Anaemia among school children of different socioeconomical status in a city of Southern Brazil.

Background: Iron deficiency is one of the leading causes of anaemia, with those most affected being children and women of childbearing age, in Brazil there is a scarcity of studies involving the local prevalence of anaemia. Aim: To evaluate anaemia and associated factors in schoolchildren in Santa Cruz do Sul through the analysis of biochemical and haematological markers and parasitological examination of faeces. Subjects and methods: School children from 10 to 12 years of age were evaluated through complete blood count, serum ferritin, C-reactive protein and stool parasitological examination, as well as socio-demographic characteristics and prophylaxis with ferrous sulphate in childhood. Results: It was found that 13.0% of the population was anaemic, girls were very slightly overrepresented among the anaemic children. Only 5.3% had altered haematocrit levels; 26.6% had low Mean Corpuscular Volume levels; 18.4% had low ferritin levels; 2.4% had increased C-reactive protein levels, and 21.7% had altered eosinophils. As for the socioeconomic level, classes A2 and D presented lower haemoglobin levels, as well as class D presenting lower ferritin levels, although without statistical significance. Only 6.0% of the population presented iron-deficiency anaemia and 46.0% of the schoolchildren had used ferrous sulphate supplementation in childhood. Conclusion: The prevalence of anaemia in the studied municipality is low, probably due to the high municipal human development index. Epidemiological studies are essential to characterise the population in a systematic form, to prevent future problems.

Iron supplementation does not aggravate impaired glucose tolerance and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats.

High sugar intake is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders. Genotoxicity is an important factor in diabetes onset, and iron (Fe) may be an aggravating element. However, this relationship is still poorly established. Thus, this study evaluated whether Fe supplementation could aggravate obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats. A total of 24 rats were treated with different diets: standard diet (SD, n = 8), invert sugar overload (320 g/L, HSD, n = 8), or Fe plus invert sugar overload (2.56 mg/L of Fe2+, Fe-HSD, n = 8) for four months. After treatment, the Fe-HSD group showed no excessive weight gain or impaired glucose tolerance. DNA damage in blood, as assessed by comet assay, gradually increased in HSD during treatment (p < 0.001), whereas Fe-HSD showed a nonlinear increase in DNA damage. Moreover, Fe-HSD presented 0.6-fold more DNA damage compared with SD (p = 0.0055) in the 1st month of treatment. At months 2 and 3, results show a ≥ 1.4-fold increase in HSD and Fe-HSD DNA damage, respectively, compared with SD (p < 0.01). At the end of the experiment, only HSD DNA damage differed from SD (1.5-fold more, p = 0.0196). Fe supplementation did not aggravate the invert sugar-induced DNA damage (p > 0.05). In the pancreas, results showed no differences in DNA damage. Mutagenicity, evaluated by micronucleus testing, was not observed regardless of treatment (p = 0.428). Fe supplementation, in the evaluated concentration, did not aggravate weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats.

Rapid and low-cost liquid biopsy with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to discriminate the molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer worldwide. The prognosis and survival of these patients are directly related to the diagnostic stage. Even so, the gold standard screening method (mammography) has a long waiting period, high rates of false positives, anxiety for patients, and consequently delays the diagnosis by core needle biopsy (invasive method). Alternatively, the Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive, low-cost, rapid, and reagent-free technique that generates the spectral metabolomic profile of biomolecules. This makes it possible to assess systemic repercussions, such as the BC carcinogenesis process. Blood plasma samples (n = 56 BC and n = 18 controls) were analyzed in the spectrophotometer in the ATR-FTIR mode. For the exploratory analysis of the data, interval Principal Component Analysis (iPCA) was used, and for predictive chemometric modeling, the Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) algorithm with validation by leave-one-out cross-validation. iPCA in the region of 1118-1052 cm-1 (predominantly DNA/RNA bands) showed significant clustering of molecular subtypes and control. The OPLS-DA model achieved 100% accuracy with only 1 latent variable and Root Mean Square Error of Cross-Validation (RMSECV) < 0.005 for all molecular subtypes and control. The wavenumbers (cm-1) with the highest iPCA peaks (loadings: 1117, 1089, 1081, 1075, 1057, and 1052) were used as input to MANOVA (Wilks' Lambda, p < 0.001 between molecular subtypes and control). The rapid and low-cost detection of BC molecular subtypes by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy would plausibly allow initial screening and clinical management, improving prognosis, reducing mortality and costs for the health system.

Potential Ameliorative Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism, Obesity, and Genomic Stability in Prediabetic Rat Model.

