Supervised weight loss requirements disproportionately affect Black patients seeking weight loss surgery.

BACKGROUND: We use our high-volume institutional experience with a majority Black population to examine the role of supervised weight loss (SWL) requirements perpetuating disparities in bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are racial disparities in the required amount of supervised weight loss prior to approval for bariatric surgery. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients seen at our institution's bariatric surgery clinic in 2018. Odds of undergoing surgery within 1 year and mean number of SWL requirements were determined using descriptive statistics for Black patients as compared with non-Hispanic White patients. Finally, a logistic model was constructed to examine likelihood of undergoing an operation within 1 year for patients of varying SWL requirements. RESULTS: A total of 335 patients were included (75% Black, 25% White). Within 1 year, 37% of Black patients compared with 53% of White patients had undergone an operation (relative risk .7, P = .01). Mean insurance-mandated SWL sessions were significantly higher for Black patients (3.6 ± 2.8) versus non-Hispanic White patients (2.2 ± 2.7) (P < .01). Mean program-mandated SWL sessions were also significantly higher for Black patients (2.5 ± 2.6) versus non-Hispanic White patients (.8 ± 1.8) (P < .01). Increasing SWL requirements significantly reduced the odds of undergoing surgery at 1 year within the entire cohort (odds ratio .86, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Black patients are disproportionally affected by SWL requirements, which strongly correlate with decreased likelihood of undergoing a bariatric operation as compared with their White counterparts. Even after overcoming barriers to see a bariatric surgery provider, Black patients still face disproportionally more barriers to surgery. Bariatric centers must be sensitive to the effect of SWL requirements, as it is negatively associated with the likelihood of a patient receiving a bariatric operation.

Development of the Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative (ISQIC): Implementing 21 Components to Catalyze Statewide Improvement in Surgical Care.

INTRODUCTION: In 2014, 56 Illinois hospitals came together to form a unique learning collaborative, the Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative (ISQIC). Our objectives are to provide an overview of the first three years of ISQIC focused on (1) how the collaborative was formed and funded, (2) the 21 strategies implemented to support quality improvement (QI), (3) collaborative sustainment, and (4) how the collaborative acts as a platform for innovative QI research. METHODS: ISQIC includes 21 components to facilitate QI that target the hospital, the surgical QI team, and the peri-operative microsystem. The components were developed from available evidence, a detailed needs assessment of the hospitals, reviewing experiences from prior surgical and non-surgical QI Collaboratives, and interviews with QI experts. The components comprise 5 domains: guided implementation (e.g., mentors, coaches, statewide QI projects), education (e.g., process improvement (PI) curriculum), hospital- and surgeon-level comparative performance reports (e.g., process, outcomes, costs), networking (e.g., forums to share QI experiences and best practices), and funding (e.g., for the overall program, pilot grants, and bonus payments for improvement). RESULTS: Through implementation of the 21 novel ISQIC components, hospitals were equipped to use their data to successfully implement QI initiatives and improve care. Formal (QI/PI) training, mentoring, and coaching were undertaken by the hospitals as they worked to implement solutions. Hospitals received funding for the program and were able to work together on statewide quality initiatives. Lessons learned at one hospital were shared with all participating hospitals through conferences, webinars, and toolkits to facilitate learning from each other with a common goal of making care better and safer for the surgical patient in Illinois. Over the first three years, surgical outcomes improved in Illinois. DISCUSSION: The first three years of ISQIC improved care for surgical patients across Illinois and allowed hospitals to see the value of participating in a surgical QI learning collaborative without having to make the initial financial investment themselves. Given the strong support and buy-in from the hospitals, ISQIC has continued beyond the initial three years and continues to support QI across Illinois hospitals.

Changes in Surgical Outcomes in a Statewide Quality Improvement Collaborative with Introduction of Simultaneous, Comprehensive Interventions.

