[Content of mineral elements in the diet of students of physical education faculty].

Research of the diet of students of the Faculty of Physical Education found discrepancy of caloric content and correlation of macro- and micronutrients to physiological norms accompanied by a deficiency of some mineral elements. Thus, this research found discrepancy of a diet in caloric content and correlation of macro- and micronutrients to physiological norms. Calorie deficiency in both groups is caused for lack of all macro- and micronutrients, but mostly for lack of carbohydrates with an average glycemic index, fruit, and vegetables that have prebiotic properties and mineral-rich elements. Deficiency in the diet of young men 9.6% of the total protein and 23.5% of carbohydrates was accompanied for lack 15.5% of calcium. In the group of girls the results showed a decrease of the required amounts of calcium, magnesium and iron of 36.4; 7.5 and 1.5% respectively, which was displayed against a background of reducing the consumption of the total protein 25.1 and 36.0% of carbohydrates. As a result, basic nutrition of students practicing sports requires rationalization and adjustment. To improve the biological value of the diet it is advisable for students to use daily dairy products and other sources of animal protein in their diets. It is also necessary to introduce fruit and vegetables as a source of dietary fibers and mineral elements. Created in both groups deficiency of calcium and biologically high-grade proteins of animal origin can be eliminated by various dairy products in which calcium and phosphorus are in easily digestible form and in a balanced quantity. Despite the considerable amount of calcium in many foods (meat, bread, cereals, vegetables) calcium is assimilated with difficulty from these products. The exception is the calcium of milk, curd, cheese and other dairy products. The ration between calcium and phosphorus in milk is 1:1-1.4:1. For example, taking 0.5 liters of milk provides 600 mg of assimilable calcium intake.

[The mineral composition of the carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks, vitamin-mineral complexes and dietary supplements for athletes].

In the article analyzes the macro- and trace element composition of sports drinks, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives (BAA). The estimation of the mineral collection of these products compared with the recommended standards. Established mineral composition many of the carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives corresponds the physiology standards. However in some vitamin-mineral complexes and especially biologically active additives a number of minerals can be either unreasonably low or unreasonably high. Furthermore during labeling, mainly in the category D, a number of errors were revealed. Particularly there were lack of instructions about the number of declared ingredients, inaccuracies in the calculations of the daily requirement of mineral elements etc. Providing of an athlete organism with minerals should be carried out not only by carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and specialized BAA, but mainly through basal ration. Utilising of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives can be justified only by the recommendations of experts. This is true not only in pro sports, but for the mass sports, as well as for individual physical training, in order to maintain physically fit.

[Medical-biological approach to development of feeding ration for sportswomen--members of Russia weight lifting team].

Physical status of 12 sportswomen - member of Russia weight lifting team during training period was analiysed. Anthropometric, bioimpedance methods with analyzer ABC-01 "Medass" in observation [body weight Index (index Ketle-2), waist circle/hip circle index] and body compositions were used (adipose, bone and muscle tissues masse). Data obtained when bioimpedance method was used indicated: normal body weight and relative adipose mass to body weight - in 92%, surplus - in 8% of cases; body weight Index and normal level of adipose mass - in 75%, surplus - in 25%; active cellular mass and bone mass and general body liquid were found to be normal. 14-day feeding ration for sportswomen were analysed and 3 times per day food intakes was found to be not optimal. Data obtained let to recommend set of daily food products to compose optimal ration for present sportswomen group when energetic value of 4500 kKal and high nutritional value would be provided.

[Actual nutrition and physical state of athletes of the national sleigh team of Russia].

An assessment of actual nutrition and physical fitness of athletes of the Russian national sleigh team are presented, and the need to develop for them the individual well-balanced diet that will reimburse the amount of consumed energy and nutrients and help athletes to obtain high results.

[Influence wheat bran on organism vitamin (experiment on rats)].

The inclusion of wheat bran (at a dose of 2,3 and 4,6% of the dry weight) in the semi-synthetic diet of rats under combined deficiency of vitamins (20 and 50% of the adequate level) did not have a significant effect on vitamins C, B1 and B2 liver levels, riboflavin blood plasma level, and thiamine and riboflavin urinary excretion. The consumption of bran in high dose has been accompanied by a decrease of retinol blood plasma level on 19-28% but it has no effect on liver retinol palmitate content. Bran intake in both doses resulted in a deterioration of rats sufficiency with vitamin E, which had been confirmed by a simultaneous significant decrease of blood plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration on 31-40%, and its liver level on 23-43%. The results obtained indicate the advisability of vitamin E enrichment of diets with a high content of dietary fiber.

[The role of the individual nutrition for high sport achievements].

It is established that individual menu, corresponded for personal nutritional need is a key factor for sport success of top athletes. A lot of questions and real approach for formation of the personal menu for top athletes are observed.

[Principles of optimal nutrition of sportsmen in various kinds of sport].

Basic principles of optimal nutrition of sportsmen in various kinds of sport are formulated. Their diet must be well-balanced in terms of all nutrients and contain essential vitamins and minerals. There is outlined an indispensable content of the basic nutrients in sportsmen's daily diet: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as vitamins and minerals.

