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Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in a child with three symptoms, which include inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness that may persist into adulthood for some conditions. Parenting style is thought to be one part that determines the risk of ADHD in children. This study aims to analyse the relationship between parenting styles and the risk of ADHD in children. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, this study was conducted in Surabaya from November 2020 to January 2021. The respondents of the study were parents who had children at risk of ADHD with a total of 55 samples recruited using the purposive sampling technique. The questionnaires used are the demographic questionnaire, Abbreviated Conners Rating Scale (ACRS), and the Parenting Style Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (KPAA), which were filled out online by the respondents. The data were processed and analysed using the bivariate analysis test, Pearson's chi-squared test, which has a significant value if the P-value < 0.05. Results: The majority of the parents used the authoritative style (94.5%). There was a significant relationship between parenting style and the risk of ADHD in children with P < 0.001 for authoritarian and permissive styles and P = 0.005 for an authoritative style. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between parenting style and the risk of ADHD in children. This indicates the importance of early diagnosis of ADHD and treating the children with ADHD in the context of family environment, especially from parenting style.
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INTRODUCTION: In vaccine development, dose-response curves are commonly assumed to be saturating. Evidence from tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, H56+IC31 shows this may be incorrect. Mathematical modelling techniques may be useful in efficiently identifying the most immunogenic dose, but model calibration requires longitudinal data across multiple doses and time points. AIMS: We aimed to (i) generate longitudinal response data in mice for a wide range of H56+IC31 doses for use in future mathematical modelling and (ii) test whether a 'saturating' or 'peaked' dose-response curve, better fit the empirical data. METHODS: We measured IFN-γ secretion using an ELISPOT assay in the splenocytes of mice who had received doses of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 15µg H56+IC31. Mice were vaccinated twice (at day 0 and 15) and responses measured for each dose at 8 time points over a 56-day period following first vaccination. Summary measures Area Under the Curve (AUC), peak and day 56 responses were compared between dose groups. Corrected Akaike Information Criteria was used to test which dose-response curve best fitted empirical data, at different time ranges. RESULTS: (i) All summary measures for dose groups 0.1 and 0.5µg were higher than the control group (p<0.05). The AUC was higher for 0.1 than 15µg dose. (ii) There was strong evidence that the dose-response curve was peaked for all time ranges, and the best dose is likely to be lower than previous empirical experiments have evaluated. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the highest, safe dose may not always optimal in terms of immunogenicity, as the dose-response curve may not saturate. Detailed longitudinal dose range data for TB vaccine H56+IC31 reveals response dynamics in mice that should now be used to identify optimal doses for humans using clinical data, using new data collection and mathematical modelling.