BACKGROUND: Surgical quality improvement collaboratives (QICs) aim to improve patient outcomes through coaching, benchmarked data reporting, and other activities. Although other regional QICs have formed organically over time, it is unknown whether a comprehensive quality improvement program implemented simultaneously across hospitals at the formation of a QIC would improve patient outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Patients undergoing surgery at 48 hospitals in the Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative (ISQIC) were included. Risk-adjusted rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality were compared from baseline to year 3. Difference-in-differences analyses compared ISQIC hospitals with hospitals in the NSQIP Participant Use File (PUF), which served as a control. RESULTS: There were 180,582 patients who underwent surgery at ISQIC-participating hospitals. Inpatient procedures comprised 100,219 (55.5%) cases. By year 3, risk-adjusted rates of death or serious morbidity decreased in both ISQIC (relative reduction 25.0%, p < 0.001) and PUF hospitals (7.8%, p < 0.001). Adjusted difference-in-differences analysis revealed that ISQIC participation was associated with a significantly greater reduction in death or serious morbidity (odds ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.99, p = 0.01) compared with PUF hospitals. Relative reductions in risk-adjusted rates of other outcomes were also seen in both ISQIC and PUF hospitals (morbidity 22.4% vs 6.4%; venous thromboembolism 20.0% vs 5.0%; superficial surgical site infection 27.3% vs 7.7%, all p < 0.05), although these difference-in-differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although complication rates decreased at both ISQIC and PUF hospitals, participation in ISQIC was associated with a significantly greater improvement in death or serious morbidity. These results underscore the potential of QICs to improve patient outcomes.

Superior outcomes with double-balloon enteroscopy for small bowel lesion marking followed by intracorporeal as opposed to extracorporeal resection and reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is used for the diagnosis and therapy of small bowel disease. Endoscopic sampling and marking small bowel lesions destined for surgery permit intracorporeal resection and reconstruction (IRR), thereby facilitating a complete minimally invasive technique. There are limited data that compare outcomes of IRR to conventional extracorporeal resection and reconstruction (ERR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing pre-operative DBE for lesion marking followed by laparoscopic IRR compared to those undergoing ERR. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent DBE followed by small bowel resection from 2006 to 2017 at a single tertiary care medical center. IRR was defined as laparoscopic inspection to identify the lesion (previously marked by DBE or by laparoscopic-assisted DBE) followed by intra-abdominal bowel resection and anastomosis with specimen extraction via minimal extension of a laparoscopic port site. ERR was defined as extracorporeal resection and/or reconstruction performed via a conventional or mini-laparotomy abdominal incision. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Thirty-two patients (39%) had ERR and 50 patients (61%) had IRR. The most common indications for DBE were small bowel bleeding (76%) and small bowel mass or thickening on prior imaging studies (16%). Successful DBE was higher in the IRR group when compared to the ERR group, but not significantly different (90% vs 75%, p-value 0.07). Patients who underwent IRR had faster bowel function recovery (2 vs 4 days, p < 0.01), shorter time to discharge (3 vs 7 days, p < 0.01), and fewer post-operative complications (10 vs 18; p < 0.01), when compared to the ERR group. CONCLUSION: DBE successfully facilitated laparoscopic small bowel IRR and this approach was associated with faster return of bowel function, shorter recovery time, and decreased morbidity when compared to ERR.

Pediatric Modification of the Medically Necessary, Time-Sensitive Scoring System for Operating Room Procedure Prioritization During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic forced surgeons to reconsider concepts of "elective" operations. Perceptions about the time sensitivity and medical necessity of a procedure have taken on greater significance during the pandemic. The evolving ethical and clinical environment requires reappraisal of perioperative factors, such as personal protective equipment conservation; limiting the risk of exposure to COVID-19 for patients, families, and healthcare workers; preservation of hospital beds and ICU resources; and minimizing COVID-19-related perioperative risk to patients. STUDY DESIGN: A scaffold for the complex decision-making required for prioritization of medically necessary, time-sensitive (MeNTS) operations was developed for adult patients by colleagues at the University of Chicago. Although adult MeNTS scoring can be applied across adult surgical specialties, some variables were irrelevant in a pediatric population. Pediatric manifestations of chronic diseases and congenital anomalies were not accounted for. To account for the unique challenges children face, we modified the adult MeNTS system for use across pediatric subspecialties. RESULTS: This pediatric MeNTS scoring system was applied to 101 cases both performed and deferred between March 23 and April 19, 2020 at the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital. The pediatric MeNTS scores provide a safe, equitable, transparent, and ethical strategy to prioritize children's surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This process is adaptable to individual institutions and we project it will be useful during the acute phase of the pandemic (maximal limitations), as well as the anticipated recovery phase.

What Is the Appropriate Use of Laparoscopy over Open Procedures in the Current COVID-19 Climate?