[Optimization of the sports nutrition: reality and perspectives].

The review about modern state of the Sports nutrition, as well as its discussional questions and developmental perspectives are observed.

[Theoretical prerequisites for elaborating individual nutrition for sportsmen].

The article provides data on peculiarities of individual nutrition of sportsmen and on necessity of developing domestic specialized competitions foods, which can be used during competitions and extensive trainings, characterized by big physical activity and high emotional stress.

[Somatotype of the patients with obesity and associated cardio-vascular patholodgy. Clinical and anthropological bonds].

In the article there are presented major anthropometric parameters of patients (male and female) with obesity, combined with cardiovascular pathology, before and after treatment. Constitutional predisposition to obesity is defined. Efficacy of dietary therapy is estimated and with obesity are defined on the basil of associated cardio-vascular pathology.

[Estimation of anthropometric status of patients with body weight deficiency].

New data regarding individual peculiarities of structure for patients with dystrophy is presented in this article. Component structure of the body for patients been studied, Constitutional predisposition and body structure for such patients has been defined.

[The grounds for using specialized food products in sportsmen].

The article provides grounds for application of special-purpose foods by sportsmen during intensive training and competitions. Last these foods posses, height biological activity, what upon their limited application, at provides energy regeneration of energy, vitamins and minerals and normalization of water-salt metabolism.

[The use of anthropometric investigations in medicine: some clinico-anthropologic parallels].

In this article are observed useful for clinic medicine anthropometric methods. Some clinico-anthropometric parallels are indicated. They show the importance of individual constitutional diagnosis.

[The influence of Spirulina and Selen-Spirulina on some indexes of rat's immune status].

This paper reviews evidence for the immune-enhancing effect of Spirulina (Sp) and Selen-Spirulina (Se-Sp) in male Wistar rats. The rats of control group fed half-synthetic diet. Rats of experimental groups consumed the half-synthetic diets with Sp (10 g/kg diet) or Se-Sp (350 microg Se/kg diet) for 2 weeks. Using rats lymphocytes in vitro after phytohemagglutinin stimulation was demonstrated that lymphocytes from Sp and Se-Sp groups secreted of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma more control group. Induction of interleukin-4 was comparable with once of control group. We believed that Sp and Se-Sp are more effective in stimulating a Th-1--type response and hence potentiates cell-mediated immunity. The immunostimulatory effect of Sp and Se-Sp was confirmed by morphologic and morphometric investigation of rats spleen, also with by NBT-test of peritoneal macrophages.

[Nutritive correction and iodine deficiency in children].

It is well known that deficiency of calcium and iodine--essential food components needed for children's valuable growth and development--is observed presently in children of different age. Considering this fact, the "Danone" company together with Institute of Nutrition (Russia) has developed a special formula, including calcium, iodine and vitamin D, for dairy products "Rastishka". The use of these products facilitates both reducing the risk of the above mentioned microelement deficiency and children's growth and development.

[Methodical approaches to usage of complex anthropometric methods in clinical practice].

The new methodical approach of complex anthropometric study in clinical practice has been proposed for evaluation of nutritional state, dyagnostics and effectiveness of dietotherapy of patients with alimentary-depended pathology. The technique of body's voluminous size measurements, adipose folds measurements by means of caliper, extremities diameter measurements has been described, which would allow to receive more precise data during patients examinations. Formulas which allow to calculate the amount of bone, muscular and adipose mass been provided.

[The clinical and experimental research of metabolic effects of shark liver oil].

The investigation of influent of antiatherosclerotic diets with shark liver oil on clinical and metabolic parameters in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Results of the study show that enrichment of a diets with shark liver oil in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension improved clinic status, antropometric levels, lipid spectrum of blood and immunology status. The mechanism of shark liver oil was investigated in rats.

[Amaranths oil: peculiarities of chemical composition and influence on lipid metabolism by rats].

In experiment on rats it was shown a hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth oil. The decrease of cholesterol lever in rat blood was not accompanied by its increasing in a liver. The turn from a model of hypercholesterolemia to the diet with amaranth oil also prodused decreasing of cholesterol lever in rat plasma and liver as compared with control animals. In the composition of rat liver sterins the increasing of plant sterins was observed that probably was due to squalene presense in amaranth oil.

[Influence of prebiotics on morphologic structure of the mucouse membrane of intestinum crassum of rats].

Diet of investigated rats includes chicory inulin, oligofructose of pectin (during 4 weeks). It was established increase of length, width of the colonic crypts and number of their epithelial cells, as well as intensity of their secretory functions.

[The main landmarks of formation and development of pathomorphological service of the Institute of Nutrition]. / Osnovnye vekhi stanovleniia i rezvitiia patomorflogicheskoi sluzhby v Institute Pitaniia RAMN.

This is a brief account of the main stages of formation and development of the pathomorphological service of the Institute of Nutrition the Russian Academy of Medical Science setting in 1930 year present time.