Machine learning-based prediction of in-hospital death for patients with takotsubo syndrome: The InterTAK-ML model.

AIMS: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is associated with a substantial rate of adverse events. We sought to design a machine learning (ML)-based model to predict the risk of in-hospital death and to perform a clustering of TTS patients to identify different risk profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS: A ridge logistic regression-based ML model for predicting in-hospital death was developed on 3482 TTS patients from the International Takotsubo (InterTAK) Registry, randomly split in a train and an internal validation cohort (75% and 25% of the sample size, respectively) and evaluated in an external validation cohort (1037 patients). Thirty-one clinically relevant variables were included in the prediction model. Model performance represented the primary endpoint and was assessed according to area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity. As secondary endpoint, a K-medoids clustering algorithm was designed to stratify patients into phenotypic groups based on the 10 most relevant features emerging from the main model. The overall incidence of in-hospital death was 5.2%. The InterTAK-ML model showed an AUC of 0.89 (0.85-0.92), a sensitivity of 0.85 (0.78-0.95) and a specificity of 0.76 (0.74-0.79) in the internal validation cohort and an AUC of 0.82 (0.73-0.91), a sensitivity of 0.74 (0.61-0.87) and a specificity of 0.79 (0.77-0.81) in the external cohort for in-hospital death prediction. By exploiting the 10 variables showing the highest feature importance, TTS patients were clustered into six groups associated with different risks of in-hospital death (28.8% vs. 15.5% vs. 5.4% vs. 1.0.8% vs. 0.5%) which were consistent also in the external cohort. CONCLUSION: A ML-based approach for the identification of TTS patients at risk of adverse short-term prognosis is feasible and effective. The InterTAK-ML model showed unprecedented discriminative capability for the prediction of in-hospital death.

Incidence of premature battery depletion in subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator patients: insights from a multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous ICD established its role in the prevention of sudden cardiac death in recent years. The occurrence of premature battery depletion in a large subset of potentially affected devices has been a cause of concern. The incidence of premature battery depletion has not been studied systematically beyond manufacturer-reported data. METHODS: Retrospective data and the most recent follow-up data on S-ICD devices from fourteen centers in Europe, the US, and Canada was studied. The incidence of generator removal or failure was reported to investigate the incidence of premature S-ICD battery depletion, defined as battery failure within 60 months or less. RESULTS: Data from 1054 devices was analyzed. Premature battery depletion occurred in 3.5% of potentially affected devices over an observation period of 49 months. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of premature battery depletion of S-ICD potentially affected by a battery advisory was around 3.5% after 4 years in this study. Premature depletion occurred exclusively in devices under advisory. This is in line with the most recently published reports from the manufacturer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04767516 .

Impact of cryoballoon application abortion due to phrenic nerve injury on reconnection rates: a YETI subgroup analysis.

AIMS: Cryoballoon (CB)-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). The most frequent complication during CB-based PVI is right-sided phrenic nerve injury (PNI) which is leading to premature abortion of the freeze cycle. Here, we analysed reconnection rates after CB-based PVI and PNI in a large-scale population during repeat procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the YETI registry, a total of 17 356 patients underwent CB-based PVI in 33 centres, and 731 (4.2%) patients experienced PNI. A total of 111/731 (15.2%) patients received a repeat procedure for treatment of recurrent AF. In 94/111 (84.7%) patients data on repeat procedures were available. A total of 89/94 (94.7%) index pulmonary veins (PVs) have been isolated during the initial PVI. During repeat procedures, 22 (24.7%) of initially isolated index PVs showed reconnection. The use of a double stop technique did non influence the PV reconnection rate (P = 0.464). The time to PNI was 140.5 ± 45.1 s in patients with persistent PVI and 133.5 ± 53.8 s in patients with reconnection (P = 0.559). No differences were noted between the two populations in terms of CB temperature at the time of PNI (P = 0.362). The only parameter associated with isolation durability was CB temperature after 30 s of freezing. The PV reconnection did not influence the time to AF recurrence. CONCLUSION: In patients with cryoballon application abortion due to PNI, a high rate of persistent PVI rate was found at repeat procedures. Our data may help to identify the optimal dosing protocol in CB-based PVI procedures. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03645577?term=YETI&cntry=DE&draw=2&rank=1 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03645577.

Atrial Fibrillation Ablation with a Novel Fully 3D-Mapping-Integrated Multi-Electrode Radiofrequency Balloon Catheter.