Chromium (III) (Cr(III)) effect on improving glucose, body mass loss, and genomic stability has been extensively studied in models of type 2 diabetes. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating its effect on prediabetes. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of Cr(III) as dietetic supplementation on glucose metabolism, obesity, and genomic stability on prediabetic rat model using high-invert sugar. Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four treatment groups: (1) control, receiving standard diet (control); (2) prediabetic (PD), receiving a 32% of invert sugar; (3) Cr(III), receiving chromium (III) chloride (CrCl3•6H2O) (58.4 mg/L); and (4) Cr(III) + PD, receiving CrCl3•6H2O in combination with high-invert sugar. Cr(III) supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose (123.00 ± 8.29 mg/dL vs. 115.30 ± 9.31 mg/dL, p = 0.015) and partially reduced area under the 120-min blood glucose response curve (AUC) in PD rats (p = 0.227). Moreover, Cr(III) attenuated weight gain (187.29 ± 38.56 g vs. 167.22 ± 29.30 g, p = 0.004), significantly reducing body mass index (0.68 ± 0.04 g/cm2 vs. 0.63 ± 0.04 g/cm2, p < 0.001), Lee index (0.30 ± 0.01 vs. 0.28 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), and peritoneal fat (p < 0.001). Regarding genomic stability, high-invert sugar, Cr(III), or the combination of both did not produce changes in oxidative stress, DNA damage in pancreas, or cytotoxicity markers. These data suggest that Cr(III) supplementation improved partially glucose metabolism and reduced obesity in rat model PD due to high-invert sugar without influence in genomic stability.

Associação entre escore de gravidade, níveis inflamatórios e dano no DNA em pacientes na terapia intensiva / Association between severity score, inflammatory levels and DNA damage in intensive care patients / Asociación entre puntaje de gravedad, niveles inflamatorios y daño en el ADN en pacientes de cuidados intensivos

Justificativa e Objetivos: A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) é responsável pelo tratamento de pacientes críticos e sua monitorização contínua pode melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados prestados. O objetivo deste estudo é associar a Escala Psicológica Aguda Simplificada (SAPS 3) com os níveis inflamatórios e o dano ao DNA em pacientes internados na UTI de um hospital do Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal realizada com 22 pacientes internados em uma UTI adulta, no período de janeiro a junho de 2016. O escore SAPS 3 foi pontuado pela equipe médica na admissão dos pacientes e amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas após 24 e 72 horas de internação para dosagem de Proteína C Reativa (PCR) e dano no DNA. Resultados: O escore SAPS 3 não se associou ao PCR de 24 e 72h. Entretanto, o escore SAPS 3 associou-se significativamente ao índice e a frequência de dano DNA, somente após 72 horas de internação. Conclusão: O escore de gravidade não se associou aos níveis de PCR, mas a danos no DNA, somente após 72 horas da admissão.(AU)

Background and Objectives: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is responsible for the treatment of critical patients and monitoring it continuously can improve the quality of care provided. This study aims to associate the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS 3) with inflammatory levels and genomic damage in patients admitted to the ICU of a hospital in Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 22 patients from an adult ICU, between January and June 2016. The SAPS 3 was scored by the medical staff at the admission of patients and blood samples were obtained after 24 and 72 hours of hospitalization for C-Reactive Protein (CRP) dosing and DNA damage. Results: The SAPS 3 score was not associated with 24- and 72-hours CRP. However, the SAPS 3 score was significantly associated with the index and frequency of DNA damage, only after 72 hours of hospitalization. Conclusion: The severity score was not associated with CRP levels, but with DNA damage only after 72 hours of admission.

Justificación y objetivos: La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es responsable del tratamiento de pacientes críticos, y su monitoreo continuo puede mejorar la calidad de la atención ofrecida. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo asociar la Puntuación Fisiológica Simplificada Aguda (SAPS 3) con los niveles inflamatorios y el daño al ADN en pacientes de la UCI de un hospital del Valle de Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal realizado con 22 pacientes ingresados en una UCI de adultos, entre enero y junio de 2016. El equipo médico calificó la puntuación SAPS 3 al ingreso de los pacientes, y se obtuvieron muestras de sangre después de 24 y 72 h de hospitalización para la medición del PCR y el daño al ADN. Resultados: La puntuación SAPS 3 no se asoció con la Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) a 24 y 72 horas. Sin embargo, lo asoció significativamente con el índice y la frecuencia de daño al ADN solo después de 72 horas de hospitalización. Conclusiones: El puntaje de gravedad no se asoció con los niveles de PCR, sino con el daño al ADN solamente 72 horas después del ingreso de los pacientes.(AU)

Invert sugar induces glucose intolerance but does not cause injury to the pancreas nor permanent DNA damage in rats.

