Functional Brain Connectivity Prior to the COVID-19 Outbreak Moderates the Effects of Coping and Perceived Stress on Mental Health Changes: A First Year of COVID-19 Pandemic Follow-up Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to investigate the psychological impact of a global major adverse situation. Our aim was to examine, in a longitudinal prospective study, the demographic, psychological, and neurobiological factors associated with interindividual differences in resilience to the mental health impact of the pandemic. METHODS: We included 2023 healthy participants (age: 54.32 ± 7.18 years, 65.69% female) from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative cohort. A linear mixed model was used to characterize the change in anxiety and depression symptoms based on data collected both pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. During the pandemic, psychological variables assessing individual differences in perceived stress and coping strategies were obtained. In addition, in a subsample (n = 433, age 53.02 ± 7.04 years, 46.88% female) with pre-pandemic resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging available, the system segregation of networks was calculated. Multivariate linear models were fitted to test associations between COVID-19-related changes in mental health and demographics, psychological features, and brain network status. RESULTS: The whole sample showed a general increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms after the pandemic onset, and both age and sex were independent predictors. Coping strategies attenuated the impact of perceived stress on mental health. The system segregation of the frontoparietal control and default mode networks were found to modulate the impact of perceived stress on mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive strategies targeting the promotion of mental health at the individual level during similar adverse events in the future should consider intervening on sociodemographic and psychological factors as well as their interplay with neurobiological substrates.

Sense of Coherence Mediates the Relationship Between Cognitive Reserve and Cognition in Middle-Aged Adults.

In recent years, supported by new scientific evidence, the conceptualization of cognitive reserve (CR) has been progressively enriched and now encompasses not only cognitive stimulating activities or educational level, but also lifestyle activities, such as leisure physical activity and socialization. In this context, there is increasing interest in understanding the role of psychological factors in brain health and cognitive functioning. In a previous study, we have found that these factors mediated the relationship between CR and self-reported cognitive functioning. In this study, we have confirmed an association between two important constructs included in the psychological wellbeing and salutogenic models, "purpose in life" and "sense of coherence," CR, as assessed using a questionnaire, and cognitive functioning, as evaluated using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results from 888 middle-aged healthy participants from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative indicate that both sense of coherence (SoC) and CR were positively associated with verbal memory, reasoning and attention, working memory, and global cognition. Moreover, the relation between CR and cognitive functioning in the different domains is partially mediated by SoC. When we controlled for brain integrity, introducing into the model neurofilament light chain measures, the mediator role of SoC was confirmed for reasoning and attention and global cognition. However, purpose in life was not associated with cognitive functioning. These results reveal the central role of the SoC construct, which mediates the association between classic CR estimates and cognitive functions, potentially representing a modifiable target for interventions that aim to promote brain health.

Depresión y variables asociadas en personas mayores de 50 años en España / Depression and associated variables in people over 50 years in Spain

Introducción: La depresión es un trastorno psiquiátrico incapacitante y frecuente en la edad adulta asociado a mayor mortalidad y discapacidad funcional. Objetivos: Determinar la asociación de las variables clínicas y sociodemográficas con la depresión, en una muestra de personas mayores de 50 años residentes en España, y comparar la prevalencia de depresión con los demás países del estudio Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Material y métodos: Muestra de 5.830 participantes de la muestra española de la «Wave 5», de 2013, del estudio SHARE. Instrumentos: EURO-D (depresión) y CASP-12 (calidad de vida). Análisis estadístico: bivariante y logístico binario. Resultados: En la regresión logística binaria, las variables asociadas a la depresión (EURO-D ≥4) fueron, principalmente, la mala percepción de salud física (OR=13,34; IC 95%: 9,74-18,27), la presencia de más de 2 dificultades en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) (OR=4,46; IC 95%: 3,13-6,34) y el género femenino (OR=2,16; IC 95%: 1,83-2,56). La depresión fue más frecuente en los participantes que padecían Alzheimer (76,4%), trastornos emocionales (73,9%), Parkinson (57,4%), fractura de cadera (55,4%) y reumatismos (50,9%). En la comparación con países europeos, España tenía un porcentaje de personas con depresión (29,3%) superior a la media europea (27,9%). Conclusiones: Las variables más relevantes asociadas a la depresión fueron la mala percepción de salud física, la presencia de dificultades en las AVD y el género femenino