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), as the cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, has emerged a widely used therapy for patients suffering from AF. To improve PVI efficiency, single-shot catheters (SSCs) have been developed. Regrettably, SSCs are not integrated into 3D-mapping technology. In that regard, a novel radiofrequency balloon catheter (RFBC, Heliostar, Biosense Webster) with full integration into 3D-mapping technology has been developed. The aim of this study was to assess operative and follow-up outcomes of the RFBC in AF patients. In this monocentric prospective registry, patients with a first-time PVI using the RFBC were included. Follow-up visits were scheduled 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after ablation and in case of symptoms. A total of 171 patients (36.8% female) were included, with a mean age of 68.5 ± 10.2 years. Among them, 63 patients (36.8%) presented with persistent AF. Notably, no major periprocedural complications were observed. The mean follow-up period was 287 ± 157 days. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the estimated recurrence-free survival after 12 months was 81.8%. Based on our data, PVI with the fully 3D-mapping-integrated RFBC seems to be safe and effective and to have a favorable 12-month outcome in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF.

Incidence of Long-Term Pulmonary Vein Reconnection after a 2-Minute Cryoballoon Freeze for Pulmonary Vein Isolation-Invasive Insights of TTI-Dependent Cryoenergy Titration.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal freeze duration in cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is unknown. TTI-based titration of cryoenergy allows individualized freeze duration and has emerged as a favorable ablation strategy in PV cryoablation. In a recent study, we demonstrated that omission of a bonus freeze and reduction in freeze duration to a minimum of 2 min in the case of short TTI led to comparable arrhythmia recurrence rates. Whereas clinical outcome seems to be comparable to fixed freeze duration, evidence of long-term PV reconnection rates in patients undergoing TTI-based cryoballoon ablation is sparse. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the procedural efficacy of a single 2-min freeze for PVI, we assessed PV conduction recovery after cryoballoon PVI with a TTI-guided titration of freeze duration compared to a fixed ablation protocol. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence undergoing a second ablation procedure after the initial cryoballoon procedure. The second AF ablation procedure was performed by the 3D-mapping system and radiofrequency ablation technique. A total of 219 patients (age: 66.2 ± 10.8 years, 53% female, paroxysmal AF: 53%) treated with the TTI-guided protocol (174 patients, 685 PV) or fixed protocol (45 patients, 179 PV) showed comparable total reconnection rates (TTI: 36.9% vs. fixed: 31.8%, p = 0.21). The PV reconnection rate was not statistically different for PVs treated with a 2-min freeze in case of short TTI, compared to longer freeze duration. Interestingly, the PV reconnection rate was lower in LIPVs treated with the fixed protocol (13% vs. 31%, p = 0.029). In the TTI group, 17 out of 127 patients (15%) had durable isolation of all PVs, whereas in 8 out of 40 patients (20%) in the fixed group, all PVs were still isolated (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: overall reconnection rate was not different using a TTI-guided ablation protocol compared to a fixed ablation protocol, whereas the LIPV reconnection rate was significantly lower in patients treated with a fixed ablation protocol.

Novel cryoballoon ablation system for pulmonary vein isolation: multicenter assessment of efficacy and safety-ANTARCTICA study.

AIMS: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) either by balloon devices or radiofrequency forms the cornerstone of invasive atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment. Although equally effective cryoballoon (CB)-based PVI offers shorter procedure duration and a better safety profile. Beside the worldwide established Arctic Front Advance system, a novel CB device, POLARx, was recently introduced. This CB incorporates unique features, which may translate into improved efficacy and safety. However, multicentre assessment of periprocedural efficacy and safety is lacking up to date. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 317 patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF were included and underwent POLARx CB-based PVI in 6 centres from Germany and Italy. Acute efficacy and safety were assessed in this prospective multicenter observational study. In 317 patients [mean age: 64 ± 12 years, 209 of 317 (66%) paroxysmal AF], a total of 1256 pulmonary veins (PVs) were identified and 1252 (99,7%) PVs were successfully isolated utilizing mainly the short tip POLARx CB (82%). The mean minimal CB temperature was -57.9 ± 7°C. Real-time PVI was registered in 72% of PVs. The rate of serious adverse events was 6.0% which was significantly reduced after a learning curve of 25 cases (9.3% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.018). The rate of recurrence-free survival after mean follow-up of 226 ± 115 days including a 90-day blanking period was 86.1%. CONCLUSION: In this large multicentre assessment, the novel POLARx CB shows a promising efficacy and safety profile after a short learning curve.