The high consumption of sugars is linked to the intermediate hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance associated with obesity, inducing the prediabetes. However, the consequences of excessive invert sugar intake on glucose metabolism and genomic stability were poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of invert sugar overload (32%) in rats, analyzing changes in obesity, glucose tolerance, pancreatic/hepatic histology and primary and permanent DNA damage. After 17 weeks, the rats became obese and had an excessive abdominal fat, as well as presented impaired glucose tolerance, caused by higher sugar caloric intake. Primary DNA damage, evaluated by the comet assay, was increased in the blood, however not in the pancreas. No protein carbonylation was seen in serum. Moreover, no increase in permanent DNA damage was seen in the bone marrow, evaluated using the micronucleus test. Some rats presented liver steatosis and that the pancreatic islets were enlarged, but not significantly. In this study, invert sugar altered the glucose metabolism and induced primary DNA damage in blood, but did not cause significant damage to the pancreas or liver, and neither changes in the levels of oxidative stress or permanent DNA damage.

Anemia no diabetes mellitus gestacional: implicações na instabilidade genômica / Anemia in gestational diabetes mellitus: implications for genomic instability

Introdução: Evidências têm mostrado uma associação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus. Contudo, a relação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) ainda não está bem estabelecida, bem como sua repercussão na instabilidade genômica. Portanto, objetivou-se verificar a associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG atendidas em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres apresentando diagnóstico de DMG que realizaram pré-natal no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS). Informações referentes ao DMG, anemia e suplementação de ferro foram obtidas nos prontuários. A instabilidade genômica foi avaliada pelo ensaio de citoma em micronúcleos em células bucais (BMCyt). Resultados: Das 44 gestantes avaliadas, 28,6% apresentaram anemia e 79,5% foram suplementadas com ferro. Das gestantes que realizaram suplementação, 75,0% não apresentaram anemia gestacional. Níveis de hemoglobina não se associaram com a instabilidade genomica (p > 0,05), mas foi observada uma associação entre brotos nucleares e os níveis de glicemia (r = 0,977; p = 0,003). Conclusão: Não foi verificado associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG.(AU)

Introduction: There is evidence of an association between anemia and diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between anemia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains to be established, as well as its impact on genomic instability. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM treated at a university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women with a diagnosis of GDM who received prenatal care at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. Data on GDM, anemia, and iron supplementation were obtained from medical records. Genomic instability was assessed by the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay. Results: Of 44 pregnant women evaluated, 28.6% had anemia and 79.5% received iron supplementation; of the latter, 75.0% did not have gestational anemia. Hemoglobin levels were not associated with genomic instability (p > 0.05), but an association was found between nuclear buds and blood glucose levels (r = 0.977; p = 0.003). Conclusion: There was no association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM.(AU)

Periodontitis: Genomic instability implications and associated risk factors.

Periodontitis is a bacterial infection characterized by the presence of a dense inflammatory infiltrate, which may result in increased DNA damage and other nuclear/cellular abnormalities. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the periodontal diseases influence on DNA damage and other nuclear/cellular abnomalies formation as cancer risk markers. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal diseases effect, according to its severity, on the occurrence of DNA damage and other nuclear/cellular abnormalities. This is a cross-sectional study with 77 subjects from the dentistry clinic of the University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil, divided in control group (26 subjects), moderate periodontal disease group (26 subjects) and severe periodontal disease group (25 subjects). All subjects answered self-referenced questionnaires, underwent periodontal clinical examinations and allowed the collection of oral mucosa cells for the BMCyt. In relation to DNA damage biomarkers (micronuclei (MN) and/or nuclear buds (NBUD)), our results indicated no increase in MN frequencies (p > 0.05), however it indicated significant difference in NBUD frequencies between groups (p < 0.024). This result suggests that the periodontal disease status may influence DNA damage. Regarding the other nuclear/cellular abnormalities, was observed a significant difference in the binucleated (BN) frequencies between groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the periodontitis severity was associated to an increase in the combined (summed) frequency of cells with different levels of DNA damage (MN and/or NBUD), cytokinetic defects (BN cells) and/or cell death (karyorrhexis, pyknotic and karyolytic cells) (r = 0.235; p = 0.040). Periodontal disease depending on its severity, induces nuclear anomalies in buccal cells.