Introduction: Depression is a common and disabling psychiatric disorder in adulthood and is associated with higher mortality and functional disability. Objectives: To determine the association between clinical and sociodemographic variables with depression in a sample of people over 50 years old living in Spain, and compare the prevalence of depression with the other Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE) countries. Material and methods: There were 5,830 participants in the Spanish sample of the Wave 5, 2013, of SHARE. Tools used: EURO-D (Depression) and CASP-12 (Quality of Life). Statistical analysis: Bivariate, and binary logistic. Results: The variables associated with depression in the binary logistic regression (EURO-D ≥4) were poor self-perceived physical health (OR=13.34; 95% CI: 9.74-18.27), having more than 2 difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (OR=4.46; 95% CI: 3.13-6.34) and female gender (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.83-2.56). Depression was more common among participants with Alzheimer (76.4%), emotional disorders (73.9%), Parkinson (57.4%), hip fracture (55.4%), and rheumatism (50.9%). Compared with other European countries, Spain had a percentage of people with depression (29.3%) that was higher than the European average (27.9%). Conclusions: The most important variables associated with depression were poor perceived physical health, presence of difficulties in ADL, and female gender

Cognition and its association with the factors of the EURO-D: Suffering and Motivation. Findings from SHARE Wave 6.

The aims of this study were (1) to analyse the relationship between cognition and clinical and sociodemographic variables, (2) to explore the relationship between cognitive tests and factors of EURO-D depression scale (Suffering and Motivation), and (3) to determine the relevance of cognition with respect to clinical and sociodemographic variables in the scores of the EURO-D factors. METHOD: About 63 755 participants in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 6 (2015) were included. Instruments are as follows: the SHARE study, the EURO-D scale, and cognitive tests. Bivariate, correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: In the regression analysis with cognition, the variables associated with poor cognition were higher age (ß = .29), lower educational level (ß = -.26), economic difficulties (ß = .17), and depression (ß = .10). The correlation between cognition and EURO-D factors was weak in Suffering (r = -0.139) and moderate in Motivation (r = -0.382). In the regression analysis with the EURO-D, loneliness, poor self-perceived physical health, female gender, and low cognition were associated with higher depression levels. The main differences in the predictor variables of each factor were cognition (Motivation = -0.248, P < .001; Suffering = 0.002, P = .648) and the female sex (Motivation = 0.015, P < .001, Suffering = 0.175, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In the EURO-D depression scale, poor cognition was associated with higher scores in the Motivation factor only, while the female gender presented higher scores in the Suffering factor.

Depression and associated variables in people over 50 years in Spain. / Depresión y variables asociadas en personas mayores de 50 años en España.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a common and disabling psychiatric disorder in adulthood and is associated with higher mortality and functional disability. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between clinical and sociodemographic variables with depression in a sample of people over 50 years old living in Spain, and compare the prevalence of depression with the other Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE) countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 5,830 participants in the Spanish sample of the Wave 5, 2013, of SHARE. Tools used: EURO-D (Depression) and CASP-12 (Quality of Life). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Bivariate, and binary logistic. RESULTS: The variables associated with depression in the binary logistic regression (EURO-D ≥4) were poor self-perceived physical health (OR=13.34; 95% CI: 9.74-18.27), having more than 2 difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (OR=4.46; 95% CI: 3.13-6.34) and female gender (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.83-2.56). Depression was more common among participants with Alzheimer (76.4%), emotional disorders (73.9%), Parkinson (57.4%), hip fracture (55.4%), and rheumatism (50.9%). Compared with other European countries, Spain had a percentage of people with depression (29.3%) that was higher than the European average (27.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The most important variables associated with depression were poor perceived physical health, presence of difficulties in ADL, and female gender.

