[Effect of enterally administrated oxygenated water on electrical activity of the small intestine in early postoperative period in rats]. / Vliianie oksigenirovannoi vody, vvedennoi énteral'no, na élektricheskuiu aktivnost' tonkoi kishki krys v rannem posleoperatsionnom periode.

The effect of oxygen, structurally-binded with water (oxygen water), on electrical activity of rat jejunum in early postoperative period. It was shown, that in contrast to effect of 0.9% NaCl, there is normalization of electrical activity parameters (frequency and slow wave amplitude) of jejunum in early postoperative period under the influence of oxygen water.

[Role of glutamine in enteral nutrition in intestinal insufficiency]. / Rol' glutamina v énteral'nom pitanii pri kishechnoi nedostatochnosti.

In this review the role of glutamine in enteral nutrition in intestinal insufficiency is shown. It is emphasized, that glutamine plays an important role in preservation of structure and function of intestines in normal state and under stressful condition.

[Utilization of glucose, valine, glycerin and palmitic acid by energy and anabolic pathways of metabolism in rats]. / Utilizatsiia gliukozy, valina, glitserina i pal'mitinovoi kisloty po énergeticheskomu i anabolicheskomu puti metabolizma u krys.

Possibility of evaluation of nutrients use by energy and anabolic ways by measurement in blood of radioactivity of water formed from labelled by tritium precursors was studied. The experiment was made on rats, which consecutively with interval 1.5-2 weeks were given intravenous indicative amount of 3H2(2,3)-valine, 1-14C-glucose, 6-3H-glucose, 3H2(1,3)-glycerin and 3H2(9,10)-palmitic acid. Half-time of glucose in blood was 46 min, glycerin--16 min, valine and palmitic acid--24 min. Plastic and energy characteristics of these substances were studied. The proposed approach to the evaluation of plastic and energy functions of nutrients can be useful for development of specialized products for enteral and parenteral feeding.

[The kinetics of the excretion of a choline-containing polymer from the body of rats and its effect on the activity of intestinal enzymes]. / Kinetika vyvedeniia kholinsoderzhashchego polimera iz organizma krys i ego vliianie na aktivnost' nekotorykh kishechnykh fermentov.

It was shown that the studied choline-containing polymer is practically not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. It is eliminated mainly on the first day. It causes an inhibitory effect on disaccharidases, does not affect animal growth, and has no negative effect on food uptake.

[External secretion of the liver in enteral and intragastric tube feeding]. / Vneshniaia sekretsiia pecheni v usloviiakh énteral'nogo i intragastral'nogo zondovogo pitaniia.

Hepatic external secretion and main lipid components of the bile and serum were studied under a long-term intragastric and enteral tube feeding using improved surgical and technical methods, Inritan and Peptisorb mixtures. It is shown that food entering the stomach directly does not affect hepatic excretion, while enteral 2-week feeding, especially with hydrolyzed products, deranged secretory mechanisms which entails unbalance in the main bile components and defective lipid metabolism.

[Proteolytic activity of lysosomes in various rat organs during total parenteral nutrition]. / Proteoliticheskaia aktivnost' lizosom v razlichnykh organakh krys v usloviiakh polnogo parenteral'nogo pitaniia.

Specific, total and nonsedimented activities of cathepsins A, B, C and D as well as of aryl sulfatases A and B, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were studied in liver, kidney and spleen tissues of rats under conditions of artificial intragastric and parenteral nutrition. Activity of cathepsins A and D in liver tissue as well as total activity of all the lysosomal hydrolases studied in spleen was distinctly increased in parenteral nutrition. These data suggest elevation in the functional activity of lysosomal apparatus under conditions of parenteral nutrition.

[The methodological problems of an experimental study of artificial feeding]. / Nekotorye metodicheskie voprosy izucheniia iskusstvennogo pitaniia v ésperimente.

General requirements have been presented for the organization and performing of experiments on artificial feeding in small laboratory animals. Some operation methods and devices applicable in the investigation of the body functions under conditions of parenteral and tube feeding have been described. The possibility of using this experimental biological model in the study of artificial feeding has been evidenced by the results of the test on 15-day tube feeding of rats.