Factors associated with the consumption of fi ve daily servings of fruits and vegetables by students / Fatores associados ao consumo de cinco porções de frutas e hortaliças em escolares

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate and associate the frequency of consumption of five daily servings of fruits and vegetables with socioeconomic and demographic factors of students in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study with a sample stratified by clusters of 1,578 students aged 7 to 17 in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul state), Brazil. Volunteers were asked whether they consumed five daily servings of fruits and vegetables. This consumption was classified as irregular or regular. Data regarding gender, age, socioeconomic status, domicile area, and information on the nutritional status of students were also collected. The prevalence ratio was calculated with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The consumption of at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day was reported by 40.6% of students. The irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher among students aged 10-12 (69.7%, p<0.001), boys (60.9%, p<0.001), and urban area residents (61.8%, p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and the students' socioeconomic status (p=0.094), nor with their nutritional status (p=0.999). Conclusion The students presented an irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables in relation to the recommendations of five servings per day. However, age and domicile area, which were significantly associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables, were not associated with their socioeconomic and nutritional status.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar e associar a frequência do consumo de 5 porções ao dia de frutas e hortaliças com fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul), Brasil. Métodos Este foi um estudo transversal com uma amostra estratificada por conglomerados de 1.578 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos de Santa Cruz do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul), Brasil. O consumo 5 porções de frutas e hortaliças foi questionado e por conseguinte classificado em consumo irregular ou regular de frutas e hortaliças. Coletou-se também informações referentes ao sexo, a idade, condição socioeconômica, zona de domicílio, bem como informações sobre o estado nutricional dos escolares. A razão de prevalência foi calculada com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados O consumo de pelo menos 5 porções de frutas e hortaliças ao dia foi relatado por 40,6% dos escolares. O consumo irregular de frutas e hortaliças, em relação à recomendação, foi mais elevado entre os escolares com idade entre 10 e 12 anos (69,7%, p<0,001), entre os do sexo masculino (60,9%, p=0,077) e os residentes da zona urbana (61,8%, p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre o consumo de frutas e hortaliças e a condição socioeconômica (p=0,094) nem com o estado nutricional (p=0,999). Conclusão Os escolares apresentaram consumo irregular de frutas e hortaliças em relação às recomendações de 5 porções ao dia. Entretanto, a idade e a zona de domicílio, que tiveram associação significativa em relação ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças, não mostraram estar associado a condição socioeconômica e ao estado nutricional.

Influence of hesperidin and vitamin C on glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and DNA damage in rats treated with sucrose overload.

We evaluated the influence of hesperidin and vitamin C (VitC) on glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and DNA damage in male Wistar rats treated with sucrose overload. Rats were divided into six experimental groups: I-water control; II-sucrose control; III-hesperidin control; IV-VitC control; V-co-treatment of sucrose plus hesperidin; VI-co-treatment of sucrose plus VitC. We measured the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (A1C). DNA damage was evaluated in blood and brain cells using the comet assay and the micronucleus test was used to evaluate chromosomal damages in the rat bone marrow. Co-treatment with VitC, but not with hesperidin, normalized the serum glucose. No effect of co-treatments was observed on A1C. The co-treatment with VitC or hesperidin did not influence the lipid profile (p>0.05). Rats co-treated with hesperidin had a significantly lower DNA damage level in blood (p<0.05) and brain (p<0.05). Rats treated with VitC only, but not those co-treated with VitC plus sucrose, had significantly higher DNA damage in brain (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the results of micronucleus test (p>0.05). Hesperidin and VitC showed different effects on sucrose and DNA damage levels. While VitC lowered the serum glucose, hesperidin reduced the DNA damage.

Activity of carbapenems and tigecycline against ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp / Atividade de carbapenêmicos e tigeciclina diante de Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp. produtoras de ESBL

ABSTRACT The indiscriminate use of carbapenems in the fight against multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria leads to the emergence of resistance to these antimicrobial agents. We examine the in vitro activity of carbapenems and tigecycline against ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated in a single hospital at two different periods eight years apart. Overall resistance to carbapenems ranged from 18.7% in 2007 to 19.1% in 2015/2016. We found no isolates resistant to tigecycline, but two intermediary profiles in the 2015/2016 period. Tigecycline is an important option for treating multidrug resistant Gram-negative infections and helps in the fight against global dissemination of resistance to carbapenems.

RESUMO O uso indiscriminado de carbapenêmicos na luta contra bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes favorece o aparecimento de resistência a esses agentes antimicrobianos. Examinamos a atividade in vitro de carbapenêmicos e tigeciclina em Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp. isolados de um único hospital, em dois períodos diferentes, separados por oito anos. A resistência aos carbapenêmicos variou de 18,7% em 2007 a 19,1% em 2015/2016. Não encontramos isolados resistentes a tigeciclina, mas dois isolados intermediários no período 2015/2016. A tigeciclina é uma importante opção de tratamento para infecções causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes e ajuda na luta contra a disseminação da resistência aos carbapenêmicos.