Factor structure of depressive symptoms using the EURO-D scale in the over-50s in Europe. Findings from the SHARE project.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are: to analyze the factor structure of the EURO-D depression scale; to explore the variables associated with depressive symptoms in the total sample and in the EURO-D factors; and to compare the presence of depressive symptoms and the factor distribution in 15 European countries. METHOD: 62,182 participants in Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were included. INSTRUMENTS: The SHARE study and the EURO-D scale. Factor, bivariate and multilevel analyses were performed. RESULTS: Higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with a poorer self-perception of physical health (η2 = 0.22) and economic difficulties (η2 = 0.07). Factor analysis of the EURO-D identified two factors: Suffering and Motivation. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with female gender and younger age (≤60) in the Suffering factor, and with less activity and exercise, older age (≥71), widowhood and lower educational level in the Motivation factor. Poorer self-perception of physical health and economic difficulties were associated with higher depressive symptomatology in both factors. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer self-perception of physical health, female gender, economic difficulties, widowhood, lower levels of activity and exercise and lower educational level were associated with higher depressive symptomatology. In the countries of southern Europe, the Motivation factor predominated.

Kinship and cohabitation in relation to caregiver burden in the context of Alzheimer's disease: a 24-month longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to identify the clinical characteristics of three groups of caregivers: spouses, live-in adult-child or non-live-in adult-child, and their relation to the degree of perceived burden (Caregiver Burden Interview). METHODS: The sample comprised 275 Alzheimer's disease primary caregivers, with a follow-up of 24 months. Cognitive, functional and behavioural characteristics were evaluated in persons with dementia, whilst sociodemographic data, use of socio-medical resources, physical and mental health and self-perceived burden were assessed in caregivers. Generalized estimating equations were used for longitudinal data analysis. RESULTS: Spouse caregivers were 45.0% men, sole caregivers (>80%), used few external resources and had worse physical health. The number of female adult-child caregivers was higher (>75%). The live-in adult-child group, compared with the non-live-in adult-child group, was less likely to be married, had a lower level of education, was more commonly the sole caregiver and used fewer external resources. The greatest burden was observed in live-in adult-child caregivers, and the lowest in the non-live-in adult-child group, with no significant variation in the follow-up for both groups. Spouses had an intermediate level of perceived burden, which rose significantly during follow-up (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Kinship and cohabitation with the persons with dementia were associated with different scores and evolution of the burden, with an increase in the follow-up of the spouses, and with more or less burden, depending on cohabitation, in the adult-child groups. Interventions to reduce the level of burden on caregivers should consider these differences. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quality of life in people aged 65+ in Europe: associated factors and models of social welfare-analysis of data from the SHARE project (Wave 5).

PURPOSE: To analyse the clinical, sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors that influence perceived quality of life (QoL) in a community sample of 33,241 people aged 65+ and to examine the relationship with models of social welfare in Europe. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of data from Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The instruments used in the present study were as follows: sociodemographic data, CASP-12 (QoL), EURO-D (depression), indicators of life expectancy and suicide (WHO), and economic indicators (World Bank). Statistical analysis included bivariate and multilevel analyses. RESULTS: In the multilevel analysis, greater satisfaction in life, less depression, sufficient income, better subjective health, physical activity, an absence of functional impairment, younger age and participation in activities were associated with better QoL in all countries. More education was only associated with higher QoL in Eastern European and Mediterranean countries, and only in the latter was caring for grandchildren also related to better QoL. Socioeconomic indicators were better and QoL scores higher (mean = 38.5 ± 5.8) in countries that had a social democratic (Nordic cluster) or corporatist model (Continental cluster) of social welfare, as compared to Eastern European and Mediterranean countries, which were characterized by poorer socioeconomic conditions, more limited social welfare provision and lower QoL scores (mean = 33.5 ± 6.4). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived quality-of-life scores are consistent with the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants, as well as with the socioeconomic indicators and models of social welfare of the countries in which they live.