[Various features of the initial stages of assimilation of isotope-labelled dipeptide]. / Nekotorye osobennosti nachal'nykh étapov usvoeniia izotopno-mechennogo dipeptida.

Tritium-labeled dipeptide Gly-Leu was administered to noninbred guinea pigs by intracardiac injections, and to Wistar rats--intra-intestinally, through a specially implanted catheter. It was found that after intravenous and intraintestinal administration of isotope-labeled dipeptide the "low-molecular label" was bound by serum proteins. Dissociation of the complexes "low-molecular label"--serum protein in 8 M solution of urea has evidenced a predominantly reversible character of interaction between the low-molecular ligand and protein macromolecule. The results obtained should be taken into consideration during assay of protein absorption from gastro-intestinal tract of laboratory animals.

[Effects of parenterally administered dicarboxylic amino acids and their amides on the secretory function of the stomach]. / Vliianie parental'no vvedennykh dikarbonovykh aminokislot i ikh amidov na sekretornuiu funktsiiu zheludka.

The effect of dicarboxylic amino acids and their amides on gastric secretion stimulated by sham-feeding (100 g of raw meat), as well as of amides of dicarboxylic amino acids on the gastric secretory function was studied in 119 tests on 8 dogs with gastric fistulas according to Basov. The tests were started 16-18 h after feeding under neutral or alkaline reactions of gastric excretion. The tests demonstrated that dicarboxylic amino acids inhibited gastric secretion induced by sham-feeding. It was shown that dicarboxylic amino acid amines, in contrast to these amino acids, did not inhibit gastric secretion induced by sham-feeding. On the contrary, asparagine and glutamine administered into the blood are capable of inducing gastric secretion, per se.

[Absorption and the immune response to ovalbumin administered by various methods in the dogs]. / Vsasyvanie i immunnyi otvet na oval'bumin pri raznykh sposobakh ego postupleniia v organizm sobak.

Absorption and immune response to ovalbumin (OA) were studied in chronic experiments on dogs after intraenteral administration (5 dogs) and feeding (3 dogs) with non-boiled hen eggs. A modified concurrent radioimmunoassay was used to estimate the blood serum content of OA antigenic structures and antibodies to them. In 7 out of 8 dogs the antigen was detected in blood already after the first intraenteral administration or feeding. It was established that absorption of OA antigenic structures was more intensive after intraenteral administration than after feeding with hen eggs. Antibodies to OA were detected in blood on day 15 in case of intraenteral administration and on day 20 when the animals were fed with eggs. The blood antibody titre to OA in dogs receiving ovalbumin by intraenteral route was 10-fold higher as compared to that in dogs fed with hen eggs. The data obtained evidence a high potential risk of the body sensitization to food protein during intraenteral food administration, as it happens, for example, in tube intraenteral feeding.

[Content of mineral substances in the internal organs of rats on intravenous feeding]. / Soderzhanie mineral'nykh veshchestv vo vnutrennikh organakh krys pri vnutrivennom pitanii.

The experiments on rats receiving a complete intravenous nutrition (group 1) during 15 days showed that the concentration of natrium, magnesium and iron was increased in the liver and decreased in the spleen as compared to that in controls given normal feeding (group 2). The content of zink and copper (mg%) was significantly lowered in both the organs of rats in group 1. The growth of the liver and spleen mass during parenteral feeding led to a significant rise in the content of natrium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zink and manganese in the whole liver tissue of group 1 rats, while the content of calcium and copper was similar in both groups of animals. The content of natrium, potassium, magnesium, iron and zink in the whole spleen tissue was significantly higher in group 1 rats, while the content of calcium, copper and manganese was similar in both groups of rats. A correlation was revealed between the content of iron and copper in the liver tissue (r = +0.87) and the levels of natrium and magnesium it the spleen tissue (r = +0.78) of group 1 rats. In group 2 rats a correlation was recorded between the content of calcium and manganese in the liver tissue an the levels of natrium and calcium in the spleen (r = +0.85 and +0.86, respectively).

[Digestive function of the small intestine and pancreas in rats on artificial feeding]. / Sostoianie pishchevaritel'noi funktsii tonkoi kishki i podzheludochnoi zhelezy krys v usloviiakh iskusstvennogo pitaniia.