INTRODUCTION: Among surgeons worldwide, a concern with the use of minimally invasive techniques has been raised due to a proposed risk of viral transmission of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) with the creation of pneumoperitoneum. Due to this proposed concern, we sought to collect the available data and evaluate the use of laparoscopy and the risk of COVID-19 transmission. METHODS: A literature review of viral transmission in surgery and of the available literature regarding the transmission of the COVID-19 virus was performed. We additionally reviewed surgical society guidelines and recommendations regarding surgery during this pandemic. RESULTS: Few studies have been performed on viral transmission during surgery, but to date there is no study that demonstrates or can suggest the ability for a virus to be transmitted during surgical treatment whether open or laparoscopic. There is no societal consensus on limiting or restricting laparoscopic or robotic surgery; however, there is expert consensus on the modification of standard practices to minimize any risk of transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Despite very little evidence to support viral transmission through laparoscopic or open approaches, we recommend making modifications to surgical practice such as the use of smoke evacuation and minimizing energy device use among other measures to minimize operative staff exposure to aerosolized particles.

Medically Necessary, Time-Sensitive Procedures: Scoring System to Ethically and Efficiently Manage Resource Scarcity and Provider Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Hospitals have severely curtailed the performance of nonurgent surgical procedures in anticipation of the need to redeploy healthcare resources to meet the projected massive medical needs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Surgical treatment of non-COVID-19 related disease during this period, however, still remains necessary. The decision to proceed with medically necessary, time-sensitive (MeNTS) procedures in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic requires incorporation of factors (resource limitations, COVID-19 transmission risk to providers and patients) heretofore not overtly considered by surgeons in the already complicated processes of clinical judgment and shared decision-making. We describe a scoring system that systematically integrates these factors to facilitate decision-making and triage for MeNTS procedures, and appropriately weighs individual patient risks with the ethical necessity of optimizing public health concerns. This approach is applicable across a broad range of hospital settings (academic and community, urban and rural) in the midst of the pandemic and may be able to inform case triage as operating room capacity resumes once the acute phase of the pandemic subsides.

Evaluation of the Association of Perioperative UGT1A1 Genotype-Dosed gFOLFIRINOX With Margin-Negative Resection Rates and Pathologic Response Grades Among Patients With Locally Advanced Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

Importance: Patients with locally advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (ie, stage ≥T3 and/or node positive) have high rates of recurrence despite surgery and adjunctive perioperative therapies, which also have high toxicity profiles. Evaluation of pharmacogenomically dosed perioperative gFOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and UGT1A1 genotype-directed irinotecan) to optimize efficacy while limiting toxic effects may have value. Objective: To evaluate the coprimary end points of margin-negative (R0) resection rates and pathologic response grades (PRGs) of gFOLFIRINOX therapy among patients with locally advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants: This single-group phase 2 trial, conducted at 2 academic medical centers from February 2014 to March 2019, enrolled 36 evaluable patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, and gastric body. Data analysis was conducted in May 2019. Interventions: Patients received biweekly gFOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, 2400 mg/m2 over 46 hours; oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m2; irinotecan, 180 mg/m2 for UGT1A1 genotype 6/6, 135 mg/m2 for UGT1A1 genotype 6/7, or 90 mg/m2 for UGT1A1 genotype 7/7; and prophylactic peg-filgastrim, 6 mg) for 4 cycles before and after surgery. Patients with tumors positive for ERBB2 also received trastuzumab (6-mg/kg loading dose, then 4 mg/kg). Main Outcomes and Measures: Margin-negative resection rate and PRG. Results: A total of 36 evaluable patients (27 [78%] men; median [range] age, 66 [27-85] years; 10 [28%] with gastric body cancer; 24 [67%] with intestinal-type tumors; 6 [17%] with ERBB2-positive tumors; 19 [53%] with UGT1A1 genotype 6/6; 16 [44%] with genotype 6/7; and 1 [3%] with genotype 7/7) were enrolled. Of these, 35 (97%) underwent surgery; 1 patient (3%) died after completing neoadjuvant chemotherapy while awaiting surgery. Overall, R0 resection was achieved in 33 of 36 patients (92%); 2 patients (6%) with linitis plastica achieved R1 resection. Pathologic response grades 1, 2, and 3 occurred in 13 patients (36%), 9 patients (25%), and 14 patients (39%), respectively, and PRG 1 was observed in 11 of 24 intestinal-type tumors (46%). Median disease-free survival was 30.1 months (95% CI, 15.0 months to not reached), and median overall survival was not reached (95% CI, 8.3 months to not reached). There were no differences in outcomes by UGT1A1 genotype group. A total of 38 patients, including 2 (5%) with antral tumors, were evaluable for toxic effects. Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurring in 5% or more of patients during the perioperative cycles included diarrhea (7 patients [18%]; 3 of 19 patients [16%] with genotype 6/6; 2 of 16 patients [13%] with genotype 6/7; 2 of 3 patients [67%] with genotype 7/7), anemia (2 patients [5%]), vomiting (2 patients [5%]), and nausea (2 patients [5%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, perioperative pharmacogenomically dosed gFOLFIRINOX was feasible, providing downstaging with PRG 1 in more than one-third of patients and an R0 resection rate in 92% of patients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02366819.