Self-Perceived Quality of Life Among Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Two Longitudinal Models of Analysis.

The objective was to analyze the factors that influence self-perceived quality of life (QoL) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), contrasting two different longitudinal models. A total of 127 patients were followed up over 24 months. The instruments applied were: Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale (QoL-AD), Geriatric Depression Scale-15, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Disability Assessment in Dementia, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Two models for grouping patients were tested: 1) Baseline score on the QoL-AD (QoL-Baseline), and 2) Difference in QoL-AD score between baseline and follow-up (QoL-Change). Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze longitudinal data, and multinomial regression analyses were performed. Over the follow-up period the QoL-Baseline model showed greater variability between groups (Wald χ2 = 172.3, p < 0.001) than did the QoL-Change model (Wald χ2  = 1.7, p = 0.427). In the QoL-Baseline model the predictive factors were greater depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.00- 1.45) and lower functional ability (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85- 0.99) for the Low QoL group (< 33 QoL-AD), and less depression (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.52- 0.88), more anosognosia (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01- 1.13), and fewer neuropsychiatric symptoms (OR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91- 0.99) for the High-QoL group (>37 QoL-AD). The model based on baseline scores (QoL-Baseline) was better than the QoL-Change model in terms of identifying trajectories and predictors of QoL in AD.

Effects of anosognosia and neuropsychiatric symptoms on the quality of life of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a 24-month follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: Neuropsychiatric symptoms and anosognosia are known to influence the perceived quality of life of patients (QoL-p) with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study analysed their impact on patient and caregiver ratings of QoL-p and how these ratings changed in relation to the severity of dementia. METHODS: A baseline sample of 221 patients and caregivers was followed up over 24 months. Instruments: Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia (AQ-D), Quality of life-Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Longitudinal data were analysed using generalized linear models. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, greater anosognosia was always associated with higher ratings of QoL-p among patients, especially at 24 months (p < 0.001), and with more negative ratings among caregivers, especially at baseline (p < 0.001). A higher total NPI score was associated with a more negative rating of QoL-p among caregivers (p < 0.001), and it also had a smaller negative effect on patients' self-ratings (p = 0.001). The neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI) associated with a more negative view of QoL-p were depression, for patients' self-ratings, and apathy and agitation for caregiver ratings. The discrepancy between patient and caregiver ratings increased in line with the severity of dementia. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms had a similarly negative effect on the QoL-p ratings of both patients and caregivers, whereas the effect of anosognosia differed according to the rater (positive for patients, negative for caregivers).

Anosognosia y depresión en la percepción de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evolución a los 12 meses / The influence of anosognosia and depression on the perceived quality of life of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a 12 months follow-up

Introducción. La anosognosia y la depresión pueden influir en la valoración sobre la calidad de vida del paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Objetivo. Explorar la evolución de la calidad de vida del paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer y la influencia de la anosognosia y la depresión en la percepción de la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y longitudinal de 12 meses. Muestra consecutiva de 221 pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente. La media de edad fue de 77,8 ± 7,3 años y 140 fueron mujeres (63,3%). Instrumentos: Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Geriatric Depression Scale, Disability Assessment for Dementia, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Minimental State Examination y Global Deterioration Scale. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto en las diferencias entre dos medias y se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal con los factores asociados a la percepción de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Resultados. Los pacientes con anosognosia presentaron puntuaciones menores en depresión y mayores en la Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease, al contrario que los pacientes sin anosognosia, e independientemente del tratamiento farmacológico antidepresivo. Los cuidadores puntuaron más negativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes. En la regresión lineal, las mayores discrepancias entre pacientes y cuidadores respecto a la calidad de vida se asociaron a la anosognosia, la depresión y la capacidad funcional (β = -0,21; p < 0,001), que explicaban el 35,3, 7,9 y 11,3%, respectivamente, de la varianza (AU)