Full-value diets of similar composition were given to male rats weighing 207-230 g, by intravenous (group 1) or intragastric (group 2) routes. The proportion of amino acids, fats and carbohydrates was 9.9:15.7:74.4 (with regard to their calorific value). The diet calorific value comprised 60.6 kcal/rat/day. An average mass increase in group 1 was 2.44 +/- 0.14 g/day, in group 2 - 1.75 +/- 0.11 g/day. The protein content and activities of alpha- and gamma-amylase, invertase, maltase, and glycil-L-leucine dipeptidase were assayed in the intestinal mucosa of the proximal portion of the small intestine in group 1 rats, while a decreased alpha-amylase activity in the distal portion of the small intestine was recorded in the animals of group 2. The mass of the pancreas in the rats of group 1 and 2 was authentically lower than in the control rats which received oral feeding with natural foods. The lowest mass of the pancreas was observed in the rats of group 1. Specific activity of trypsin, lipase and RNase in the pancreatic tissues of rats in groups 1 and 2 was similar. The results of the study have evidenced a lowered function of the digestive system under conditions of artificial feeding, especially in case of intravenous nutrition.

[Cecal function of rats on long-term intravenous feeding with different mixtures]. / Sostoianie slepoi kishki u krys pri dlitel'nom vnutrivennom pitanii razlichnymi smesiami.

Gain in body mass, mucosal morphology and microflora of the contents of the cecum were experimentally studied in adult growing male rats kept for 15 days on parenteral (intravenous) feeding with various nutrient mixtures. The rats on parenteral feeding and the control ones fed orally (via the natural route), kept on diets including all the major nutrients, gained in body mass about 40 g, during the experiment. Body mass of the animals on parenteral feeding with mixtures not containing the nitrous component was practically unchanged by the end of the experiment in all the groups of animals. Dystrophic changes in the cecum were detected in rats kept completely on parenteral feeding. These changes manifested mainly in altered nuclear structure of cryptal epithelium, being especially grave, up to the death of cells, in cases of reduced depth of the cryptae, in rats fed diets free from nitrous components. In rats parenterally fed diets including the principal nutrients the level of anaerobic Lactobacilli in the cecum was significantly reduced, as compared to rats on natural feeding.

[Various indicators of the state of the body during intravenous feeding with different mixtures]. / Nekotorye pokazateli sostoianiia organizma pri vnutrivennom pitanii kachestvenno razlichnymi smesiami.

Experiments lasting 15 days were made on rats fed intravenous isocaloric mixtures of the same composition (amino acids, glucose, fatty emulsion, mineral substances and vitamins), with one of the mixtures containing no fatty emulsion. It was noticed that intravenous feeding resulted in certain changes in body function, being consequent on the process of adaptation. The mixtures with and without fatty emulsion produced the same weight gain. However they brought about dissimilar shifts in other characteristics of the body status. The choice of adequate criteria is of importance for the assessment of the action of the different mixtures.

[Intravenous alimentation of rats in renal failure]. / Vnutrivennoe pitanie krys s pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu.

Experiments on nephrectomized rats were made to compare the effect of oral and intravenous feeding on the degree of uremia and general status of the body. Intravenous feeding which included only essential amino acids as nitrogenous component or an insufficiently balanced mixture of essential amino acids and several replaceable amino acids (9.5% of energy value) did not produce any correcting action on the uremic status. Oral feeding with the diet containing casein (9.5% of energy value) was more effective as regards the reduction of uremia and maintenance of the general status of the body.

[Endogenous nitrogen losses in rats fed by intravenous and enteral routes]. / Endogennye poteri azota u krys v usloviiakh vnutrivennogo i vnutrizheludochnogo pitaniia.

Endogenous losses of nitrogen were studied under the feeding with isocaloric mixtures containing glucose, polycose, mineral substances, and vitamins. At the end of the first week endogenous losses of nitrogen with urine and feces under both routes of feeding were higher than at the end of the second week of nitrogen-free feeding. Upon intravenous feeding the nitrogen-saving action of the mixture containing glucose was more remarkable at the end of the second week than that of the mixture containing glucose and fatty emulsion. Endogenous losses of nitrogen upon intravenous feeding with a mixture containing fatty emulsion and glucose and losses upon intragastric feeding with a mixture of fatty emulsion and polycose were similar at the end of the second week.