Multi-institution Evaluation of Adherence to Comprehensive Postoperative VTE Chemoprophylaxis.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to: (1) measure the rate of failure to provide defect-free postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis, (2) identify reasons for failure to provide defect-free VTE chemoprophylaxis, and (3) examine patient- and hospital-level factors associated with failure. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Current VTE quality measures are inadequate. VTE outcome measures are invalidated for interhospital comparison by surveillance bias. VTE process measures (e.g., SCIP-VTE-2) do not comprehensively capture failures throughout patients' entire hospitalization. METHODS: We examined adherence to a novel VTE chemoprophylaxis process measure in patients who underwent colectomies over 18 months at 36 hospitals in a statewide surgical collaborative. This measure assessed comprehensive VTE chemoprophylaxis during each patient's entire hospitalization, including reasons why chemoprophylaxis was not given. Associations of patient and hospital characteristics with measure failure were examined. RESULTS: The SCIP-VTE-2 hospital-level quality measure identified failures of VTE chemoprophylaxis in 0% to 3% of patients. Conversely, the novel measure unmasked failure to provide defect-free chemoprophylaxis in 18% (736/4086) of colectomies. Reasons for failure included medication not ordered (30.4%), patient refusal (30.3%), incorrect dosage/frequency (8.2%), and patient off-unit (3.4%). Patients were less likely to fail the chemoprophylaxis process measure if treated at nonsafety net hospitals (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99, P = 0.045) or Magnet designated hospitals (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29-0.71, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to SCIP-VTE-2, our novel quality measure unmasked VTE chemoprophylaxis failures in 18% of colectomies. Most failures were due to patient refusals or ordering errors. Hospitals should focus improvement efforts on ensuring patients receive VTE prophylaxis throughout their entire hospitalization.

Leveraging a Comprehensive Program to Implement a Colorectal Surgical Site Infection Reduction Bundle in a Statewide Quality Improvement Collaborative.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to examine the implementation and associated clinical outcomes of a comprehensive surgical site infection (SSI) reduction bundle in a large statewide surgical quality improvement collaborative leveraging a multifaceted implementation strategy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Bundled perioperative interventions reduce colorectal SSI rates when enacted at individual hospitals, but the ability to implement comprehensive SSI bundles and to examine the resultant clinical effectiveness within a larger, diverse population of hospitals is unknown. METHODS: A multifaceted SSI reduction bundle was developed and implemented in a large statewide surgical quality improvement collaborative through a novel implementation program consisting of guided implementation, data feedback, mentorship, process improvement training/coaching, and targeted-implementation toolkits. Bundle adherence and ACS NSQIP outcomes were examined preimplementation versus postimplementation. RESULTS: Among 32 hospitals, there was a 2.5-fold relative increase in the proportion of patients completing at least 75% of bundle elements (preimplementation = 19.5% vs. postimplementation = 49.8%, P = 0.001). Largest adherence gains were seen in wound closure re-gowning/re-gloving (24.0% vs. 62.0%, P < 0.001), use of clean closing instruments (32.1% vs. 66.2%, P = 0.003), and preoperative chlorhexidine bathing (46.1% vs. 77.6%, P < 0.001). Multivariable analyses showed a trend toward lower risk of superficial incisional SSI in the postimplementation period compared to baseline (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-10.2, P = 0.06). As the adherence in the number of bundle elements increased, there was a significant decrease in superficial SSI rates (lowest adherence quintile, 4.6% vs. highest, 1.5%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive multifaceted SSI reduction bundle can be successfully implemented throughout a large quality improvement learning collaborative when coordinated quality improvement activities are leveraged, resulting in a 30% decline in SSI rates. Lower superficial SSI rates are associated with the number of adherent bundle elements a patient receives, rendering considerable benefits to institutions capable of implementing more components of the bundle.