Fto polymorphism and physical fitness in obese schoolchildren after an intervention program / Polimorfismo no gene fto e aptidão física em escolares obesos após programa de intervenção / Polimorfismo en el gene fto y aptitud física en escolares obesos después de programa de intervención

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent studies have shown that the association of FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism with obesity depends on the level of the individual's physical activity. However, there are some studies that evaluated physical fitness, health, and motor performance in relation to the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism. Objective: To evaluate how the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism affects the results of physical fitness tests related to health and athletic performance in schoolchildren after 4 months of intervention of physical exercise. Method: The rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism was genotyped in a total of 36 schoolchildren from southern Brazil, aged 8 to 16 years. Body mass index (BMI), health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, abdominal strength/endurance, and flexibility) and motor performance (upper and lower limb strength, agility, and speed) were evaluated. The intervention included exercise strategies based on Physical Education, healthy eating, and oral and postural care. Results: In the experimental group, after the intervention, significant differences were noted in individuals with the TT genotype. These individuals showed improvements in abdominal strength (p=0.025), lower limb strength (p=0.037) and agility (p=0.021). For individuals with the AA/AT genotype, improvements in flexibility (p=0.026), abdominal strength (p=0.002), upper limb strength (p=0.008) and lower limb strength (p=0.001) were observed. However, these differences were not statistically significant when comparing the TT and AT/AA genotypes. Conclusions: The experimental group showed improvements in abdominal strength, lower limb strength, and speed. Yet, individuals with different genotypes (AA/AT and TT) for polymorphism rs9939609 exhibited similar values for indicators of physical fitness, health, and motor performance. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality RCT.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos recentes demonstraram que a associação do polimorfismo do gene FTO rs9939609 e a obesidade dependem do nível de atividade física de um indivíduo. No entanto, existem alguns estudos que avaliaram a aptidão física, a saúde e o desempenho motor com relação ao polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO. Objetivo: Avaliar como o polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO afeta os resultados dos testes de aptidão física relacionados com a saúde e o desempenho atlético em escolares após 4 meses de intervenção com exercícios físicos. Método: O polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO foi genotipado em um total de 36 escolares do sul do Brasil, com idades entre 8 e 16 anos. O índice de massa corporal (IMC), a aptidão física relacionada com a saúde (aptidão cardiorrespiratória, força abdominal/resistência e flexibilidade) e desempenho motor (força de membros superiores e inferiores, agilidade e velocidade) foram avaliados. A intervenção teve como base estratégias de exercícios da Educação Física e alimentação saudável, além de cuidados bucais e posturais. Resultados: No grupo experimental, após a intervenção, observaram-se diferenças significativas em indivíduos com o genótipo TT. Esses indivíduos apresentaram melhorias na força abdominal (p = 0,025), força dos membros inferiores (p = 0,037) e agilidade (p = 0,021). Para os indivíduos com o genótipo AA/AT, foram observadas melhorias na flexibilidade (p = 0,026), força abdominal (p = 0,002), força dos membros superiores (p = 0,008) e força dos membros inferiores (p = 0,001). No entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes ao se comparar os genótipos TT e AT/AA. Conclusões: O grupo experimental apresentou melhorias na força abdominal, força dos membros inferiores e velocidade. Contudo, indivíduos com diferentes genótipos (AA/AT e TT) para o polimorfismo rs9939609 exibiram valores semelhantes para indicadores de aptidão física, saúde e desempenho motor. Nível de Evidência II, ECRC de menor qualidade.

RESUMEN Introducción: Estudios recientes han demostrado que la asociación del polimorfismo del gen FTO rs9939609 y la obesidad dependen del nivel de actividad física de um individuo. Sin embargo, existen algunos estudios que evaluaron la aptitud física, la salud y el rendimiento motor con relación al polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO afecta los resultados de las pruebas de aptitud física relacionadas con la salud y el desempeño atlético en escolares después de 4 meses de intervención con ejercicios físicos. Método: El polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO fue genotipado en un total de 36 escolares del sur de Brasil, con edades entre 8 y 16 años. El índice de masa corporal (IMC), la aptitud física relacionada con la salud (aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza abdominal/resistencia y flexibilidad) y rendimiento motor (fuerza de las extremidades superiores e inferiores, agilidad y velocidad) fueron evaluados. La intervención tuvo como base estrategias de ejercicios de Educación Física y alimentación saludable, además de cuidados bucales y posturales. Resultados: En el grupo experimental, después de la intervención, se observaron diferencias significativas en individuos con el genotipo TT. Estos individuos presentaron mejoras en la fuerza abdominal (p = 0,025), fuerza de las extremidades inferiores (p = 0,037) y agilidad (p = 0,021). Para las personas con el genotipo AA/AT, se observaron mejoras en la flexibilidad (p = 0,026), fuerza abdominal (p = 0,002), fuerza de las extremidades superiores (p = 0,008) y fuerza de las extremidades inferiores (p = 0,001). Sin embargo, estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas al comparar los genotipos TT y AT/AA. Conclusiones: El grupo experimental presentó mejoras en la fuerza abdominal, fuerza de las extremidades inferiores y velocidad. No obstante, individuos con diferentes genotipos (AA/AT y TT) para el polimorfismo rs9939609 mostraron valores similares para indicadores de aptitud física, salud y rendimiento motor. Nivel de Evidencia II; ECRC de menor calidad.