Substrate-based ablation of atypical atrial flutter in patients with atrial cardiomyopathy.

Background: Standard therapy of atypical atrial flutter (AFL) aims at deploying ablation lines between two non-conducting anatomical structures, thereby creating a line of block within the re-entry circuit. We have developed an ablation strategy, where we incorporate voltage information as a surrogate for atrial fibrosis from the electro-anatomical map (EAM) during AFL ablation procedures to create individualized, substrate-based ablation lines along the area of most pronounced low-voltage within the reentry-circuit. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate acute procedural success and long-term outcome of a substrate-based ablation (SBA) strategy in comparison to a standard anatomically based ablation (ABA) strategy for the ablation of atypical AFL. Methods: Patients that underwent ablation for AFL at our institution were included. SBA procedures were compared to ABA procedures. Endpoints were acute termination of AFL and recurrence of the index AFL or any other AFL during follow-up. Results: We included 47 patients, 24 individuals (51.1%) in the SBA group and 23 patients (48.9%) in the ABA group. Most patients had signs of atrial cardiomyopathy, namely enlarged left atrial diameter (LAD) and extended amount of left atrial low-voltage areas (LVA). Termination of AFL occurred in 27 of 29 (93.1%) AFL in the SBA group and in 28 of 31 (90.3%) AFL in the ABA group (p = 0.99). Freedom from recurrence of any atypical AFL after 2.5 years was 21.5% in the ABA group compared to 48.8% in the SBA group (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Substrate-based ablation is as effective as an anatomically-based ablation in the acute termination of AFL but yields better rhythm outcome with less recurrence of AFL in patients with atrial cardiomyopathy.

Deferral of non-emergency cardiac procedures is associated with increased early emergency cardiovascular hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, in anticipation of a demand surge for high-care hospital beds, many hospitals postponed non-emergency interventions of cardiac patients. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of cardiac patients whose non-emergency interventions had been deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Patients whose non-emergency cardiac intervention had been cancelled between March 19th and April 30th, 2020 were included (study group). All patients were considered as deferrable according to current recommendations. Patients' outcomes after 12 months were compared to a seasonal control group who underwent non-emergency interventions in 2019 as scheduled. The primary endpoint was a composite of emergency cardiovascular hospitalization and death. Secondary endpoints were levels of symptoms and cardiac biomarkers. RESULTS: Outcomes of 193 consecutive patients in the study group were assessed and compared to 216 controls. The primary endpoint occurred significantly more often in the study group (HR 2.42, 95%CI 1.63-3.61, p < 0.001). This was driven by an increase in hospitalizations. Subgroup analyses showed that especially patients with a deferred transcatheter heart valve intervention experienced early emergency hospitalization (HR 9.55, 95%CI 3.70-24.62, p < 0.001). These findings were accompanied by more pronounced symptoms and higher biomarker levels. CONCLUSIONS: Deferral of non-emergency cardiac interventions to meet the higher demand for hospital beds during the COVID-19 crisis is associated with early emergency cardiovascular hospitalizations. Patients suffering from valvular heart disease especially constitute a vulnerable group. Consequently, our results suggest that current recommendations on the management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic need revision.

Real-Time Spiral CMR Is Superior to Conventional Segmented Cine-Imaging for Left-Ventricular Functional Assessment in Patients with Arrhythmia.

(1) Background: Segmented Cartesian Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) often fails to deliver robust assessment of cardiac function in patients with arrhythmia. We aimed to assess the performance of a tiny golden-angle spiral real-time CMR sequence at 1.5 T for left-ventricular (LV) volumetry in patients with irregular heart rhythm; (2) Methods: We validated the real-time sequence against the standard breath-hold segmented Cartesian sequence in 32 patients, of whom 11 presented with arrhythmia. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) were assessed. In arrhythmic patients, real-time and standard Cartesian acquisitions were compared against a reference echocardiographic modality; (3) Results: In patients with sinus rhythm, good agreements and correlations were found between the segmented and real-time methods, with only minor, non-significant underestimation of EDV for the real-time sequence (135.95 ± 30 mL vs. 137.15 ± 31, p = 0.164). In patients with arrhythmia, spiral real-time CMR yielded superior image quality to the conventional segmented imaging, allowing for excellent agreement with the reference echocardiographic volumetry. In contrast, in this cohort, standard Cartesian CMR showed significant underestimation of LV-ESV (106.72 ± 63.51 mL vs. 125.47 ± 72.41 mL, p = 0.026) and overestimation of LVEF (42.96 ± 10.81% vs. 39.02 ± 11.72%, p = 0.039); (4) Conclusions: Real-time spiral CMR improves image quality in arrhythmic patients, allowing reliable assessment of LV volumetry.

