozhdennykh immunodefitsitnykh sostoianii.

12 autopsy cases of congenital immunodeficiency in children who died from various infectious complications at the age of from 2 months to 4 years 1 month are studied. Infection was in all cases combined (viral-bacterial, sometimes even viral-mycoplasmic-bacterial-mycotic). Morphological changes of the thymus, spleen, tonsilla, lymph nodes and lungs are described.

[Thymus morphology in Down's syndrome]. / Morfologiia timusa pri sindrome Dauna.

Changes in the thymus considered to be the morphological substrate of immune deficiency in Down's syndrome are described. Most typical changes include elimination of lymphocytes from the cortical and medullar substances, formation of giant cystic thymic bodies with necrosis and calcinosis, hyper- or hypoplasia of reticuloepithelium. In some observations these changes may be regarded as the primary immunodeficient condition associated with the reticuloepithelial pathology, in others they appear to be manifestations of a perverted course of accidental involution.