High consumption of sucrose induces DNA damage in male Wistar rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the high consumption of sucrose on the levels of DNA damage in blood, hippocampus and bone marrow of rats. Male Wistar rats were treated for 4 months with sucrose (10% for 60 initial days and 34% for the following 60 days) in drinking water, and then, glycemia and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) were measured. Levels of DNA damage in blood and hippocampus were evaluated by the comet assay. The micronucleus test was used to evaluate chromosomal damages in the bone marrow. The sucrose treatment significantly increased (p<0.01) the serum glucose levels (~20%) and A1C (~60%). The level of primary DNA damage was significantly increased (p<0.05) in hippocampal cells (~60%) but not in peripheral blood leukocytes (p>0.05). Additionally, it was observed a significative increase (p<0.05) in the markers of chromosomal breaks/losses in bone marrow, as indicated by the micronucleus test. This is the first study that evaluated DNA damage induced by high sucrose concentration in the hippocampus and bone marrow of rats. Sucrose-induced DNA damage was observed in both tissues. However, the mechanism of sucrose toxicity on DNA remains unknown.

High consumption of sucrose induces DNA damage in male Wistar rats

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the high consumption of sucrose on the levels of DNA damage in blood, hippocampus and bone marrow of rats. Male Wistar rats were treated for 4 months with sucrose (10% for 60 initial days and 34% for the following 60 days) in drinking water, and then, glycemia and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) were measured. Levels of DNA damage in blood and hippocampus were evaluated by the comet assay. The micronucleus test was used to evaluate chromosomal damages in the bone marrow. The sucrose treatment significantly increased (p<0.01) the serum glucose levels (~20%) and A1C (~60%). The level of primary DNA damage was significantly increased (p<0.05) in hippocampal cells (~60%) but not in peripheral blood leukocytes (p>0.05). Additionally, it was observed a significative increase (p<0.05) in the markers of chromosomal breaks/losses in bone marrow, as indicated by the micronucleus test. This is the first study that evaluated DNA damage induced by high sucrose concentration in the hippocampus and bone marrow of rats. Sucrose-induced DNA damage was observed in both tissues. However, the mechanism of sucrose toxicity on DNA remains unknown.

Neuropsychomotor development and genomic stability associated to folate and blood iron levels in preschool children / Desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e estabilidade genômica associados aos níveis de folato e ferro sanguíneos de pré-escolares

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the neuropsychomotor development and the genomic stability associated to folate and blood iron levels in preschool children. Methods: a cross-sectional study in which evaluated the biochemical exams (complete hemogram, serum ferritin, iron and folate), neuropsychomotor development (Denver II Test) and genotoxicity (micronuclei cytome in buccal mucosa cells) of 55 children aging 36-59 months old. Student´s T test, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation tests were applied with a significance level of p<0.05 for data analysis. Results: the prevalence of anemia was 1.8%. The Denver II test classified 32.7% of the children as normal and 67.3% were suspected of having a delay. The children suspected of having a delay presented a slight reduction on hemoglobin and hematocrit (p=0.05 and p=0.14), intermediate reduction on iron and folate (p=0.29 and p=0.23) and a notable reduction on ferritin (p=0.03). Folate and iron were significantly associated to the frequency of cells with DNA damages (p<0.05). The frequency of binucleated cells was positively associated to the Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) (r=0.56; p=0.02) in children without a delay and negatively with folate (r=-0.334; p=0.047) in children with a delay. Conclusions: this study showed a low prevalence of anemia, but a high rate of children suspected of having a neuropsychomotor, possibly associated to low ferritin levels. Additionally, iron and folate were associated to DNA damage which may have contributed to the psychomotor development delay.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e a estabilidade genômica associados ao folato e ferro sanguíneos em pré-escolares. Métodos: estudo transversal, no qual avaliou-se exames bioquímicos (hemograma completo, ferritina sérica, ferro e folato), desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (Teste Denver II) e genotoxicidade (citoma de micronúcleos em células bucais esfoliadas) de 55 crianças com 36-59 meses de idade. Para a análise dos dados, empregou-se os testes T de Student, Kruskal-Wallis e correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: a prevalência de anemia foi de 1,8%. Pelo teste de Denver II foram classificadas 32,7% das crianças como normais e 67,3% como suspeita de atraso. As crianças com suspeita de atraso apresentaram pequena redução no hematócrito e hemoglobina (p=0,05 e p=0,14), redução intermediária de ferro e folato (p=0,29 e p=0,23) e redução marcante de ferritina (p=0,03). Ferro e folato associaram-se significativamente com a frequência de células com lesões no DNA (p<0,05). A frequência de células binucleadas associou-se positivamente com Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) (r=0,56; p=0,02), nas crianças sem atraso e negativamente com folato (r=-0,33; p=0,05), nas crianças com atraso. Conclusões: este estudo mostrou baixa prevalência de anemia, mas elevada taxa de crianças com suspeita de atraso neuropsicomotor, possivelmente associada com baixos níveis de ferritina. Ademais, observou-se associação entre ferro e folato com dano no DNA, o que pode ter contribuído para o atraso neuropsicomotor.