Phrenic Nerve Injury During Cryoballoon-Based Pulmonary Vein Isolation: Results of the Worldwide YETI Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has emerged as an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation. The most frequent complication during cryoballoon-based PVI is phrenic nerve injury (PNI). However, data on PNI are scarce. METHODS: The YETI registry is a retrospective, multicenter, and multinational registry evaluating the incidence, characteristics, prognostic factors for PNI recovery and follow-up data of patients with PNI during cryoballoon-based PVI. Experienced electrophysiological centers were invited to participate. All patients with PNI during CB2 or third (CB3) and fourth-generation cryoballoon (CB4)-based PVI were eligible. RESULTS: A total of 17 356 patients underwent cryoballoon-based PVI in 33 centers from 10 countries. A total of 731 (4.2%) patients experienced PNI. The mean time to PNI was 127.7±50.4 seconds, and the mean temperature at the time of PNI was -49±8°C. At the end of the procedure, PNI recovered in 394/731 patients (53.9%). Recovery of PNI at 12 months of follow-up was found in 97.0% of patients (682/703, with 28 patients lost to follow-up). A total of 16/703 (2.3%) reported symptomatic PNI. Only 0.06% of the overall population showed symptomatic and permanent PNI. Prognostic factors improving PNI recovery are immediate stop at PNI by double-stop technique and utilization of a bonus-freeze protocol. Age, cryoballoon temperature at PNI, and compound motor action potential amplitude loss >30% were identified as factors decreasing PNI recovery. Based on these parameters, a score was calculated. The YETI score has a numerical value that will directly represent the probability of a specific patient of recovering from PNI within 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PNI during cryoballoon-based PVI was 4.2%. Overall 97% of PNI recovered within 12 months. Symptomatic and permanent PNI is exceedingly rare in patients after cryoballoon-based PVI. The YETI score estimates the prognosis after iatrogenic cryoballoon-derived PNI. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03645577. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.

Predicting Phrenic Nerve Palsy in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation With the Cryoballoon-Does Sex Matter?

Background: Phrenicus nerve palsy (PNP) is a typical complication during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using the cryoballoon with the ominous potential to counteract the clinical benefit of restored sinus rhythm. According to current evidence incidence of PNP is about 5-10% of patients undergoing Cryo-PVI and is more frequent during ablation of the RSPV compared to the RIPV. However, information on patient specific characteristics predicting PNP and long-term outcome of patients suffering from this adverse event is sparse. Aim of the Study: To evaluate procedural and clinical characteristics of AF patients with PNP during cryoballoon PVI compared to patients without PNP. Methods and Results: Between 2013 and 2019 we included 632 consecutive AF patients undergoing PVI with the cryoballoon in our study. 84/632 (13.3%) patients experienced a total number of 89 PNP during the ablation procedure. 75/89 (84%) cryothermal induced PNP recovered until the end of the procedure (transient PNP, tPNP), whereas 14/89 (16%) PNP hold beyond the end of the procedure (non-transient PNP, ntPNP). Using multivariate logistic regression, we found that sex and BMI are strong and independent predictors of cryothermal induced non-transient PNP during cryoballoon PVI with an odds ratio of 3.9 (CI: 95%, 1.1-14.8, p = 0.04) for female gender. Interestingly, all patients (14/14, 100%) with a non-transient PNP experienced complete PNP resolution after a mean recovery time of 68 ± 79 days. Conclusion: Our data indicate for the first time, that female sex and lower BMI are independent predictors for non-transient PNP caused by cryoballoon PVI. Fortunately, during follow up all PNP patients resolved completely with a median recovery time of 35 days.

Histone deacetylase 1 controls cardiomyocyte proliferation during embryonic heart development and cardiac regeneration in zebrafish.