Laparoscopic procedures in patients with cardiac ventricular assist devices.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement is a common therapy for heart failure. Non-cardiac surgical care of these patients can be complex given the need for anticoagulation, perioperative monitoring, comorbidities, and anatomical considerations due to the device itself. There are no guidelines or significant patient series reported to date for laparoscopic procedures in this population. We herein report the techniques and outcomes for commonly performed laparoscopic procedures in patients with LVADs at a high volume center. METHODS: From our database of patients with ventricular assist devices, we retrospectively identified patients who underwent laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Intraoperative and perioperative data were collected, including anticoagulation management, transfusions and complications. Techniques and preoperative considerations from the surgeons were also compiled and described. RESULTS: Of 374 patients that had placement of LVADs, 17 had an elective laparoscopic procedure: enteral access placement (n = 7), cholecystectomy (n = 6), hernia repair (n = 2), small bowel resection (n = 1) and splenectomy (n = 1). Preoperative evaluation routinely included radiologic imaging to evaluate driveline location. The most common abdominal entry technique was a periumbilical open Hasson technique (11/17). No cases were converted to open. Overall, the average blood loss was 132 ± 64 mL and the average operative time was 1.8 ± 0.3 h. Five of the 17 patients required intraoperative blood transfusion. No patients suffered perioperative thrombotic events or LVAD complications secondary to holding anticoagulation. No patients required interventions or reoperation for bleeding complications. There were no mortalities related to these procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic abdominal procedures are safe and feasible in patients with LVADs. Although special consideration for bleeding and thrombotic risks, placement of ports and perioperative management is required, the presence of a LVAD itself should not be considered a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery and may in fact be the preferred method for access in these patients.

Body contouring after obesity surgery is associated with a weight loss benefit among patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo obesity surgery often require body contouring procedures to eliminate excess skin. Recent studies suggest that body contouring surgery may provide psychological benefits to patients after obesity surgery. However, it remains unclear how body contouring may affect weight loss maintenance after obesity surgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent obesity surgery with or without body contouring at a single institution from 2000 to 2005. Charts were reviewed for demographic, medical, and surgical information. The primary outcome of interest was the difference in weight loss maintenance among patients who underwent body contouring versus those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients were included for analysis in this study, of which 70 underwent obesity surgery with body contouring and 248 underwent obesity surgery without body contouring. The mean change in BMI among patients who did not undergo body contouring was 19.7 kg/m2. The mean change in BMI among patients who underwent body contouring was 22.1 kg/m2. Among patients who underwent body contouring surgery, 2.9% (2/70) of patients did not maintain at least a 20% decrease in body weight during the entire follow-up period (mean follow-up time 92.2 months). Among patients who did not undergo body contouring surgery, 10% (25/248) of patients did not maintain at least a 20% decrease in body weight during the entire follow-up period (mean follow-up time 39.0 months) (χ2 = 3.67, p = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS: Body contouring surgery may have a positive effect on weight loss maintenance after body contouring determined from the mean weight change and on percentage of patients who maintain at least a 20% decrease in body weight.

Evaluation of a novel mentor program to improve surgical care for US hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a novel mentor program for 27 US surgeons, charged with improving quality at their respective hospitals, having been paired 1:1 with 27 surgeon mentors through a state-wide quality improvement (QI) initiative. DESIGN: Mixed-methods utilizing quantitative surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews. SETTING: The Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative (ISQIC) utilized a novel Mentor Program to guide surgeons new to QI. PARTICIPANTS: All mentor-mentee pairs received the survey (n = 27). Purposive sampling identified a subset of mentors (n = 8) and mentees (n = 4) for in-depth semi-structured interviews. INTERVENTION: Surgeons with expertise in QI mentored surgeons new to QI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (i) Quantitative: self-reported satisfaction with the mentor program; (ii) Qualitative: key themes suggesting actions and strategies to facilitate mentorship in QI. RESULTS: Mentees expressed satisfaction with the mentor program (n = 24, 88.9%) and agreed that mentorship is vital to ISQIC (n = 24, 88.9%). Analysis of interview data revealed four key themes: (i) nuances of data management, (ii) culture of quality and safety, (iii) mentor-mentee relationship and (iv) logistics. Strategies from these key themes include: utilize raw data for in-depth QI understanding, facilitate presentations to build QI support, identify opportunities for in-person meetings and establish scheduled conference calls. The mentor's role required sharing experiences and acting as a resource. The mentee's role required actively bringing questions and identifying barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Mentorship plays a vital role in advancing surgeon knowledge and engagement with QI in ISQIC. Key themes in mentorship reflect strategies to best facilitate mentorship, which may serve as a guide to other collaboratives.

Extended Duration Enoxaparin Decreases the Rate of Venous Thromboembolic Events after Radical Cystectomy Compared to Inpatient Only Subcutaneous Heparin.