Vitamin C decreases the obesogenic and hyperglycemic effect of invert sugar in prediabetic rats / Vitamina C reduz o efeito obesogênico e hiperglicemiante do açúcar invertido em ratos pré-diabéticos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether vitamin C can help to prevent obesity and hyperglycemia in Wistar rats treated with excess invert sugar to induce prediabetes. Methods: One hundred-day-old Male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 336.58±23.43g were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) control, receiving water (C); (2) invert sugar control, receiving a 32% watery solution of invert sugar; (3) vitamin C control, receiving a watery solution of vitamin C (60mg/L), and (4) vitamin C plus invert sugar, receiving a watery solution of vitamin C and invert sugar. All animals had access to chow and water ad libitum and were treated for 17 weeks. Prediabetes was assessed according to two criteria: obesity (based on body mass indexand peritoneal fat content) and impaired glucose tolerance (assessed by the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and expressed as area under the curve) . Results: Group invert sugar control gained significantly more weight (p=0.035) and visceral fat (p<0.001) than groups vitamin C control and vitamin C plus invert sugar. Consequently, groups vitamin C control and vitamin C plus invert sugar had gained as little body mass index as group C by the end of the experiment. Vitamin C decreased the fasting glycemia of both groups supplemented with vitamin C and normalized the glucose tolerance of group vitamin C plus invert sugar, whose area under the curve matched that of group C. Conclusion: Vitamin C has anti-obesogenic and glycemia-lowering effects in Wistar rats, which might be promising to prediabetics. Future studies are needed to understand the anti-obesogenic and anti-hyperglycemic mechanisms of vitamin C in prediabetes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da vitamina C na prevenção da obesidade e da hiperglicemia, em ratos Wistar tratados com sobrecarga de açúcar invertido, para induzir o estágio de pré-diabetes. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos (100 dias de vida e peso médio de 336,58±23,43g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos grupos: (1) controle água; (2) controle açúcar invertido, recebendo 32% de açúcar invertido diluído em água; (3) controle vitamina C, recebendo vitamina C (60mg/L) diluído em água e, (4) açúcar invertido+vitamina C, tratados com vitamina C e açúcar invertido diluídos em água. Todos os animais receberam ração e água ad libitum, sendo tratados por 17 semanas. O estágio de pré-diabetes foi avaliado considerando-se obesidade (índice de massa corporal e quantidade de gordura peritoneal) e tolerância à glicose diminuída (Teste de Tolerância à Glicose Intraperitoneal, expresso pela área sob a curva) . Resultados: Os grupos vitamina C e açúcar invertido + vitamina C apresentaram redução significativa do peso (p=0,035) e da gordura visceral (p<0,001) em relação ao grupo açúcar invertido. Consequentemente, verificou-se uma diminuição do índice de massa corporal dos grupos vitamina C e açúcar invertido+vitamina C, assemelhando-se ao do grupo C no final do experimento. A vitamina C reduziu a glicemia de jejum dos animais de ambos os grupos suplementados com Vitamina C e normalizou a tolerância à glicose do grupo açúcar invertido+vitamina C, igualando-se a área sob a curva a do grupo C. Conclusão: A suplementação de vitamina C teve efeito anti-obesogênico e hipoglicemiante, mostrando-se promissora no pré-diabetes. Estudos futuros são necessários para entender os mecanismos anti-obesogênicos e anti-hiperglicemiantes da vitamina C no pré-diabetes.