In contrast to mammals, the zebrafish maintains its cardiomyocyte proliferation capacity throughout adulthood. However, neither the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the proliferation of cardiomyocytes during developmental heart growth nor in the context of regeneration in the adult are sufficiently defined yet. We identified in a forward genetic N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen the recessive, embryonic-lethal zebrafish mutant baldrian (bal), which shows severely impaired developmental heart growth due to diminished cardiomyocyte proliferation. By positional cloning, we identified a missense mutation in the zebrafish histone deacetylase 1 (hdac1) gene leading to severe protein instability and the loss of Hdac1 function in vivo. Hdac1 inhibition significantly reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation, indicating a role of Hdac1 during developmental heart growth in zebrafish. To evaluate whether developmental and regenerative Hdac1-associated mechanisms of cardiomyocyte proliferation are conserved, we analyzed regenerative cardiomyocyte proliferation after Hdac1 inhibition at the wound border zone in cryoinjured adult zebrafish hearts and we found that Hdac1 is also essential to orchestrate regenerative cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult vertebrate heart. In summary, our findings suggest an important and conserved role of Histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) in developmental and adult regenerative cardiomyocyte proliferation in the vertebrate heart.

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in HFpEF patients-A propensity-score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are both common conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially if they coexist. Catheter ablation (CA) for AF has been shown recently to induce reverse remodeling and improve symptoms in HFpEF patients. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of AF patients with HFpEF, who either underwent CA for AF or received medical therapy only. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included all AF patients with HFpEF according to current guidelines treated at our hospital between 2013 and 2018. Out of 6614 AF patients, we identified 127 with confirmed HFpEF. After applying propensity score matching to balance patient groups, 43 patients treated by CA and 43 patients receiving medical treatment were compared. Patients in the CA group underwent a mean of 1.5 ± 0.8 ablation procedures. Arrhythmia recurrence occurred significantly less frequently in the CA group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.87; p = .016). The primary endpoint, a composite of heart failure hospitalization and death, was reduced significantly by CA compared to medical therapy (HR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13-0.67; p = .003). This was driven by a decrease in heart failure hospitalization. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters of HFpEF improved significantly only after CA. Remarkably, reassessment of diagnostic HFpEF criteria at the end of follow-up demonstrated HFpEF resolution in 15 out of 43 patients (35%) treated by CA and only 4 out of 43 patients (9%) treated medically (p = .008). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation for AF in HFpEF patients in comparison to medical therapy decreases heart failure hospitalization, heart failure symptoms, and improves diastolic function. AF ablation should be considered in patients with HFpEF and concomitant AF.

Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Outcome in Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the International Takotsubo Registry.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for mortality. The prevalence, clinical correlates, and prognostic impact of AF in Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) have not yet been investigated in a large patient cohort. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical correlates, and prognostic impact of AF in patients with TTS. Methods and Results Patients with TTS were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry, which is a multinational network with 26 participating centers in Europe and the United States. Patients were dichotomized according to the presence or absence of AF at the time of admission. Of 1584 patients with TTS, 112 (7.1%) had AF. The mean age was higher (P<0.001), and there were fewer women (P=0.046) in the AF than in the non-AF group. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower (P=0.001), and cardiogenic shock was more often observed (P<0.001) in the AF group. Both in-hospital (P<0.001) and long-term mortality (P<0.001) were higher in the AF group. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that AF was independently associated with higher long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.50-3.55; P<0.001). Among patients with AF on admission, 42% had no known history of AF before the acute TTS event, and such patients had comparable in-hospital and long-term outcomes compared with those with a history of AF. Conclusions In patients presenting with TTS, AF on admission is significantly associated with increased in-hospital and long-term mortality rates. Whether antiarrhythmics and/or cardioversion are beneficial in TTS with AF should thus be tested in a future trial. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01947621.

Prognostic impact of acute pulmonary triggers in patients with takotsubo syndrome: new insights from the International Takotsubo Registry.

AIMS: Acute pulmonary disorders are known physical triggers of takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This study aimed to investigate prevalence of acute pulmonary triggers in patients with TTS and their impact on outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with TTS were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry and screened for triggering factors and comorbidities. Patients were categorized into three groups (acute pulmonary trigger, chronic lung disease, and no lung disease) to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes. Of the 1670 included patients with TTS, 123 (7%) were identified with an acute pulmonary trigger, and 194 (12%) had a known history of chronic lung disease. The incidence of cardiogenic shock was highest in patients with an acute pulmonary trigger compared with those with chronic lung disease or without lung disease (17% vs. 10% vs. 9%, P = 0.017). In-hospital mortality was also higher in patients with an acute pulmonary trigger than in the other two groups, although not significantly (5.7% vs. 1.5% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.13). Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with an acute pulmonary trigger had the worst long-term outcome (P = 0.002). The presence of an acute pulmonary trigger was independently associated with worse long-term mortality (hazard ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.33-3.38; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that TTS is related to acute pulmonary triggers in 7% of all TTS patients, which accounts for 21% of patients with physical triggers. The presence of acute pulmonary trigger is associated with a severe in-hospital course and a worse long-term outcome.