PURPOSE: Venous thromboembolic events are a significant source of morbidity after radical cystectomy. At our institution subcutaneous heparin was historically given to patients undergoing radical cystectomy immediately before incision and throughout the inpatient stay. In an effort to decrease the overall rate of venous thromboembolism and post-discharge venous thromboembolism, a regimen including extended duration enoxaparin was initiated for patients undergoing radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In January 2013 thromboprophylaxis was modified for patients undergoing radical cystectomy by replacing a regimen of subcutaneous heparin before induction and then every 8 hours until discharge home with enoxaparin daily for postoperative prophylaxis continued until 28 days after discharge. Data from our institutional radical cystectomy database for patients undergoing surgery from January 2011 to May 2014 were reviewed. The primary outcome was clinically symptomatic postoperative venous thromboembolism. Secondary outcomes included timing of venous thromboembolism and blood transfusions. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for differences between cohorts. RESULTS: Of the 402 patients 234 underwent radical cystectomy before the change and 168 after. The enoxaparin regimen decreased the rate of venous thromboembolism (12% vs 5%, p=0.024) with the main benefit on post-discharge venous thromboembolism (6% vs 2%, p=0.039). Overall 17 of 37 (46%) venous thromboembolisms occurred after discharge home. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the enoxaparin regimen was independently associated with reduced odds of venous thromboembolism (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.76, p=0.009). Intraoperative and postoperative transfusion rates were similar between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Thromboprophylaxis with extended duration enoxaparin decreased the rate of venous thromboembolism after radical cystectomy compared to inpatient only subcutaneous heparin with no increased risk of bleeding.

Rates of secondary hyperparathyroidism after bypass operation for super-morbid obesity: An overlooked phenomenon.

BACKGROUND: With over 110,000 bariatric operations performed in the United States annually, it is important to understand the biochemical abnormalities causing endocrine dysfunction associated with these procedures. Here we compare 2 malabsorptive procedures, duodenal switch and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, to determine the role malabsorption plays in secondary hyperparathyroidism in this population. METHODS: Data from all super-obese patients undergoing duodenal switch or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass between August 2002 and October 2005 were prospectively collected. Postoperatively, all patients received 1,200 mg of calcium citrate and 1,000 IU vitamin D3 per American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery guidelines. Beginning in 2007, duodenal switch patients were instructed to add daily vitamin D3 10,000 IU. Statistical analyses included Student t test, multivariate, and univariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 283 patients with a body mass index ≥50, 170 (60.1%) underwent duodenal switch, while 113 (39.9%) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Of 132 (46.6%) patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, 101 (59.4%) had undergone duodenal switch and 31 (27.4%) had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Symptoms were more common in the duodenal switch group (33 patients [19.4%]) than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (11 patients [9.7%]). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the extent of bypass and duration of follow-up were the only 2 independent predictive risk factors for developing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although vitamin D levels improved with increased vitamin D3 supplementation in 2007, rates of secondary hyperparathyroidism increased. CONCLUSION: Despite routine postoperative calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation, secondary hyperparathyroidism is common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and duodenal switch. The degree of iatrogenic malabsorption correlates with the incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. These rates suggest current supplementation guidelines are not sufficient in preventing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further work is needed to better define the sequelae of long-term hyperparathyroidism.

Peripheral circadian misalignment: contributor to systemic insulin resistance and potential intervention to improve bariatric surgical outcomes.

Thirteen percent of the world's population suffers from obesity and 39% from being overweight, which correlates with an increase in numerous secondary metabolic complications, such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and results in significant weight loss and the amelioration of obesity-related comorbidities through changes in enteroendocrine activity, caloric intake, and alterations in gut microbiota composition. The circadian system has recently been found to be a critical regulatory component in the control of metabolism and, thus, may potentially play an important role in inappropriate weight gain. Indeed, some behaviors and lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk of obesity are also risk factors for misalignment in the circadian clock system and for the metabolic syndrome. It is thus possible that alterations in peripheral circadian clocks in metabolically relevant tissues are a contributor to the current obesity epidemic. As such, it is plausible that postsurgical alterations in central circadian alignment, as well as peripheral gene expression in metabolic tissues may represent another mechanism for the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery may represent an opportunity to identify changes in the circadian expression of clock genes that have been altered by environmental factors, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of surgery. These studies could also reveal an overlooked target for behavioral intervention to improve metabolic outcomes following bariatric surgery.