Introduction. Anosognosia and depression can influence perceptions of the patient’s quality of life (QoL-p) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aim. To explore changes in perceived QoL-p in AD and the influence that depression and anosognosia can have on both patient and caregiver ratings. Patients and methods. Observational, analytical and longitudinal study over 12 months of a consecutive sample of 221 outpatients. Mean age was 77.8 ± 7.3 years and there were 140 women (63.3%). Instruments: Quality of Life in AD, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Geriatric Depression Scale, Disability Assessment for Dementia, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Mini-Mental State Examination and Global Deterioration Scale. Effect size of the differences between two means was calculated, and a linear regression analysis involving the factors associated with perceived QoL-p was performed. Results. Patients with anosognosia had less depression and higher scores on the Quality of Life in AD, as compared with patients without anosognosia, and regardless of antidepressant drug treatment. Caregiver ratings of QoL-p were more negative. In the linear regression the largest discrepancies between patient and caregiver ratings of QoL-p were associatedwith anosognosia, depression, and functional status, factors that explained 35.3, 7.9 and 11.3% of the variance, respectively. Conclusions. Anosognosia was associated with less depression and better perceived quality of life in patients (AU)

[The influence of anosognosia and depression on the perceived quality of life of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a 12 months follow-up]. / Anosognosia y depresión en la percepción de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evolución a los 12 meses.

INTRODUCTION: Anosognosia and depression can influence perceptions of the patient's quality of life (QoL-p) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM: To explore changes in perceived QoL-p in AD and the influence that depression and anosognosia can have on both patient and caregiver ratings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical and longitudinal study over 12 months of a consecutive sample of 221 outpatients. Mean age was 77.8 ± 7.3 years and there were 140 women (63.3%). Instruments: Quality of Life in AD, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Geriatric Depression Scale, Disability Assessment for Dementia, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Mini-Mental State Examination and Global Deterioration Scale. Effect size of the differences between two means was calculated, and a linear regression analysis involving the factors associated with perceived QoL-p was performed. RESULTS: Patients with anosognosia had less depression and higher scores on the Quality of Life in AD, as compared with patients without anosognosia, and regardless of antidepressant drug treatment. Caregiver ratings of QoL-p were more negative. In the linear regression the largest discrepancies between patient and caregiver ratings of QoL-p were associated with anosognosia, depression, and functional status, factors that explained 35.3, 7.9 and 11.3% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anosognosia was associated with less depression and better perceived quality of life in patients.

TITLE: Anosognosia y depresion en la percepcion de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evolucion a los 12 meses.Introduccion. La anosognosia y la depresion pueden influir en la valoracion sobre la calidad de vida del paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Objetivo. Explorar la evolucion de la calidad de vida del paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer y la influencia de la anosognosia y la depresion en la percepcion de la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio observacional, analitico y longitudinal de 12 meses. Muestra consecutiva de 221 pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente. La media de edad fue de 77,8 ± 7,3 años y 140 fueron mujeres (63,3%). Instrumentos: Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Geriatric Depression Scale, Disability Assessment for Dementia, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Minimental State Examination y Global Deterioration Scale. Se calculo el tamaño del efecto en las diferencias entre dos medias y se realizo un analisis de regresion lineal con los factores asociados a la percepcion de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Resultados. Los pacientes con anosognosia presentaron puntuaciones menores en depresion y mayores en la Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease, al contrario que los pacientes sin anosognosia, e independientemente del tratamiento farmacologico antidepresivo. Los cuidadores puntuaron mas negativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes. En la regresion lineal, las mayores discrepancias entre pacientes y cuidadores respecto a la calidad de vida se asociaron a la anosognosia, la depresion y la capacidad funcional (ß = ­0,21; p < 0,001), que explicaban el 35,3, 7,9 y 11,3%, respectivamente, de la varianza. Conclusion. La anosognosia se asociaba a una menor depresion y mejor percepcion de la calidad de vida en los pacientes.