Impact of bleeding complications after transcatheter mitral valve repair.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding in the context of cardiac catheterization is frequent and negatively impacts on short- and long-term patient outcome. We evaluated the clinical impact of in-hospital bleeding events after transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) in the long-term follow- up. METHODS: 586 consecutive patients treated with first-time TMVr were enrolled in this registry. In-hospital MVARC (Mitral Valve Academic Research Council) bleedings were assessed and patients were grouped according to the incidence of a bleeding event. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant independent predictors of MVARC bleeding. This study received approval by local ethics committee. RESULTS: 78 patients (13.3%) suffered from an MVARC bleeding event (Access site-related bleedings: 46.2%; GI tract bleeding: 35.9%; Other bleedings: 17.9%). Among these bleeding subgroups, neither relevant differences in baseline characteristics nor in severity of bleeding events were observed. Despite not being an independent predictor for overall death in the multivariate Cox regression analysis, MVARC bleeding was associated with prolonged hospital stay. The ORBIT bleeding score was the best match to predictors of any MVARC bleeding found in our cohort (c-score overall cohort: 0.68; c-score GI bleeding cohort: 0.72). CONCLUSION: MVARC bleedings after TMVr are frequent findings but were only in half of the cases related to the access site. The ORBIT score could be useful for identification of patients at high risk for non-access site bleeding and especially GI bleeding.

Impact of re-definition of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation in the 2012 and 2016 European Society of Cardiology atrial fibrillation guidelines on outcomes after pulmonary vein isolation.

PURPOSE: In the 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation (AF), the definition of AF type has been modified compared with the 2010 guidelines and its 2012 focused update. We compared the difference of single procedure outcomes using the definitions before and after 2016 on a cohort of patients with AF undergoing AF ablation. METHODS: Consecutive AF ablation patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF were retrospectively reclassified applying the 2010, 2012, and 2016 ESC definitions on AF type. RESULTS: We included a total of 628 patients. Applying the 2010 ESC AF guidelines definition, 68% of patients were paroxysmal while according to the 2016 ESC AF guidelines, the proportion increased to 87%. Applying the 2010 ESC guidelines definition, recurrence rates of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients differ significantly (log-rank p < 0.001). Applying the 2012 focused update and the 2016 ESC AF guidelines, recurrence rates do not differ significantly. In a cox regression model applying the 2010 guidelines, persistent AF is the only independent predictor of AF recurrence in our cohort. However, when applying the 2016 guidelines, persistent AF is no longer a predictor of AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The revised definition of AF types in the 2016 ESC AF guidelines leads to a marked shift from persistent to paroxysmal AF. It appears that the old definition provided a better separator to predict rhythm outcome after AF ablation.

Continuous transcutaneous carbon-dioxide monitoring to avoid hypercapnia in complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation.

BACKGROUND: Ablation of complex cardiac arrhythmias requires an immobilized patient. For a successful and safe intervention and for patient comfort, this can be achieved by conscious sedation. Administered sedatives and analgesics have respiratory depressant side effects and require close monitoring. We investigated the feasibility and accuracy of additional, continuous transcutaneous carbon-dioxide partial pressure (tpCO2) measurement during conscious sedation in complex electrophysiological catheter ablation procedures. METHOD: We evaluated the accuracy and additional value of continuous tpCO2 detection by application of a Severinghaus electrode in comparison to arterial and venous blood gas analyses. RESULTS: We included 110 patients in this prospective observational study. Arterial pCO2 (paCO2) and tpCO2 showed good correlation throughout the procedures (r = 0.60-0.87, p < 0.005). Venous pCO2 (pvCO2) were also well correlated to transcutaneous values (r = 0.65-0.85, p < 0.0001). Analyses of the difference of pvCO2 and tpCO2 measurements showed a tolerance within <10 mmHg in up to 96-98% of patients. Hypercapnia (pCO2 < 70 mmHg) was detected more likely and earlier by continuous tpCO2 monitoring compared to half-hourly pvCO2 measurements. CONCLUSION: Continuous tpCO2 monitoring is feasible and precise with good correlation to arterial and venous blood gas carbon-dioxide analysis during complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation and may contribute to additional safety.