Recognition memory and DNA damage in undernourished young rats.

This study evaluated the recognition memory and the levels of DNA damage (blood and hippocampus) in undernourished young Wistar rats. The experiment was conducted along 14-week with rodents divided in control group (CG, n=8) and undernourished group (UG, n=12) which was submitted to caloric restriction. Nutritional status for undernutrition was defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤0.45g/cm2 and by weighting the organs/tissue (liver, spleen, intestine, peritoneal fat, kidney and encephalon). The Novel Object Recognition Test assessed recognition memory and the Comet Assay evaluated the levels of DNA damage. Student t test, 2-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis were used and the significance level was of p<0.05. The UG showed lower BMI and organ/tissue weights than CG (p<0.001). In short-term memory, the recognition rate was higher in the UG (p<0.05), only after 4 weeks. In the long-term memory, again recognition rate was higher in the UG than the CG, after 4 weeks (p<0.001) and 14 weeks (p<0.01). The UG showed decreased levels of DNA damage in the blood (p<0.01) and increased levels in the hippocampus (p<0.01). We concluded in this study that the undernutrition by caloric restriction did not cause impairment in recognition memory, however induced DNA damage in the hippocampus.

Biological functions of selenium and its potential influence on Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons, mainly in the substantia nigra, and causes serious locomotor dysfunctions. It is likely that the oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules is among the leading causes of neurodegeneration that occurs in the disease. Selenium is an essential mineral for proper functioning of the brain, and mainly due to its antioxidant activity, it is possible to exert a special role in the prevention and in the nutritional management of Parkinson's disease. Currently, few researchers have investigated the effects of selenium on Parkinson´s disease. However, it is known that very high or very low body levels of selenium can (possibly) contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, because this imbalance results in increased levels of oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review and discuss studies that have addressed these topics and to finally associate the information obtained from them so that these data and associations serve as input to new research.

DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pathology laboratory technicians exposed to organic solvents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate potential DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pathology laboratory technicians exposed to organic solvents, mainly xylene. Peripheral blood and buccal cells samples were collected from 18 technicians occupationally exposed to organic solvents and 11 non-exposed individuals. The technicians were sampled at two moments: Monday and Friday. DNA damage and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the Comet Assay and the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome assay. Fifteen subjects (83.5%) of the exposed group to solvents complained about some symptom probably related to contact with vapours of organic solvents. DNA damage in the exposed group to solvents was nearly 2-fold higher on Friday than on Monday, and in both moments the individuals of this group showed higher levels of DNA damage in relation to controls. No statistical difference was detected in buccal cell micronucleus frequency between the laboratory technicians and the control group. However, in the analysis performed on Friday, technicians presented higher frequency (about 3-fold) of karyolytic and apoptotic-like cells (karyorrhectic and pyknotic) in relation to control group. Considering the damage frequency and the working time, a positive correlation was found in the exposed group to solvents (r=0.468; p=0.05). The results suggest that pathology laboratory workers inappropriately exposed to organic solvents have increased levels of DNA damage.

FTO polymorphism, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity in Brazilian youth.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the rs9939609 fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) polymorphism and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with overweight/obesity outcomes in youth. METHODS: This study included 420 youths, comprising 211 boys and 209 girls aged 7-17. Overweight/obesity were evaluated by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the percentage of fat (PF) according to two skinfold thickness measurements. Genotyping of the rs9939609 polymorphism was conducted using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) utilizing TaqMan(®) probes, and CRF was evaluated through a 9-minute run/walk test, categorized as fit or unfit. Logistic regression was utilized to evaluate a possible association between the polymorphism and CRF, with three obesity indicators evaluated. RESULTS: Individuals with the genotype risk (AA) of FTO polymorphism rs9939609 showed higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, as evaluated by BMI (OR: 3.21; CI: 1.71-6.05), WC (OR: 2.59; CI: 1.35-4.97), and PF (OR: 2.59; CI: 1.36-4.92). Additionally, students with the AA genotype in the unfit model had a significant odds ratio for obesity (OR: 4.40; CI: 1.83-10.61 for BMI; OR: 3.54; CI: 1.58-7.96 for WC), whereas we did not observe associations between the AA genotype with BMI and WC using the fit model. Conversely, PF was associated with the AA genotype only in the fit model (OR: 3.24; CI: 1.26-8.34). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the rs9939609 (FTO) polymorphism showed a relationship with obesity in the population studied and an interaction with CRF. Students with low levels of CRF and the AA genotype have a higher risk of being overweight/obese. This association was not found in students with higher levels of CRF. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:381-386, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.