Pathophysiological Aspects and Therapeutic Armamentarium of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Development.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and is characterized by the death of brain cells due to the accumulation of insoluble amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles within the cells. AD is also associated with other pathologies such as neuroinflammation, dysfunction of synaptic connections and circuits, disorders in mitochondrial function and energy production, epigenetic changes, and abnormalities in the vascular system. Despite extensive research conducted over the last hundred years, little is established about what causes AD or how to effectively treat it. Given the severity of the disease and the increasing number of affected individuals, there is a critical need to discover effective medications for AD. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several new drug molecules for AD management since 2003, but these drugs only provide temporary relief of symptoms and do not address the underlying causes of the disease. Currently, available medications focus on correcting the neurotransmitter disruption observed in AD, including cholinesterase inhibitors and an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which temporarily alleviates the signs of dementia but does not prevent or reverse the course of AD. Research towards disease-modifying AD treatments is currently underway, including gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy. These innovative approaches aim to target the underlying pathological processes of AD rather than just managing the symptoms. This review discusses the novel aspects of pathogenesis involved in the causation of AD of AD and in recent developments in the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of AD such as gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy, and many more.

Reprogramming of Lipid Metabolism in Cancer: New Insight into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies.

Lipids have received less attention than nucleic acids and proteins, which play a major role in building up the cell. They are a complex group of biomolecules varying in structure and function whose complexity can only be revealed by refining the present analytical tools. Lipogenesis is critical for tumor growth as it has been observed that FA (Fatty Acid) synthesis increases in many cancers. In this review, we have detailed the causes and concerns for considering lipids as a trademark for cancer, including other events such as mutations, epigenetic changes, chromosomal rearrangements, and hormonal stimulations. The process of biomarker development can be heightened from the critical changes observed in lipid profiling that occur in the reprogramming of lipid metabolism. The cancer alterations that occur during lipid metabolism and the expression of various genes during this process have been discussed in detail. The routes through which cancer cells source lipids for their nourishment and energy need and how FA synthesis contributes to this are discussed. The various pathways involved in the metabolism of lipid, which has the potential to be therapeutic targets, are highlighted. Also, the various driving factors critical for lipid metabolism alterations and the major role played by lipids in cancer and ways of targeting it are critically analyzed.